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Lista de candidatos sometidos a examen:
1) postposition (*)
(*) Términos presentes en el nuestro glosario de lingüística

1) Candidate: postposition


Is in goldstandard

1
paper CO_FormayFuncióntxt260 - : In the examples throughout this text, we will highlight the internal structure of the pp. In the example 2b, the pp «[[uk' a] be]» 'at the house' has the postposition «be» as head, and the noun phrase (NP) «uk 'a» 'house' is its complement. Pieces of evidence in favor of the identification of postpositional phrases such as these are:

2
paper CO_FormayFuncióntxt260 - : The verb «etabut» 'to believe' is a stative intransitive verb that occurs with a circumstantial led by the postposition «kay», typical of psychological verbs (cf. section 2.3.2). Nevertheless, in the examples 2d and 2e below, «etabut» was used nominally, as complement of the postposition «pe» This pp has a modality function:

3
paper CO_FormayFuncióntxt260 - : In order to express reciprocity, besides the verbal construction «je+we+transitive .verb» as in the example 2k, it can use a postpositional phrase. In that case, the transitivity of the verb is kept, and the reflectivity/reciprocity prefix «we-»^[54]^7 in the postposition occurs:

4
paper CO_FormayFuncióntxt260 - : Another use of the postposition «dag̃/tag̃» is to indicate 'conformity,' derived from what was displayed previously:

5
paper CO_FormayFuncióntxt260 - : We have identified the alative use of the postposition «kay» with a place (example 4a), person (example 4b) or animal (example 4c) type complement:

6
paper CO_FormayFuncióntxt260 - : The example 5c illustrates the use of a clitic personal marker as a complement of the postposition «teg̃», something common among the postpositions in Munduruku:

7
paper CO_FormayFuncióntxt260 - : The basic meaning of the postposition «xe» is 'to the side of' (examples 6a-b):

8
paper CO_FormayFuncióntxt260 - : In the examples 6a-b, the PP headed by «xe» is an adjunct of locative nature. But this postposition has expanded its meaning metaphorically, and has been used also with the value of 'in the ownership of, creation of', as in the examples 6c and 6d, and with the value of 'in the opinion of' (example 6e):^[72]^9

9
paper CO_FormayFuncióntxt260 - : The basic function of this postposition is to indicate 'company' (comitative) with movement or non-movement verbs:

10
paper CO_FormayFuncióntxt260 - : The postposition «eju» occurs with inanimate (example 7d) and abstract (example 7e) elements:

11
paper CO_FormayFuncióntxt260 - : The postposition «eju» frequently occurs with the verb «jeum» 'to go up' (example 7g'):

12
paper CO_FormayFuncióntxt260 - : The example 8b deals with a young child who was in contact with the mother; therefore, the postposition «kug̃» was used. In this example, the PP headed by this postposition plays the role of locative predicate, as it is not only an adjunct, thus differing from its less argument status in the example 8c, where it has an adjunct function, modifying the processual intransitive verb «ju» 'to go':

13
paper CO_FormayFuncióntxt260 - : In the example 8e, the PP «[[aviãw] kug̃]» 'by airplane' leads to the interpretation that the person arrived piloting/controlling the airplane. Should another postposition be used, such as «dag̃» for example, the meaning would be different: as a passenger .

14
paper CO_FormayFuncióntxt260 - : In a handbook on sexually transmissible diseases and AIDS^[91]^11, the postposition «kug̃» is the one that appears with the meaning of 'to be infected with':

15
paper CO_FormayFuncióntxt260 - : The postposition «tog» means 'under' (example 10a) or 'between' (example 10b):

16
paper CO_FormayFuncióntxt260 - : In the example 10c, the postposition «tog̃» is combined with the postposition «wi» used there with a directional value:

17
paper CO_FormayFuncióntxt260 - : The postposition «keg» has the notion of 'package', as shown in the examples 12a and 12b:

18
paper CO_FormayFuncióntxt260 - : This postposition means 'from', with value of 'origin':

19
paper CO_FormayFuncióntxt260 - : The postposition «wi», indicating direction, can be combined with other postpositions, such as «be» 'in' (example 13e), «tag̃» 'for' (example 13f), «xe» 'near' (example 13g), «tog̃» 'under' (example 13h) and «jeje» 'on' (example 13i):

