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British politician This article is about the industrialist , Liberal MP and cabinet minister , A.J.Mundella . For his nephew Anthony Mundella , see Anthony John Mundella ( journalist and educationalist ) . The Right Honourable A. J. Mundella Mundella , c. 1885 President of the Board of Trade In office 17 February 1886 - 20 July 1886 Monarch Queen Victoria Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone Preceded by Hon . Edward Stanhope Succeeded by Hon . Frederick Stanley In office 18 August 1892 - 28 May 1894 Monarch Queen Victoria Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone The Earl of Rosebery Preceded by Sir Michael Hicks Beach , Bt Succeeded by James Bryce Personal details Born ( 1825-03-28) 28 March 1825 Leicester , Leicestershire Died 21 July 1897( 1897-07-21 ) ( aged 72 ) London Nationality British Political party Liberal Spouse Mary Smith Anthony John Mundella PC ( 28 March 1825 - 21 July 1897 ) was an English manufacturer and later a Liberal Party MP and Cabinet Minister who sat in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom from 1868 to 1897 . He served under William Ewart Gladstone as Vice-President of the Committee of the Council on Education from 1880 to 1885 and as President of the Board of Trade in 1886 and from 1892 to 1894 . As education minister he established universal compulsory education in Britain and played the major part in building the state education system . At the Board of Trade he was instrumental in the reduction of working hours and the raising of minimum ages in the employment of children and young people . He was among the first to prove the effectiveness of arbitration and conciliation in industrial relations . He also brought in the first laws to prevent cruelty to children . His political achievements in the late Victorian age are said to have anticipated 20th century society . Early life Anthony John Mundella was born in Leicester , England in 1825 . He was the first of five children of Antonio Mondelli ( later known as Anthony Mundella ) , a refugee from Lombardy of uncertain background , and his wife Rebecca Allsopp of Leicester . At the time of Mundella 's birth , his father was a poorly paid trimmer in the hosiery trade . His mother made lace on a frame in their home and was regarded as adept at this work but , nonetheless , she too was poorly paid and after rent for housing and for the lace frame there was invariably little left to live on . Mundella was christened on 15 August 1826 at the Great Meeting Unitarian chapel in Leicester . His granddaughter maintained that he was named Antonio Giovanni but the Great Meeting baptismal register confirms that he was christened Anthony John . Though from a Catholic and nonconformist background , he attended the Church of England school of St Nicholas in Leicester , an establishment maintained by the National Society for Promoting Religious Education to provide elementary education for children from poor homes , until the age of nine . Though he rebelled against the catechism and disliked the creed , describing them in later life as " my especial abomination " , Mundella remained loyal to his early education in Anglicanism for the rest of his life . Outside school , his mother , with her wide knowledge of English literature , particularly Shakespeare , instilled in his mind a love of the beautiful in nature , in literature , and in art . Because of the family 's then abject financial circumstances , when Rebecca Mundella 's eyesight worsened and she could no longer work at lacemaking the boy had to be withdrawn from school so that he could earn money to help the family . At nine , he started work in a printing office as a printer 's devil , an opportunity used by him to extend his education . At eleven he was apprenticed to William Kempson , whose business made footwear , hosiery and haberdashery . From his father , and the exiled Italians who occasionally visited the family home , Mundella acquired at an early age what was described as " a kind of strange unconventional political education " . At fifteen he became politically engaged and , inspired by the local Chartist leader , Thomas Cooper , enrolled as a Chartist , becoming increasingly involved in the movement . He became adept at writing political ballads and while still fifteen heard his compositions sung on the streets and at political meetings . At the same age he made his first political speech , in support of the Charter . He was further politically inspired by the arrival in Leicester of Richard Cobden on his nationwide campaign for the repeal of the Corn Laws , and was always active in advocating the causes of the working classes . Mundella had always been a regular Sunday School scholar and as he grew older he became a teacher , then secretary , and ultimately superintendent of a large , poor Sunday School in Sanvey Gate in Leicester . At the age of eighteen Mundella left Kempson 's to become a journeyman , then an overseer ( in which post he earned £200 a year and a commission on profits ) and ultimately manager of a large warehouse set up by another hosiery manufacturing business in Leicester , Harris & Hamel . Richard Harris was a prominent Liberal and Chartist in the city . Mundella prospered and , while still eighteen , he married . He worked for Harris for three years , until he was 22 , and while there the firm experimented seriously and secretly with machinery driven by steam power . Mundella was not technically minded , though his experience at Harris 's with mechanical experimentation helped to form his abiding interest and fascination in new steam-powered hosiery-making machinery . He was one of the first industrialists in the Midlands to realise that steam power was something far more than a means to great wealth . He believed that it could be " so applied and developed as to lift the mass of workers out of serfdom " . Manufacturing career In 1848 Mundella was offered a partnership by old-established hosiery manufacturers , Hine & Co of Nottingham , who needed help to construct and open a large new factory . He became a partner in the company , which soon became known as Hine & Mundella . For the next fifteen years Mundella devoted his energy to reinventing the mechanics of a hosiery industry which for the most part relied on old-style mechanical stocking frames operated by perennially poor framework-knitters in their own homes . He pioneered many changes , including new machines which produced tubular knitting rather than the stocking-frame 's straight knit . Mundella had long maintained that the best machines in the hosiery trade were " principally the inventions of working men " . Not by his own invention , but by encouraging inventors within the company ( many of them loom operators ) and sharing patents with them , Mundella was able to develop plentiful new hosiery-making machinery , a lot of it steam-driven , including a technological revolution : a machine which for the first time enabled a stocking to be made and fully fashioned automatically without stopping the action . The result was stockings made a hundred times faster than they could be by the framework knitters . Mundella built large new premises for the company in 1851 , the first steam-operated hosiery factory in Nottingham . It had wide and spacious workrooms , was lit entirely by daylight and gas jets , and had the finest machinery . By 1857 Hine and Mundella were employing 4,000 workers who were well paid , partly because by attracting good operatives Mundella hoped they would use their intelligence and inventiveness to suggest improvements in the way they worked . Improved conditions , Mundella observed , brought enhanced loyalty . There was a setback in 1859 when Hine & Mundella 's factory was damaged by fire , but it was soon rebuilt and returned to operation with the advantage of newer and more powerful machines , in large part paid for by the company 's insurers . Hine and Mundella continued to prosper . They opened factories in Loughborough in Leicestershire , England in 1859 and Chemnitz , Saxony in 1866 . A London warehouse at the centre of the textile trade in Wood Street was acquired . In 1860 , a series of strikes and lock-outs hit Nottingham 's hosiery business . The inadequate wages of home framework-knitters compared to those of the factory operatives led to demands for higher pay ( although Mundella 's employees were not involved ) . Mundella organised a conference between workers and the employers . He had to contend with suspicious employers and with powerful trade unionists , and reconcile the penurious framework-knitters with the comparatively well-paid and skilled factory workers . He proposed that the workers should have the wages they demanded and also that a board of arbitration ( the Nottingham Board of Arbitration and Conciliation for the Hosiery Trade ) composed of both employers and workers should be established to prevent further strikes by fixing the price for handwork and preventing disputes by constant conference between both sides . The essence was that prevention of strife was better than subsequent remedy . Mundella 's principle of conciliation was not entirely original ; other such boards of conciliation or arbitration had been set up , mostly successfully , in a few other trades but none of them had been established in an industry as antagonistic and complex with technological change as the hosiery trade . Mundella was the first to prove that the principle worked in an industry of much complexity with the aim of , rather than fighting fires , preventing fires starting in the first place . It was hailed as a success and was adopted not only in other parts of the country , but also in continental Europe and in the United States . Carte de visite of Mundella , c1865 In 1863 the stress of business became so great that Mundella 's health broke down . He went to Italy and spent two years recuperating . In his absence the firm of Hine & Mundella was converted into a limited liability company , the Nottingham Hosiery Manufacturing Company . The firm continued to expand , developing further interests in Saxony , and Boston in the United States . Mundella had made a success out of the business . When he joined Hine & Co in 1848 the annual turnover was £18,000 ( equivalent to £2,300,000 in 2023 ) ; when he left the firm in 1873 ( finding it impossible to live in London as an MP and manage a business in Nottingham ) the annual turnover was £500,000 ( equivalent to £56,000,000 in 2023 ) . Mundella was a prominent and popular public figure in Nottingham and was an active force in his local Liberal Party , becoming sheriff of Nottingham in 1852 , at the age of 28 . In 1856 he was elected a town councillor and helped to set up the Nottingham Chamber of Commerce . From 1859 , at the time of increased fear of an invasion by France , he was one of the founding members of the local volunteer corps , the Robin Hood Rifles , joining in May 1859 and being promoted to lieutenant in June and captain five months later . Aside from local political action , Mundella 's business experience showed him that progress in industry depended on reciprocal understanding between workers and employers , and that progress generally required significant improvements in the nation 's education system , including technical training . He also recognised that very young children could not be properly educated if they were spending their time working in factories . When travelling in continental Europe on business and on personal relaxation , Mundella saw how superior the education systems of other countries were , particularly in Switzerland and the German states , and was dismayed at the comparative shortcomings of the English system . He knew that achieving the required progress in these matters would involve collective effort and increasing state intervention . At the same time , his business experience , arising from his working past , confirmed his belief in the desirability , indeed necessity , of trade unions . The opportunity to put his beliefs into action appeared in 1868 . Election to Parliament After Mundella 's 1863 success in arbitrating the Nottingham industrial strife he was invited by many English and Welsh towns to expound on the system of arbitration and to help settle a number of labour conflicts . Outbreaks of violence , including explosions and murders , in the Sheffield steel industry led to the 1867 Royal Commission on Trade Unions . Mundella showed the commission that unions could play a positive part in industrial relations , and that working men could be trusted . In 1868 he was invited to address a joint meeting in Sheffield of the organised trades and the local branch of the Reform League . The leaders of his audience were so inspired by his speech that they assured him of their support if he were to stand for the Liberal Party in the Sheffield constituency in the forthcoming general election . Mundella had already stated that he " did not feel obliged to go on toiling to amass a great fortune , but was justified in giving up commerce to devote himself to political life and his love of beautiful things " . He agreed to stand and was formally adopted as a Liberal candidate on 20 July 1868 . The election in Sheffield was a long and bitterly fought contest . Mundella suffered much abuse . There were attacks on his Italian ancestry ; though he was not Jewish he was lampooned by antisemitic cartoonists because of his looks ; his morality in business was questioned . But benefitting from the Reform Act 1867 , which had enfranchised a large number of male householders for the first time , Mundella prevailed in Sheffield . He was to represent the seat , and its successor , Sheffield Brightside , until his death nearly thirty years later . Political career Mundella took his seat in the House of Commons as part of the Liberal Party majority of 116 . With his evident confidence , the respect in which he was held as a pioneer of industrial arbitration and as an expert on social matters , combined with the early perception that he was a hard worker , he immediately found himself to be one of the most highly regarded MPs of the new intake . Mundella was chosen to second the reply to the Speech from the Throne and in doing so made his maiden speech on 16 February 1869 . The prime minister , William Ewart Gladstone , warmly congratulated him on his speech . In the middle of March Mundella 's stock rose higher when his board of arbitration was commended in the newly published Report of the Royal Commission on Trade Unions . Backbencher Mundella 's main concerns on joining the House were trade union reform and the need for free , compulsory schooling and for technical training . Trade unionism had no greater friend than Mundella . He was a believer in the right of working men and women to combine to protect their interests , and much of his energy in Parliament was devoted to securing the same rights for them as were enjoyed by their employers . In 1869 Mundella began to plan a private member 's bill to legalise the unions and give them financial security . Though the bill did not proceed , his efforts did secure a temporary government bill which gave protection to trade union funds and two years later led to the Trade Union Act 1871 which legalised trade unions and protected their funds by legal registration . Anthony John Mundella by Coïdé ( James Jacques Tissot ) . A chromolithograph published in Vanity Fair , 9 December 1871 Mundella ’s first moves in the House regarding education were strongly to support the passing of the Elementary Education Act 1870 . His speech on the second reading of the bill did much to enhance his parliamentary reputation . Though the Act established local education authorities and authorised public