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Update: February 24, 2023 The new version of Termout.org is now online, so this web site is now obsolete and will soon be dismantled.

Lista de candidatos sometidos a examen:
1) case (*)
(*) Términos presentes en el nuestro glosario de lingüística

1) Candidate: case


Is in goldstandard

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paper corpusSignosTxtLongLines207 - : Good MORNING. It is 9.00 o’CLOCK. These are the HEADLINES. US OIL SUPPLY assured in case of WAR, JAPAN and CHINA vow better TIES, mark ANNIVERSARY, FOOTBALL STRIKE ends. Here are the DETAILS. US OIL SUPPLY assured in case of WAR: VENEZUELA’s OIL MINISTER, RAFAEL RAMIREZ, assured his U .S. COUNTERPART that his COUNTRY would fill any SHORTAGE of OIL SUPPLY if U.S. INTERVENTION in IRAQ triggers a severe DISRUPTION. Ramirez said the ORGANIZATION of PETROLEUM Exporting COUNTRIES (OPEC) would take ACTION in the EVENT of a severe DISRUPTION of SUPPLY due to a CONFRONTATION in the MIDDLE EAST. If PRICES go up, OPEC could take ACTION under its PRICE BAND MECHANISM.

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paper corpusSignosTxtLongLines250 - : (12) The appointing authority shall, at the request of one of the parties, appoint the sole arbitrator as promptly as possible. In making the appointment the appointing authority shall use the following list-procedure, unless both parties agree that the list-procedure should not be used or unless the appointing authority determines in its discretion that the use of the list-procedure is not appropriate for the case: […] (RA 6 .3).

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paper corpusSignosTxtLongLines252 - : Eight links were mode-changing, moving users from the reading mode to one that required a different kind of skill or cognitive ability. Such was the case of the link "The bulge seen in 2001 Satellite Data" in "Mystery bulge in Oregon still growing" (Live Science), which presented a picture showing a satellite radar interferogram of a rocky bulge. In Geotimes, the article "Italy's hidden hazard" displayed a link called "Print exclusive" which would require the reader to read and fill in an on-line subscription form to buy the magazine. The six remaining links were self-selecting since they created the already mentioned "if...then..." relationship. Such was the case of the link "Vulcania" (in "Auvergne: Hidden hotspot", Geotimes ) which advertised a volcano theme park in Auvergne, allowing the reader to narrow his/her choices by finding information on timetables, rides, ticket rate, food, so on. Something similar occurred with the link "Cable car museum" (in "10 years after San Francisco

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paper corpusSignosTxtLongLines282 - : When authors make use of endorse, they align themselves with some other voice which is construed as "correct, authoritative or otherwise argumentatively compelling" (White, 2003b: 3). In the texts under study, only one instance was found. In this case, the writer selected to use a combination of resources -both of a contractive type- to challenge other voices by means of a denial which is then endorsed, as may be seen below:

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paper corpusSignosTxtLongLines283 - : When authors make use of endorse, they align themselves with some other voice which is construed as "correct, authoritative or otherwise argumentatively compelling" (White, 2003b: 3). In the texts under study, only one instance was found. In this case, the writer selected to use a combination of resources -both of a contractive type- to challenge other voices by means of a denial which is then endorsed, as may be seen below:

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paper corpusSignosTxtLongLines311 - : The lesson continues as follows (the passage read aloud is in upper case font below), with the '-isms' referred to by the teacher as 'ideology':

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paper corpusSignosTxtLongLines313 - : Integration of nominal Anglicisms to the rich Romanian inflectional system entails the use of nominal classifiers like enclitic determiners: tunerul, printerul, software-ul^[31]7 (soft-ul), proclitic determiners: un / niste ploter(e), folder(e), inflectional affixes, i.e. plural morphemes like -e or -uri: servere, foldere, audituri, laptopuri, display-uri, holdinguri, trenduri, or case markers: holdingului, a unui manager .

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paper corpusSignosTxtLongLines328 - : Abstract: The direct object with human reference is marked with the preposition a. However, when the direct object is located in initial position it usually tends to lose the case mark, even though the referent is human and individual, as it is illustrated in the following example: ella la recomendó un cuñado mío . The aim of this article is to determine the syntactic factors involved in the absence of case marking. The methodology of this work is based on the data from four corpora of the Spanish spoken in Mexico. The results of the investigation show that direct objects with human reference without the presence of case mark have certain subject sentence features given their proximity to the topicality and individuation hierarchies.