20
paper CO_FormayFuncióntxt260 - : This postposition means 'because of':

21
paper CO_FormayFuncióntxt260 - : The postposition «wap» means 'in front of' (examples 16a-b) and 'before' (examples 16c-d), respectively spatial and temporal use:

22
paper CO_FormayFuncióntxt260 - : This temporal use of «em» is quite frequent in Munduruku, and its most common position is at the beginning of the sentence. We still find the use of this postposition with the meaning of place, combined with the indefinite quantifying pronoun «soat» 'everything, all', creating the meaning of 'in many places':

23
paper CO_FormayFuncióntxt260 - : Although the very use of «bima» is quite frequent with clauses, such as in the examples 18a-c, we also find nouns as complements of pp headed by it. In the example 18d, this postposition has been used as such, in the sense of 'at the moment that (when)':

24
paper CO_FormayFuncióntxt260 - : Also with temporal value, «buje/puje» indicates that an action has happened after another. This postposition frequently has a clause as a complement, functioning as a subordinator:

25
paper CO_FormayFuncióntxt260 - : However, the most frequent use of the postposition «buye/puye» occurs with phrasal complements, as in the examples 20c and 20d:

26
paper CO_FormayFuncióntxt260 - : The last three postpositions presented previously inflect with the 3^rd person prefix «i-»: «ibima, ibuje, ibuye» . This occurs when the clauses correlated by them are not in the same sentence, and the postposition is not in the same clause it refers to:

27
paper CO_FormayFuncióntxt260 - : This would explain the non-grammaticality of clauses such as that of the example 22a below, where we find the use of a person marker in a clause conducted by the postposition «puje» («o'takat»), when compared to the grammaticality of clauses such as the example 22b, where the personal marker in the verb does not occur («dakat»):

28
paper CO_FormayFuncióntxt260 - : The example 22c below is also grammatical. In that case, the use of the person marker in the verb of the first clause («o'=takat») was only possible because the postposition was in the second clause. The postposition inflects for the 3rd person prefix («i-buje»), as already explained:

29
paper CO_FormayFuncióntxt260 - : In the example 23b, the postposition «bima» receives the nominalizing suffix «-at», that is reduplicated to indicate plurality: «-ac~at» . In this type of use context, the formed Np functions as equative nominal predicate with the purpose of expressing a characteristic of the subject. It is interesting to highlight that to be used as head of locative and possessive predications, the postpositions do not need to be nominalized.

30
paper CO_FormayFuncióntxt260 - : We have found in our data the use of the inalienable noun «bi» 'inside, mouth' as if it were a postposition:

31
paper CO_FormayFuncióntxt260 - : The example 10c, renumbered below as 24b, shows the use of «bi» with only the value of noun, functioning with a complement of the postposition «tag̃» :

32
paper CO_FormayFuncióntxt260 - : The conditional value taken on by the temporal postposition «bima» 'when' (cf. example 18c and discussions) and the causal value taken on by the also temporal postposition «buje» 'after' (cf. example 19b and discussion) are examples of pragmatic inference (invited inference) according to ^[147]Geis & Zwicky (1971) and ^[148]Traugott & Dasher (2002), for whom these ambiguous uses are at the base of grammaticalization and (inter)subjectivization processes. These postpositions also allow us to highlight their grammaticalization in another perspective: their use as subordinators (cf . section 2.17). Ultimately, this topic and the other topics highlighted here in these final considerations may and should be a matter of future research.

Evaluando al candidato postposition:


2) examples: 11
4) verb: 7 (*)
8) temporal: 5
9) complement: 5 (*)
12) clause: 4 (*)
13) marker: 4 (*)
14) clauses: 4 (*)
16) «xe»: 3
17) prefix: 3

postposition
Lengua: eng
Frec: 82
Docs: 6
Nombre propio: / 82 = 0%
Coocurrencias con glosario: 5
Puntaje: 5.889 = (5 + (1+5.55458885167764) / (1+6.37503943134693)));
Candidato aceptado

Referencias bibliográficas encontradas sobre cada término

(Que existan referencias dedicadas a un término es también indicio de terminologicidad.)
postposition
: Moreover, according to Quesada Pacheco (1995, p. 127), the postposition ta can at times be substituted by ki as in (50).