money for school improvements , it did not meet with Mundella ’s complete approval as it introduced neither free nor compulsory schooling ( except in a tentative , experimental way through the by-laws which school boards were empowered to make ) , but he was anxious to take what parliament was willing to give rather than reject it because it was not good enough . The trade unions and education were not Mundella ’s sole concerns in his early years as a backbencher . He attacked the War Office for its antiquated system for issuing army contracts , and advocated short army and navy service , more volunteers and better organisation . He joined in an attempt to modernise the patent laws , which for a long time had been his concern as an industrialist . He spoke against what he called the " absurdity " of the complicated and inconsistent postal rates . He denounced the obsolete game laws , whose punishments for poaching jailed many thousands of men . And he attacked the inconsistent treatment of men and women in the Contagious Diseases Acts of the 1860s which in ports and garrison towns subjected female prostitutes , and those suspected of being such , to arrest , inspection , and ( if they were found to be infected ) incarceration for up to one year , while no provision was made for the examination of their male customers . He also pressed for the legal age of sexual intercourse to be raised to 16 , since over 25 per cent of those with sexually transmitted infections were under that age . Mundella was also greatly concerned at the employment of children of very young ages , and how their presence at work would make compulsory elementary education impossible . In 1871 he put forward a measure to control the employment of children in the manufacture of bricks and tiles . His move was welcomed so readily that it was incorporated into the government 's Factory and Workshop Act of 1871 . As a result , the employment of girls under sixteen and boys under ten in brick and tile yards was prohibited . Mundella 's long-established interest in arbitration resulted in 1872 in his Arbitration ( Masters and Workmen ) Act ( commonly known as Mundella 's Act ) which made voluntary agreements between managers and workers mutually binding . In the same year he aided the passage of the Coal Mines Regulation Act , paying particular attention to the clauses restricting the working hours of women and children . He continued his campaign for fewer hours for women and children with the introduction of a nine-hours factory bill in 1872 but it made slow progress and in the summer of 1873 , due to opposition from manufacturers , it was withdrawn . Mundella 's perennial concern for children also led him to introduce , in 1873 , a bill for the protection of children against people who , being in charge of them , had been convicted of violence against them . Opposition backbencher In the general election of 1874 , the Liberal Party was defeated , but Mundella continued his parliamentary campaigns from the opposition backbenches and reintroduced his nine-hours bill . The Conservative government , harvesting the fruits of Mundella 's three years ' hard work on his bill , introduced their own factory bill which was designed to achieve much the same aims . The subsequent Factories ( Health of Women , &c . ) Act of 1875 established a ten-hour day for women and children in textile factories . It was widely recognised in the textile districts that it was Mundella 's efforts which had secured its passing . Mundella was also praised - this time by the trade union leadership - for his opposition backbench role in amending and enabling the passing of , firstly , the Employers and Workmen Act 1875 which replaced the repressive Master and Servant Acts , and , secondly , the passing of the Conspiracy , and Protection of Property Act 1875 which , combined with the repeal of the much-hated Criminal Law Amendment Act 1871 , released workers from the severe penalties which were aimed solely at them . Both Acts together decriminalised the work of trade unions . To Mundella at this time was also the credit for his Bill instituting a closed season from 15 March to 15 June for freshwater fish . Known officially as the Freshwater Fisheries Act and colloquially amongst anglers as the Mundella Act , it became law in 1878 . In 1877 Mundella sponsored a bill to abolish the property qualification for standing for local office , pointing out that 80 to 90 per cent of the voters in his constituency were disqualified from being councillors and yet were the first to be pressured by rises in rates . The bill found little traction in the House and each time it reappeared in the period from 1877 to 1879 it was defeated . The Conservatives finally passed the measure in 1880 . Vice-President of the Committee of the Council on Education The Liberals returned to power in 1880 with a large majority and Gladstone , recognising the younger man 's expertise in the field of education reform , appointed him Vice-President of the Committee of the Council on Education ( in other words , Secretary of State for Education ) . At the same time Mundella was appointed a privy councillor . When Queen Victoria received his name from the prime minister she described him in her diary as " Mr . Mundella ( one of the most violent radicals ) ” . She wrote that on disapprovingly remarking to Gladstone about Mundella 's appointment " Mr . Gladstone praised him very much , saying he was a very religious man , very much for religious education , and never said anything offensive " . At the same time , Mundella was also appointed the fourth Charity Commissioner for England and Wales . Despite being junior to the Lord President of the Council Mundella was in charge of education , and he was now positioned to achieve a number of his aims , in particular that of compulsory elementary education . He set to work with vigour , despite strong opposition . Referring to Mundella 's researches into schooling in continental Europe , The Times stated that " compulsory education might do for the Saxons , but would never be endured by the Anglo-Saxons " . To those organisations and people who maintained that compulsion was un-English Mundella replied that it was " peculiarly English to be content to be in ignorance " . Immediately on reaching office Mundella introduced a bill to complete the system of compulsion to attend school , which had not been achieved by previous Acts . The Mundella Act ( another Act credited to his name ) , properly known as the Elementary Education Act 1880 , which became law only four months after the Liberals returned to power , established the means to enforce that all children would be sent to school . A J Mundella c. 1885 Mundella then set in motion the reorganisation of technical education . He had always taken an interest in higher and technical education , as well as in art schools and other forms of art culture , and they had invariably secured his sympathy and aid . As his first move in higher education , Mundella formed a single institution of the scientific schools at South Kensington in London , establishing the Normal School of Science and Royal School of Mines in October 1881 . Mundella appointed a departmental committee to investigate and make recommendations on higher education in Wales . The committee reported in 1881 and urged the immediate expansion of the Welsh intermediate schools and the establishment of university colleges in Cardiff and Bangor . Mundella further instituted a Royal Commission to examine foreign technical education and compare it with that available in England . Mundella 's responsibilities also included the further development of the South Kensington Museum ( later the Victoria and Albert Museum ) , which as a lover of art he found to be an enjoyable part of his labours . Mundella 's educational code of 1882 , which became known as the " Mundella Code , " marked a new