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paper corpusSignosTxtLongLines341 - : “…the basis of the social representations shared by members of a group. This means that ideologies allow people, as group members, to organize the multitude of social beliefs about what is the case, good or bad, right or wrong, for them, and to act accordingly” (van Dijk, 1997: 8 ).

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paper corpusSignosTxtLongLines349 - : Abstract: This paper presents an approach to the recent armed conflict in Colombia based on discourse analysis, from a corpus of official statements of the President of Colombia, Juan Manuel Santos, which refers to the State Army combat with the guerrillas of the "Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia, Ejército del Pueblo, FARC-EP". The analysis focuses on the argumentative dimension of metaphorical uses in the political arena. Two theoretical models are applied to the case study: a cognitive model and an argumentative one, that converge on the results, highlighting the search for legitimacy the warlike status of the conflict, by the actor who uses the metaphor . We conclude that the conceptual metaphor provides a cognitive framework within which the acceptability, relevance and suitability of the premises are hardly taken up for discussion by the audience. Both the support (the strength of the experience) and the warrant (the force of the principles) are presented as discursive

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paper corpusSignosTxtLongLines362 - : Abstract: This article analyzes the reported speech use in Santiago de Chile from a sociolinguistic point of view. For this purpose, we studied the discursive sequences in which they are used in 54 interviews that form part of the Sociolinguistic Corpus PRESEEA in Santiago, Chile. Studies on the polyphony of language (Ducrot, 1986; Reyes, 1993) and sociolinguistic analysis of discourse (Silva-Corvalán, 2001; Serrano, 2006) were consulted for the conceptual framework of this research. On the one hand, the analysis considers the reported speech as a sociolinguistic variable case, in a broad sense of the concept, with two values or general forms: direct speech and indirect speech, and with different subtypes or specific variations according to different levels or degrees of reformulation and detachment of the subjects from the utterance . Consequently, socio-demographic factors of subjects were correlated with the use of these variants, which were shown to have a relative impact on their

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paper corpusSignosTxtLongLines364 - : In the case of oil industries, two main groups of stakeholders are primarily addressed, and need to be convinced of the goodwill of the company:

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paper corpusSignosTxtLongLines396 - : A case study of building and animal metaphors in specialized discourse: Are scholars’ metaphorical conceptualizations represented in discourse ?

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paper corpusSignosTxtLongLines417 - : [24]Table 1 shows the top negative lexical units that occur with inmigración. Words are ordered according to their number of occurrences. As can be observed, some of them occur over 100 times. This is the case of the three first top terms: ilegal (illegal ), contra (against) and lucha (fight). The negative term at the top is ilegal with 386 occurrences. This is followed by contra co-occurring with inmigración 218 times. Lucha is also worth mentioning here with 119 co-occurrences.

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paper corpusSignosTxtLongLines419 - : Clinical Case Study Genre: Rhetorical organization of the macromove Case Report in chilean medical journals

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paper corpusSignosTxtLongLines419 - : “(…) the usual “IMRAD” format (Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion) that one sees in reports of clinical research might not always be appropriate for case reports and case series” (Vandenbroucke, 2001: 333 ).

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paper corpusSignosTxtLongLines419 - : En relación con la configuración discursiva del Caso Clínico descrita desde una perspectiva lingüística, en 1984, Adams-Smith esbozó una estructura discursiva del Caso Clínico en inglés, a partir del examen de seis ejemplares. Observó que comienzan con una breve introducción que, a su juicio, funciona como un abstract, luego presentan el reporte del caso propiamente tal y finalizan por una sección de comentario o discusión. Diez años más tarde, Salager-Meyer (1994), a partir del examen de 10 Casos Clínicos, también en inglés, y con la finalidad de observar los dispositivos de mitigación discursiva en distintas secciones retóricas, asume que el patrón estructural de este género posee tres constituyentes: “a short Introduction, a detailed Case Report, and a brief Comment (sometimes called Discussion) section” (Salager-Meyer, 1994: 153 ). Por su parte, Taavitsainen yPahta (2000), quienes dan una mirada diacrónica al género en lengua inglesa, proponen que un Caso Clínico típico comien

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paper corpusSignosTxtLongLines424 - : Regarding temporality (ii), there is heterogeneity in this first subgroup of symmetric verbs. For example, in verbs such as intercambiar ‘exchange’ the subevents can be performed simultaneously or not. This is also the case with interactuar ‘interact’: in (1 ) the action is not simultaneous, but in other cases it could be. In (4a) and (4b), the two subevents of kissing and hugging are independent but necessarily carried out simultaneously. In this subgroup, even if there is simultaneity of actions, such as in (4a) and (4b), the two subevents are depicted individually because they are not dependent.