departure in the regulation of public elementary schools , their curricula and how they were taught , and the conditions under which government grants were made . By 1883 money was made available to allow the code to operate . Mundella improved the inspection of schools , including employing some women inspectors , and insisting that the health and mental capacity of children should be taken into consideration when examining their learning progress . He also arranged beneficial change in teacher training . There were accusations that the strictness of the code was harsh and was causing children to overwork . To this the medical journal The Lancet declared : " The educational system is not overworking children but demonstrating that they are underfed . This conclusion roused Mundella to urge local government to provide cheap meals for children . While in England and Wales , endowments for higher education schools were being surveyed and where necessary reformed , no such action was taking place in Scotland . Mundella introduced bills to overhaul the Scottish endowments and extend compulsory elementary education to Scotland . Mundella tried to modernise the Committee of the Council on Education by proposing the institution of an education department headed by a minister with a position in the cabinet , and the setting up of a department of agriculture which would take over his veterinary responsibilities ( part of the education portfolio ) , but he was forestalled by the opposition of the Lord President of the Council . In May 1885 Mundella was able to begin the process of introducing a measure to promote intermediate education in Wales , but on 9 June 1885 Gladstone resigned and as a result Mundella was forced to leave the vice-presidency . His Welsh legislation fell at the dissolution of parliament . Opposition frontbencher In the General Election of October 1885 , Mundella stood for the new constituency of Brightside , one of Sheffield 's five parliamentary divisions . He was elected with a healthy majority , but nationally the general election was a stalemate , and the Conservatives took office with the help of Charles Stewart Parnell and his Irish Parliamentary Party , which held the balance of power . Mundella was again in opposition , but kept his place on the Liberal frontbench . Gladstone returned to the prime ministership barely three months later in January 1886 and after briefly considering Mundella for the post of Chancellor of the Exchequer he instead elevated him to the cabinet as President of the Board of Trade . President of the Board of Trade ( first term ) In the short period before the next general election Mundella had little time at the Board of Trade to effect major legislative improvements but he was able to introduce a number of administrative changes . He ensured that consular reports of trade and the trade requirements of different countries of the world should be published and available at a low price instead of being lost among general Foreign Office papers . He established a labour statistics bureau to allow information to be published and disseminated to the labouring class . He expanded the board to include a fisheries department , previously the realm of three different government departments , to look after both sea and inland fisheries . There had long been disputation over the matter of railway freight charges , with the railway companies ' trade and agricultural customers implacably opposed to the high prices charged for the movement of goods . As a means to secure a just and equitable re-assessment of the charges throughout Britain , Mundella introduced his railway and canal traffic bill , which would hand control over the railways to the Board of Trade , including the power to enforce reductions in charges . Mundella met vehement opposition from the railway companies and their shareholders , who were fearful that there would be a fall in their profits of up to 50 per cent and a destruction of the value of railway property . They were further angered by Mundella 's introduction of a railway regulation bill which sought to impose better braking and other safety devices . Opposition to the railway and canal traffic bill rode on the back of the then widespread and equally vehement opposition in the House to Irish home rule . In a division on the Irish matter , Gladstone 's government fell , and with it Mundella 's attempted reform of the railways . Opposition frontbencher Mundella 's short period in charge of the Board of Trade ended on 30 July 1886 and in the general election in August the Conservatives regained power . From the opposition frontbench Mundella again campaigned for increased technical education among working people . With others , he was instrumental in inaugurating the National Association for the Promotion of Technical Education . The association became a force behind educational development , including secondary as well as technical education . Mundella also presided over the new National Education Association formed to promote a " free progressive system of national education , publicly controlled and free from sectarian interest " by publicising and advancing the School Board system and undermining denominational and private schools . In 1888 Mundella introduced a bill for the prevention of cruelty to children . Due to opposition , progress of the bill was slow , with Mundella speaking 65 times in committee . The ensuing Prevention of Cruelty to , and Protection of , Children Act 1889 ( commonly known as the Children 's Charter ) was the first Act of Parliament to outlaw cruelty to children . It enabled the state to intervene in relations between parents and children , made it an imprisonable crime to neglect or ill-treat children , and outlawed the employment of children under the age of 10 . Mundella regarded this Act as one of his greatest successes . In 1890 Mundella became chairman of the Trade and Treaties Committee , responsible for keeping the Board of Trade informed on expiring treaties and new tariffs and duties . In 1891 and 1892 , on the urging of Gladstone , he became an opposition frontbench representative on the Royal Commission on Labour . He chaired the section dealing with conditions in the chemical , building , textile , clothing and miscellaneous trades . As such , he was able to institute the appointment of four women inspectors to examine the position of women in industry . President of the Board of Trade ( second term ) Mundella by Arthur Stockdale Cope , 1894 In the 1892 general election Mundella retained his seat of Sheffield Brightside with an increased majority and the Liberal Party formed the government . Mundella returned to the cabinet and to the presidency of the Board of Trade . There Mundella again faced the railway companies and their shareholders , as the agricultural lobby and businesses were still anxious to see reduced freight charges . Cautious of raising the ire of the railway companies again , in 1893 Mundella set up a committee to look into the charges . He also enabled the Railway Servants ( Hours of Labour ) Act , which allowed railway employees to reduce their working hours . Early in 1893 , the Bureau of Labour Statistics which Mundella set up in his first term as trade minister was expanded into a labour department , separate from the Board of Trade . This department published a regular Labour Gazette to ensure that information about labour was popularised in order to reach the working classes . In 1893 there was a lock-out of miners in the Midlands , with nearly 320,000 men who were objecting to a reduction in pay being thrown out of work . Mundella encouraged conciliation and as a result the coal strike was settled . The conflict encouraged Mundella to introduce a bill to enable the establishment of local boards of conciliation and arbitration whenever and wherever they might be required . Mundella enabled three separate maritime reforms . The North Sea Fisheries Act ratified the convention between the countries bordering the North Sea fishing areas to deal with floating alcohol " shops " which supplied fishermen with liquor . An improvement in the way merchant seamen were paid their wages at the end of a voyage ensured they did not have to linger for long periods in the seaports rather than returning home , thereby reducing prostitution in the ports . A merchant shipping bill was introduced to halt the undermanning of ships . Concerned by the annual returns of railway accidents and deaths furnished by the Board of Trade , Mundella appointed two railway men to inquire into the accidents and their causes , and to find means to increase safety . Mundella 's stock was now high . Early in 1894 Gladstone wrote of him : " He … has done himself much credit in the present government " . Resignation In 1869 Mundella had joined the board of the New Zealand Loan and Mercantile Agency Company . It was a successful venture and Mundella 's pecuniary interest prospered . Under newly established rules , on becoming president of the Board of Trade in 1892 he relinquished all his directorships and thereafter had no control over the company 's activities . In 1893 , as a result of an economic downturn , the company was forced into liquidation and became the subject of a Board of Trade inquiry . Though Mundella was no longer a director and was innocent of any fault , a conflict of interest existed because the final decision on what further proceedings should follow a public investigation in court ( in which Mundella gave evidence ) would have to be made by Mundella himself as president of the Board of Trade . He was compromised , and his role as president became unsustainable . Mundella tendered his resignation to Lord Rosebery , by then prime minister , who requested him to withdraw it . Mundella insisted upon it and his resignation took effect on 12 May 1894 . On 24 May he addressed the House of Commons on the matter . The magazine Punch wrote : " The House felt that here was a good man suffering with adversity . That it was undeserved , had swooped down , and blighted temporarily an honourable career when it seemed to have reached its serener heights , made the calamity none the less hard to bear . Mundella comported himself with the dignity that commanded the respect of the House . ( He ) sat down amid cheering on both sides " . Mundella at the House of Commons by John Benjamin Stone , 1897 Mundella wrote to his sister Theresa : " I was received with loud cheering when I entered the House , when I rose to address it , and the loudest from all sides when I sat down . Men crowded round me all night to shake hands with me , and all my colleagues said I had done it so admirably and with so much dignity " There were tributes from Gladstone and Rosebery ( the latter insisting that it was a " source of grief and weakness " to the government to be deprived of his " great " services ) , and hundreds of resolutions of sympathy from workers all over the country reached him , thanking him for his life-long services to labour . He was not to return to ministerial power , and served on the backbenches until the general election of 1895 . Government backbencher In the year following his resignation , Mundella arbitrated successfully in the Hanley pottery dispute in March 1895 and was intensively occupied as chairman of the committee examining the poor law schools in London . Opposition frontbencher The general election of July 1895 saw the Conservatives win with an overall majority of 152 and the Liberal Party were back in opposition . Mundella , still esteemed by his constituents , was returned unopposed for Sheffield Brightside , and his colleagues in the House recalled him to the opposition frontbench . From that position , despite his age , he continued his fight for his favoured causes . He strongly opposed the education bills of 1896 and 1897 which he saw as destructive of his education policy , and he complained that the compulsory clauses of his education Act were scarcely enforced so that nearly one-fifth of the potential school population was absent . The result , he pointed out , was widespread illiteracy among those of school-leaving age . Mundella 's final utterance in the House , after 3,280 vocal contributions over nearly thirty years as an MP , was a brief interjection in the debate on the second reading of the education ( Scotland ) bill on 1 July 1897 . Death Mundella died unexpectedly . On 14 July 1897 his butler found him " prostrated and unconscious " on his bedroom floor . He had suffered a stroke and remained paralysed with a complete loss of speech , and he was barely conscious for eight days . Many people , including Queen Victoria ( who telegraphed a number of times for news ) and leading politicians of all shades of opinion , expressed concern . At 1.55 pm on 21 July 1897 he died , at the age of 72 . Mundella 's burial place : The Mundella vault , Church Cemetery , Nottingham Three funeral services were held . The first was at St Margaret 's , Westminster on 26 July . It was unusual for St Margaret 's in that Mundella 's coffin was present , rather than the service being a memorial . The coffin was draped in a pall of Venetian brocade , with a marble statuette of the Madonna and Child and a photograph of Mundella 's late wife placed at its head . Queen Victoria sent a wreath , and she and the Prince of Wales were represented amongst a very large number of male and female mourners . The church was full and later congregants were forced to assemble outside . It was noted that an unusually large number of working men had come to pay their respects to Mundella . Mundella 's coffin was then taken through the centre of London to St Pancras station for transfer by train to Nottingham . A second funeral service was held in Nottingham at St Mary 's Church on 27 July . It was the largest funeral the city had ever seen . Crowds then lined the route from St Mary 's to the Church Cemetery , where further mourners crowded onto the hillside overlooking the grave . A third service was conducted at the graveside . He was buried in the Mundella vault where his parents , his wife and his youngest brother had been previously interred . A wide stone in a combination of classical styles and Arts and Crafts decoration was erected over the tomb . To Mundella 's name was added the inscription : " Loving knowledge for its own sake , he strove to diffuse it among his countrymen . He laboured for industrial peace , and the welfare of the children of the poor . " Legacy and reputation Mundella was highly respected during his long period in Victorian Liberal politics , achieving elevation to the cabinet and attaining the distinction of becoming known as a statesman . It has been argued that his was " the most productive mind in late Victorian England at work in the kindred fields of education , industry and labour " and as a result his political achievements in those fields were remarkable . By such work Mundella prepared the late Victorian age for the dawning of the 20th century . Many of the improvements he fostered have been altered somewhat in the years since his death , but the long-term effects of everything he enabled have remained : children must still go to school , trade unions are still legal , freshwater fish are still allowed a peaceful breeding season . Despite Mundella 's beneficial influence on education , industry , and the protection of children , after his death in 1897 his name and reputation disappeared from public view and he became mostly a forgotten man of Gladstone 's administrations . It has been suggested that one reason was the absence of an early biography . It was the intention of Mundella 's daughter Maria Theresa to write his biography ( which would presumably have been celebratory ) , but despite working for some years on his archive , collecting