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paper corpusSignosTxtLongLines424 - : * In (a) and (b) a maximum of only two parameters may change while in (c) the three parameters may be different at the same time. Sentence (12) exemplifies this case: the pairs that exchange information by email are varied, and the different events can be carried out at different moments and in different places .

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paper corpusSignosTxtLongLines424 - : In this section we provide some data regarding the frequency of the weak interpretations presented in Section 5.2.1. First, note that not all reciprocal verbs admit all these interpretations. Only Paired and One-to-many interpretations are always possible with all lexical reciprocal verbs. The main difference between them is that, in Paired interpretations, the various reciprocal events can be simultaneous since the pairs are always different. This is not the case in One-to-many interpretations: only 1/3 of the verbs analyzed that can participate in a sentence with a One-to-many interpretation present simultaneous subevents .

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paper corpusSignosTxtLongLines426 - : The realization of deixis in speech / writing deixis is done through the use of special ‘linguistic pointers’ (Werth, 1999) called ‘deictic expressions’, also classified as ‘indexical expressions’ (Adetunji, 2006), ‘shifters’ (Jakobson, 1957), or ‘textual references’ (Halliday & Hasan, 1976). One of the main points here is the fact that their referents cannot be identified without an understanding of their actual context (Zupnik, 1994). In the case of person deixis, its indexical symbols belong to the grammatical category of personal pronouns, while the most obvious local deictic terms are the adverbs of place here / there and the demonstratives this / these and that / those, which are “the purest indicators of directionality and location” (Simpson, 1993: 13 ). In this regard, the first words in each pair indicate proximal perspective as they express physical proximity to the speaker, while the second words take a distal perspective as they denote a certain distance from the location o

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paper corpusSignosTxtLongLines426 - : As has been claimed at the beginning of this paper, the present study departs from the concept of rhetorical space (rather than rhetoric per se) and its definition through deixis following Werth’s approach (Werth, 1999; Gavins, 2005; 2007). In this case, the study is done merely through the linguistic analysis of the deictic references, “whose meaning is not encoded intrinsically, but instead depends on the context of utterance in order to ‘anchor’ the meaning” (Mulderrig, 2012: 708 ). This, in its turn, is believed to play the main role in the construction of rhetorical space. In other words, this paper departs from the representative notion of political discourse, rather than from its decision-making and action counterparts, leaving, thus, aside the argumentative and reasoning facets of the analysis, and concentrating on the way political actors represent or construct the reality (Fairclough & Fairclough, 2012) in a certain context[27]^[3].

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paper corpusSignosTxtLongLines445 - : Concerning favourability of the students’ country images, the findings revealed that the language learners’ perceptions about Spain and Spanish-speaking countries were overall positive. In the case of Spain, there were very few negative images: only “wine” and “difficult language” were rated negatively by more than one respondent . It also should be noted that some of the representations given by the participants in this study aligned with the auto-stereotypes held by Spaniards reported by Níkleva (2012). Among these shared images were ‘fiesta’, ‘nice beaches’, ‘sun’, ‘beach’ and ‘tan’.

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paper corpusSignosTxtLongLines452 - : Ferris, D. (1999). The case for grammar correction in L2 writing classes: A response to Truscott (1996 ). Journal of Second Language Writing, 8, 1-10. [ [144]Links ]

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paper corpusSignosTxtLongLines474 - : Insistence on being granted a favour is by itself impolite, as in the case of these other emails:

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paper corpusSignosTxtLongLines488 - : 3. A case study of two technological Anglicisms in Spanish: ‘Tablet’ and ‘selfie’

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paper corpusSignosTxtLongLines500 - : together with information related to their Thematic Roles (Theme, Location, etc.); the assignment of macrorole functions (Actor/Undergoer); the type of phrase that each variable represents (adjective phrase, adverb phrase, noun phrase, etc.); syntactic information (whether the phrase is an argument, argument adjunct or a nucleus which contains the predicate); specification of the prepositions that are introduced by a particular predicate (‘on’ in the case of the predicate ‘spread’) and any other selectional preferences that should be made explicit by using basic concepts from the Ontology, such as +SURFACE_00 for the location argument, as illustrated in [59]Figure 2, which shows the interface provided by the Grammaticon:

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paper corpusSignosTxtLongLines500 - : Bearing in mind the computationally-based notion of construction presented in Section 2 and the inadequacy of Levin’s taxonomy for parsing, alternations have been substituted for constructional schemata, since the former are based on the modification of an input structural pattern and its derivation into a different one. However, the parser only recognizes the input text, in this case, a constructional pattern, so what the parser requires is:

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paper corpusSignosTxtLongLines530 - : A sociocultural case study in translation as service-learning: Shaping the professional profile of Spanish heritage language learners and understanding their sense of multiculturalism

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paper corpusSignosTxtLongLines530 - : Adopting such standpoint, will inform educators on the particular ways that Spanish HLLs approach a service-learning task; the technics that they either adopt or develop to address arising issues, as well as the specific ways they use to interact with the community members to achieve a specific goal-in the case of this study: interpreting for Spanish monolinguals partaking in an orientation session regarding health childcare . Consequently, this knowledge would enable the development of innovative and effective ways to equip HLLs with strong multilingual and multicultural competences, thus empowering them as skillful and civically involved future professionals. Thus, the present study seeks to build on the aforementioned findings by aiming to establish the specific way(s) in which a higher-education advanced Spanish translation course shapes an HLL professionally, especially in terms of goals and training. More specifically, from a sociocultural stance, this study explores whether, and how

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paper corpusSignosTxtLongLines534 - : Opinions on the aesthetic pleasure which poetry is likely to elicit in EFL learners (item 18) suggested that poetry could enhance feelings of calmness (2 comments)-‘when I read poetry I feel peaceful as the images are beautiful and make you feel calm’-, comfort when things in life go wrong (2 comments)-‘Poetry enables you to imagine beautiful situations that make you feel better, especially if you are feeling down or have problems’-, or goodness/kindness (4 comments)-‘Poetry is beautiful as it generally talks about love or happiness. The orality of poetry, in this case through the association between poetry and music, was also conceived as a source of beauty in EFL (2 comments): ‘When poetry is heard as a song I can appreciate its beauty even more . In English I have never listened to poems as songs, but in Spanish literature classes in secondary school the song versions of Antonio Machado's or Federico García Lorca's poems made me appreciate the beauty of the poems and the content even

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paper corpusSignosTxtLongLines536 - : * WSC task_ For word stem completion, the first three letters were maintained as a cue and the rest of the letters were omitted. In this case, the word ‘sweater’ when turned into a word stem, looked like: swe - - - . The WSC task consisted of thirty items, a random mixture of fifteen ‘primed’ and fifteen ‘non-primed’ words.

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paper corpusSignosTxtLongLines551 - : The aim of this article is to account for the analysis of the reality represented in the construction of discourse, from a case of a qualitative etnographic study which blends into a double aspect: the disappearance of a minor which ended in tragedy and the supposed guilt of an immigrant belonging to the black race in a murder which had a wide spread media impact . Thus, in this discourse analysis and categorization analysis of the actants, we will try to clarify the different features, components and treatment in the official sites of Twitter and Facebook of four Spanish mass media: @telecincoes, @laSextaNoticias, @NoticiasCuatro and @A3Noticias. The results bring to light how discourse in social networks has a much wider projection if it is based on aporophobia, revealing itself as a ‘parallel trial’ normalized before certain social events, approach which is boosted by mass media itself.

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paper corpusSignosTxtLongLines557 - : “Boulanger hypothesizes that in the case of competition, only the new word itself (i.e., the word form) must be accepted by speakers. In the no-competition case, both the new word and new referent must be accepted” (^[78]Cook, 2010: 35 ) .

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paper corpusSignosTxtLongLines558 - : señala que los problemas de los niños con TDL tienen que ver con su incapacidad de manejar partículas que no son legibles en la forma lógica. En cuanto a la hiperregularización verbal, este es un fenómeno que tiene que ver con la aplicación inadecuada de una regla de derivación morfológica en casos de verbos irregulares del español. Cabe señalar, que esta desviación es muy común en niños que se encuentran en la etapa de adquisición inicial, es decir, antes de los cinco años. En este proceso, caracterizado como un fenómeno U-Shape Learning (^[124]Carlucci & Case, 2013), se produce una trayectoria de adquisición de tres pasos: buena realización, seguida de una realización errónea que vuelve a convertirse en una realización adecuada . En el caso de los niños con TDL, pareciera que viven esta trayectoria en un momento más tardío que las de sus pares normotípicos.