contributions and loans from others , and making lengthy transcriptions , nothing was published . She died in 1922 . Her collected Mundella papers then passed to his granddaughter , Dorothea Benson , Lady Charnwood , who presented them to the University of Sheffield Library in the 1930s . A biography finally appeared . Harry Armytage 's A.J.Mundella 1825-1897 - The Liberal Background to the Labour Movement was published in 1951 . He made good use of Ms Mundella 's copious research in his book , and before its publication in academic papers and a radio broadcast . Mundella is regularly mentioned in volumes recording the Victorian hosiery business , the history of education , and early labour relations . Academic theses have examined his political reputation . The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography completely rewrote his entry in 2004 . Mundella Grammar School in Nottingham no longer exists . A request in the mid-1980s for the installation of a commemorative blue plaque at Mundella 's London home of 16 Elvaston Place was refused by English Heritage . Personal life On 12 March 1844 , when aged eighteen , Mundella married Mary , the daughter of William Smith , a warehouseman of Kibworth Beauchamp in Leicestershire . They had two daughters , Eliza Ellen and Maria Theresa . When Mundella was a manufacturer he commissioned a large new villa , designed by the architect Thomas Chambers Hine , in The Park Estate in Nottingham , and after moving to London when he became an MP the family lived , firstly , in Dean 's Yard in Westminster , then rented a house in Stanhope Gardens in Kensington before , at the end of 1872 , purchasing 16 Elvaston Place nearby . While he had made money in business , Mundella had never been particularly rich . The crash of the New Zealand company which had been the cause of his resignation left him in financial difficulties , but on the recommendation of Lord Rosebery he was awarded an annual Civil List pension of £1,200 ( equivalent to £172,593 in 2023 ) which enabled him to continue to live in Elvaston Place . Mundella had a striking presence , being tall and thin and bent at the shoulders with a dark complexion , a prominent hooked nose and a flowing beard . Easily recognisable , he was reported to be a familiar figure in London . In character he was described as warm , impulsive , enthusiastic , and optimistic , and ready to believe the best in anyone . It has been observed that " Mundella made enemies at every stage . He was far too confident and masterful for a quiet life , and in an age of overflowing political activity his mind and methods appeared to stand for the whole menace of radical change . " As he grew older the cabinet held him in high esteem but younger politicians were " never quite sure whether he was a rogue or a fool , but they were convinced that he was a bore " because of his determined enthusiasm on a few dominant themes . At home , Mundella had a regard for domestic comforts and liked to be surrounded by beautiful objects . One of his nieces recalled that he and his family flourished at a time when all things Italian were fashionable and having Italian ancestry was considered most desirable . 16 Elvaston Place , she recalled , was full of beautiful Italian things . The house was often crowded with friends , not only politicians , but also many from the world of the arts and literature , business , and journalism . Mundella was a Fellow of the Royal Society , an honour awarded in 1882 that he described as " the most agreeable and distinguished that could fall upon me " , In 1884 he became President of the Sunday School Union , a position he deeply valued . His elevation in political life brought him from his labouring class roots into the sphere of the rich , the aristocratic , and the royal . After her initial suspicion , Queen Victoria learned to care deeply for him and invited him for weekends at Windsor , Osborne , and Sandringham . She was distressed by his death . Though Mundella was not Jewish ( his mother being a Protestant and his father a Catholic ) , throughout his political life his looks , his foreign-sounding name , and his artistic individualism in dress encouraged opponents and hostile cartoonists and journalists to indulge in anti-semitic insults . Despite Mundella 's claim when applying for his Civil List pension in 1894 that he had " insufficient private means " , at his death , three years later , his estate was valued at £42,619 1s 3d ( equivalent to £6,108,095 in 2023 ) . Mundella likenesses * Portrait in oil : by Sir Arthur Stockdale Cope RA ( 1857-1940 ) . Painted on commission for the citizens of Sheffield to celebrate Mundella 's 25th anniversary as an MP . A three-quarter length portrayal of Mundella as president of the Board of Trade with his hand resting on a departmental despatch box . The Sheffield Telegraph commented : " His face wears a somewhat sad and serious expression , and the artist has given him the full measure of his years " . The artist was Mundella 's own choice . The painting was exhibited at the Royal Academy of Arts in London in the spring of 1894 and presented to Mundella on 11 Dec 1894 before being given to Sheffield Town Council . It is on loan to Sheffield Galleries and Museums Trust . * A replica of the portrait , also painted by Cope , was presented to Mundella 's daughter Maria Theresa on the same occasion . Its location is unknown . * Portrait in oil : by Arthur John Black ( 1855-1936 ) . This portrait was presented to Mundella 's daughter , Maria Theresa , who in 1898 donated it to the Nottingham School Board for display in the new Mundella Grammar School . The school closed in 1985 and the portrait was passed to its successor schools , Roland Green Comprehensive and The Nottingham Emmanuel School . It was then taken into the care of a group of former students of the Mundella Grammar School , who in 2009 had it cleaned and loaned it to the Bromley House Library , Nottingham , where it is now displayed . * Bust , marble : by Sir Joseph Edgar Boehm RA ( 1834-1890 ) . Working women and children , who had enjoyed the benefit of the Factory Act of 1874 subscribed , mostly in single pennies , to a tribute to Mundella and his wife . It took the form of the bust by Boehm and bears the inscription : " Presented to Mrs . Mundella by 80,000 factory workers , chiefly women and children , in grateful acknowledgement of her husband 's services " . It was presented to Mary Mundella at a ceremony in Manchester in August 1884 , ten years after the Factory Act had passed . The bust remained in the family until some time after 1938 when it was presented to the Nottingham School Board for display in the Mundella Grammar School . When this school closed in 1985 the bust passed to Roland Green School and then The Nottingham Emmanuel School . It was then taken into the care of a group of former students of Nottingham Grammar School , who in 2009 had it cleaned and loaned it to the Bromley House Library , Nottingham where it is now displayed . * Caricature , chromolithograph : by Coïdé , the pseudonym of James Tissot ( 1836-1902 ) . It was first published in Vanity Fair on 9 December 1871 as Number 99 in their series of " Portraits of Statesmen " . It is entitled " Education and Arbitration " . Reproductions were available for sale and there are consequently many copies in private hands and in public collections , including those of the UK Houses of Parliament , the National Portrait Gallery , London , and the University of Sheffield Library . * Caricature , chromolithograph : by Spy , the pseudonym of Leslie Ward ( 1851-1922 ) . It was first published in Vanity Fair on 30 November 1893 . It is entitled " On the Terrace , A Political Spectacle : - The Ayes have it - the Noes have it " and it is a group cartoon portrait with Mundella in the right foreground . A copy of it is owned by the National Portrait Gallery in London . * Newspaper cartoons : by various artists . 16 images , all including lampooning representations of Mundella , and all relating to the parliamentary elections in Sheffield in 1868 . They are held by Sheffield University Library . * Photograph , platinum print : by Sir John Benjamin Stone ( 1838-1914 ) . A late portrait photograph of Mundella , seen standing at an entrance to the Houses of Parliament and dated May 1897 ( two months before his death ) . A copy is held by the National Portrait Gallery and another , with greater clarity of detail , by the UK Parliament 's digital archive . * Photograph , woodburytype carte de visite : by an unknown photographer . A head and shoulders portrait , taken in the 1870s . A copy is in the National Portrait Gallery . * Photograph , albumen print cabinet card : by Alexander Bassano ( 1829-1913 ) A right semi-profile head-and-shoulders portrait , made in 1885 . The National Portrait Gallery owns a copy . * Photograph , albumen print : by Cyril Flower , 1st Baron Battersea ( 1843-1907 ) . A three-quarter-length seated portrait , taken in the 1890s . A copy is held by the National Portrait Gallery . * As a leading statesman with prominent looks , Mundella can also be identified in many group portraits , photographs , and newspaper and journal illustrations of the late 1800s . Two particular images can be found in The Illustrated London News : the first , marking Mundella 's maiden speech in the House of Commons , was published on 27 February 1869 , and the second , a group portrait by Walter Wilson of WE Gladstone 's new Cabinet , was published on 27 August 1892 .

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british politician [PERSON] this article [ARTICLE] is about the industrialist [PERSON] , liberal mp [PERSON] and cabinet minister [HUMAN ROLE] , a.j.mundella [UNKNOWN] . for his nephew anthony mundella [PLACE] [PERSON] , see anthony john mundella [PLACE] ( journalist [PERSON] and educationalist [PERSON] ) . the right honourable a. j. mundella [PLACE] mundella [UNKNOWN] , c. 1885 president [PERSON] of the board [NUMBER] of trade [PERSON] in office [PLACE] 17 february [PERIOD] 1886 - 20 july [PERIOD] 1886 monarch queen victoria [PERSON] prime minister [HUMAN ROLE] william ewart gladstone [PERSON] preceded by hon [PERSON] . edward stanhope [PERSON] succeeded by hon [PERSON] . frederick stanley [PERSON] in office [PLACE] 18 august [PERIOD] 1892 - 28 may [PERIOD] 1894 monarch queen victoria [PERSON] prime minister [HUMAN ROLE] william ewart gladstone [PERSON] the earl [PERSON] of rosebery [PERSON] preceded by sir michael hicks beach [PERSON] , bt succeeded by james bryce personal details born [PERSON] ( 1825-03-28) 28 march [PERIOD] 1825 leicester [PLACE] , leicestershire [PLACE] died 21 july [PERIOD] 1897( 1897-07-21 ) ( aged 72 ) london [PLACE] nationality british political party liberal [PERSON] spouse mary [PERSON] smith anthony john mundella [PLACE] pc ( 28 march [PERIOD] 1825 - 21 july [PERIOD] 1897 ) was an english [EVENT] manufacturer [PERSON] and later a liberal party mp [PERSON] and cabinet minister [HUMAN ROLE] who sat in the house [PLACE] of commons [UNKNOWN] of the united kingdom [PLACE] from 1868 to 1897 . he served under william ewart gladstone [PERSON] as vice-president of the committee [HUMAN GROUP] of the council [HUMAN GROUP] on education [PROCESS] from 1880 to 1885 and as president [PERSON] of the board [NUMBER] of trade [PERSON] in 1886 and from 1892 to 1894 . as education minister [HUMAN ROLE] he established universal compulsory education [PROCESS] in britain [PLACE] and played the major part in building the state education system [SYSTEM] [SYSTEM] . at the board [NUMBER] of trade [PERSON] he was instrumental in the reduction [AMOUNT] of working hours [PERIOD] and the raising [MONEY] of minimum ages [EVENT] in the employment [ACTIVITY] of children [PERSON] and young people [HUMAN GROUP] . he was among the first to prove the effectiveness [ABILITY] of arbitration [ACT] and conciliation [PROCESS] in industrial relations [RELATION] . he also brought in the first laws [ACT] to prevent cruelty [STATE] to children [PERSON] . his political achievements [ACT] in the late victorian age [PROPERTY] are said to have anticipated 20th century society [INSTITUTION] . early life anthony john mundella [PLACE] [PERSON] was born in leicester [PLACE] , england [PLACE] in 1825 . he was the first of five children [PERSON] of antonio mondelli [PERSON] ( later known as anthony mundella [PLACE] ) , a refugee [PERSON] from lombardy [PERSON] of uncertain background [INFORMATION] , and his wife rebecca allsopp [PERSON] of leicester [PLACE] . at the time [PERIOD] of mundella [PLACE] 's birth [CONDITION] , his father [PERSON] was a poorly paid trimmer [ACTION] in the hosiery trade [PERSON] . his mother [PERSON] made lace [INSTITUTION] on a frame [PERSON] in their home [PLACE] and was regarded as adept [UNKNOWN] at this work [ACTIVITY] but , nonetheless , she too was poorly paid and after rent [INSTANCE] for housing [UNKNOWN] and for the lace frame [PERSON] there was invariably little left to live on . mundella [PLACE] was christened on 15 august [PERIOD] 1826 at the great meeting unitarian chapel [PERSON] in leicester [PLACE] . his granddaughter [PERSON] maintained that he was named antonio giovanni [PERSON] but the great meeting baptismal register [INFORMATION] confirms that he was christened anthony john [PERSON] . though from a catholic [PERSON] and nonconformist background [INFORMATION] , he attended the church [PERSON] of england school [INSTITUTION] of st nicholas [PLACE] in leicester [PLACE] , an establishment [ACT] maintained by the national society [INSTITUTION] for promoting religious education [PROCESS] to provide elementary education [PROCESS] for children [PERSON] from poor [UNKNOWN] homes [PLACE] , until the age [PROPERTY] of nine [UNKNOWN] . though he rebelled against the catechism [COLLECTION] and disliked the creed [PERSON] , describing them in later life [EVENT] as " my especial abomination [EVENT] " , mundella [PLACE] remained loyal [PERSON] to his early education [PROCESS] in anglicanism [CONCEPT] for the rest [STATE] of his life [EVENT] . outside school [INSTITUTION] , his mother [PERSON] , with her wide knowledge [PERSON] of english [EVENT] literature [DOCUMENT] , particularly shakespeare [PERSON] , instilled in his mind [PERSON] a love [PERSON] of the beautiful in nature [NATURE] , in literature [DOCUMENT] , and in art [ARTWORK] . because of the family [HUMAN GROUP] 's then abject financial circumstances [CONDITION] , when rebecca mundella [PLACE] 's eyesight [GROUP] worsened and she could no longer work [ACTIVITY] at lacemaking the boy [PERSON] had to be withdrawn from school [INSTITUTION] so that he could earn money [MONEY] to help [UNKNOWN] the family [HUMAN GROUP] . at nine [UNKNOWN] , he started work [ACTIVITY] in a printing office [PLACE] as a printer [PERSON] 's devil [QUALITY] , an opportunity [OPPORTUNITY] used by him to extend his education [PROCESS] . at eleven he was apprenticed to william kempson [PERSON] , whose business [EVENT] made footwear [FOOTWEAR] , hosiery [PERSON] and haberdashery [UNKNOWN] . from his father [PERSON] , and the exiled italians [UNKNOWN] who occasionally visited the family home [PLACE] , mundella [PLACE] acquired at an early age [PROPERTY] what was described as " a kind [DOCUMENT PART] of strange unconventional political education [PROCESS] " . at fifteen he became politically engaged and , inspired by the local chartist leader [PERSON] , thomas cooper [PERSON] , enrolled as a chartist [PERSON] , becoming increasingly involved in the movement [HUMAN GROUP] . he became adept [UNKNOWN] at writing political ballads [SOUND] and while still fifteen heard his compositions [INSTANCE] sung on the streets [PERSON] and at political meetings [ACTIVITY] . at the same age [PROPERTY] he made his first political speech [SPEECH] , in support [ACT] of