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paper corpusSignosTxtLongLines562 - : Voghera, M. (2013). A case study on the relationship between grammatical change and synchronic variation: The emergence of tipo[-N] in Italian . En A. Giacalone Ramat, C. Mauri & P. Molinelli (Eds.), Synchrony and Diachrony: A dynamic interface (pp. 283-312). Ámsterdam/Filadelfia: John Benjamins. [ [313]Links ]

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paper corpusSignosTxtLongLines577 - : From a genre perspective, it is likely that the form of the crowdfunding projects has not yet fully stabilised, and that it is still subject to evolution and change, as is also the case of other digital genres (^[143]Giltrow, 2017: ^[144]Giltrow & Stein, 2009 ). The constructs for measuring syntactic complexity remain somewhat inconclusive, as they indicated a relatively high variation across proposals and within each individual proposal. The average means (in words) per sentence of the different project proposals ranged from 20.79 to 31.21 words per sentence, a rather ample range of variation, which suggests that structural elaboration is not distributed evenly across the sentences of each proposal and across the proposals. Similarly, the standard deviations of the different proposals (ranging from 11.60 to 22.28) and that of the overall corpus (15.75) showed high coefficients of variation (in all cases the CVs were >1), indicative of a fair amount of variance regarding syntactic

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paper corpusSignosTxtLongLines579 - : The speech act of greeting is present in just over a quarter of the lectures. The other two subfunctions, which correspond to the speech acts of introducing and thanking, are much less present. ‘Introducing the teacher(s)’ is common in the first lecture of the semester, in case there is a substitute teacher or if there are guest teachers:

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paper corpusSignosTxtLongLines598 - : Finally, event modality expresses an attitude towards the information provided and is divided into deontic modality and dynamic modality, which are related to meanings of obligation and ability respectively, among others. In the case of deontic modality, ^[74]Hoye (1997: 43 ) includes devices entailing “necessity of acts in terms of which the speaker gives permission or lays an obligation for the performance of actions at some time in the future”. The category of dynamic modality is included as a part of ^[75]Palmer’s event modality, in which deontic modality is incorporated. Palmer (2001: 10) believes that “dynamic modality relates to ability or willingness”. This is what we generally refer to as the skills, abilities and/or capacities one person or one object may have to carry out one action, such as in ‘Peter the translator can render this into English’, where ‘can’ expresses that the necessary conditions are met so that the action may be done. ^[76]Nuyts (2001) defines dynamic modality

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paper corpusSignosTxtLongLines598 - : s are followed by infinitives without to, for example, he should stay; modal verbs affect the entire propositional content of the clause in which they appear, for example, ‘could’ [he try]; from a dialectal perspective, more than one modal verb may be given together, as is the case with some variants from the north of England and Scotland, where we can find cases of double modal verbs, for example, “So I say - you won't can read it lass” (example taken from ^[83]Tagliamonte, 2013: 24 ); and as operators, modal verbs share a set of properties known by the NICE acronym, namely modals can be negated by the use of ‘n't/not’, modals can perform subject-verb inversion, for example, ‘Would you please help me?’, modals support propositional content elision, that is, they have a coda function, as in A. ‘Can you come with me?’ and B. ‘Of course I can’, and modals can be used in matters of emphatic polarity, for example, ‘Yes, you can!’

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paper corpusSignosTxtLongLines598 - : Necessity is another value of deontic modals in conclusions. ^[140]Charlow (2016) mentions the traditional division of modals according to necessity into weak and strong necessity modals. The form ‘should’ would be categorised as a weak necessity modal, and the modal form ‘must’ would correspond to the group of strong necessity modals. The author states, however, that a strong necessity modal does not exist, and she is “inclined to treat strong deontic necessity as a special case of weak deontic necessity” (Charlow, 2016: 47 ). The notion of ‘betterness’ seems to apply well to explain the modal sense of necessity. The following examples have been taken from our corpus:

Evaluando al candidato case:


2) necessity: 9
5) discourse: 8 (*)
6) modality: 8 (*)
7) modal: 8 (*)
8) speech: 7 (*)
9) verbs: 6 (*)
13) deontic: 6 (*)
14) poetry: 6
16) modals: 6
18) phrase: 5 (*)
19) dynamic: 5 (*)

case
Lengua: eng
Frec: 593
Docs: 196
Nombre propio: 3 / 593 = 0%
Coocurrencias con glosario: 8
Frec. en corpus ref. en eng: 942
Puntaje: 8.708 = (8 + (1+6.22881869049588) / (1+9.21431912080077)));
Rechazado: muy disperso; muy común;

Referencias bibliográficas encontradas sobre cada término

(Que existan referencias dedicadas a un término es también indicio de terminologicidad.)
case
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