the charter [PERSON] . he was further politically inspired by the arrival [ACT] in leicester [PLACE] of richard cobden [PERSON] on his nationwide campaign [PERSON] for the repeal [ACT] of the corn laws [ACT] , and was always active in advocating the causes [CAUSE] of the working classes [UNKNOWN] . mundella [PLACE] had always been a regular sunday school [INSTITUTION] scholar [PERSON] and as he grew older [ABSTRACT ENTITY] he became a teacher [PERSON] , then secretary [PERSON] , and ultimately superintendent of a large , poor [UNKNOWN] sunday school [INSTITUTION] in sanvey gate [PERSON] in leicester [PLACE] . at the age [PROPERTY] of eighteen mundella [PLACE] left kempson [PERSON] 's to become a journeyman [PERSON] , then an overseer [PERSON] ( in which post [SEQUENCE] he earned £200 a year [PERIOD] and a commission [PERSON] on profits [RESULT] ) and ultimately manager of a large warehouse [PLACE] set up by another hosiery [PERSON] manufacturing business [EVENT] in leicester [PLACE] , harris [PERSON] & hamel [PERSON] . richard harris [PERSON] was a prominent liberal [PERSON] and chartist [PERSON] in the city [PLACE] . mundella [PLACE] prospered and , while still eighteen , he married . he worked for harris [PERSON] for three years [PERIOD] , until he was 22 , and while there the firm [INSTITUTION] experimented seriously and secretly with machinery [GROUP] driven by steam power [POWER] . mundella [PLACE] was not technically minded , though his experience [COGNITIVE STATE] at harris [PERSON] 's with mechanical experimentation [ACT] helped to form [FORM] his abiding interest [AMOUNT] and fascination [ACT] in new steam-powered hosiery-making machinery [GROUP] . he was one of the first industrialists [PERSON] in the midlands [PERSON] to realise that steam power [POWER] was something far more than a means [UNKNOWN] to great wealth [COLLECTION] . he believed that it could be " so applied and developed as to lift the mass [QUANTITY] of workers [UNKNOWN] out of serfdom [SYSTEM] " . manufacturing career [NUMBER] in 1848 mundella [PLACE] was offered a partnership [PERIOD] by old-established hosiery manufacturers [PERSON] , hine [PERSON] & co of nottingham [PLACE] , who needed help [UNKNOWN] to construct and open a large new factory [EVENT] . he became a partner [WOOD] in the company [INSTITUTION] , which soon became known as hine [PERSON] & mundella [PLACE] . for the next fifteen years [PERIOD] mundella [PLACE] devoted his energy [ENERGY] to reinventing the mechanics [PERSON] of a hosiery industry [INSTITUTION] which for the most part relied on old-style mechanical stocking frames [PERSON] operated by perennially poor [UNKNOWN] framework-knitters in their own homes [PLACE] . he pioneered many changes [UNKNOWN] , including new machines [MACHINE] which produced tubular knitting rather than the stocking-frame 's straight knit [GARMENT] . mundella [PLACE] had long maintained that the best machines [MACHINE] in the hosiery trade [PERSON] were " principally the inventions [VALUE] of working men [PERSON] " . not by his own invention [VALUE] , but by encouraging inventors [PERSON] within the company [INSTITUTION] ( many of them loom operators [ABSTRACT ENTITY] ) and sharing patents [ACT] with them , mundella [PLACE] was able to develop plentiful new hosiery-making machinery [GROUP] , a lot [UNKNOWN] of it steam-driven , including a technological revolution [AMOUNT] : a machine [MACHINE] which for the first time [PERIOD] enabled a stocking [PERSON] to be made and fully fashioned automatically without stopping the action [ACTION] . the result [RESULT] was stockings [GARMENT] made a hundred times [UNKNOWN] faster than they could be by the framework knitters [PERSON] . mundella [PLACE] built large new premises [UNKNOWN] for the company [INSTITUTION] in 1851 , the first steam-operated hosiery factory [EVENT] in nottingham [PLACE] . it had wide and spacious workrooms [ROOM] , was lit entirely by daylight [AMOUNT] and gas jets [PLACE] , and had the finest machinery [GROUP] . by 1857 hine [PERSON] and mundella [PLACE] were employing 4,000 workers [UNKNOWN] who were well paid , partly because by attracting good operatives mundella [PLACE] hoped they would use [USE] their intelligence [ABILITY] and inventiveness [QUALITY] to suggest improvements [AGREEMENT] in the way [UNKNOWN] they worked . improved conditions [CONDITION] , mundella [PLACE] observed , brought enhanced loyalty [STATE] . there was a setback [PERSON] in 1859 when hine [PERSON] & mundella [PLACE] 's factory [EVENT] was damaged by fire [FIRE] , but it was soon rebuilt and returned to operation [ACT] with the advantage [CONDITION] of newer and more powerful machines [MACHINE] , in large part paid [MONEY] for by the company [INSTITUTION] 's insurers [PERSON] . hine [PERSON] and mundella [PLACE] continued to prosper [PERSON] . they opened factories [EVENT] in loughborough [PERSON] in leicestershire [PLACE] , england [PLACE] in 1859 and chemnitz [PLACE] , saxony [PERSON] in 1866 . a london warehouse [PLACE] at the centre [UNKNOWN] of the textile trade [PERSON] in wood street [PLACE] was acquired . in 1860 , a series [SERIES] of strikes [AMOUNT] and lock-outs hit nottingham [PLACE] 's hosiery business [EVENT] . the inadequate wages [AMOUNT] of home [PLACE] framework-knitters compared to those of the factory [EVENT] operatives led to demands [REQUEST] for higher pay [MONEY] ( although mundella [PLACE] 's employees [PERSON] were not involved ) . mundella [PLACE] organised a conference [ACT] between workers [UNKNOWN] and the employers [PERSON] . he had to contend with suspicious employers [PERSON] and with powerful trade unionists [PERSON] , and reconcile the penurious framework-knitters with the comparatively well-paid and skilled factory workers [UNKNOWN] . he proposed that the workers [UNKNOWN] should have the wages [AMOUNT] they demanded and also that a board [NUMBER] of arbitration [ACT] ( the nottingham board [NUMBER] of arbitration [ACT] and conciliation [PROCESS] for the hosiery trade [PERSON] ) composed of both employers [PERSON] and workers [UNKNOWN] should be established to prevent further strikes [AMOUNT] by fixing the price [PERSON] for handwork [PERSON] and preventing disputes [DISPUTE] by constant conference [ACT] between both sides [ENTITY] . the essence [CHARACTERISTIC] was that prevention [ASSET] of strife [AMOUNT] was better than subsequent remedy [RESOURCE] . mundella [PLACE] 's principle [PERSON] of conciliation [PROCESS] was not entirely original ; other such boards [NUMBER] of conciliation [PROCESS] or arbitration [ACT] had been set up , mostly successfully , in a few other trades [UNKNOWN] but none of them had been established in an industry [INSTITUTION] as antagonistic and complex with technological change [UNKNOWN] as the hosiery trade [PERSON] . mundella [PLACE] was the first to prove that the principle [PERSON] worked in an industry [INSTITUTION] of much complexity [STATE] with the aim [PERSON] of , rather than fighting fires [FIRE] , preventing fires [FIRE] starting in the first place [PLACE] . it was hailed as a success [ACT] and was adopted not only in other parts [PART] of the country [PLACE] , but also in continental europe [PLACE] and in the united states [PLACE] . carte de visite [PERSON] of mundella [PLACE] , c1865 in 1863 the stress [FORM] of business [EVENT] became so great that mundella [PLACE] 's health [PROPERTY] broke down . he went to italy [PLACE] and spent two years [PERIOD] recuperating . in his absence [ABSENCE] the firm [INSTITUTION] of hine [PERSON] & mundella [PLACE] was converted into a limited liability company [INSTITUTION] , the nottingham hosiery [PERSON] manufacturing company [INSTITUTION] . the firm [INSTITUTION] continued to expand , developing further interests [AMOUNT] in saxony [PERSON] , and boston [PLACE] in the united states [PLACE] . mundella [PLACE] had made a success [ACT] out of the business [EVENT] . when he joined hine [PERSON] & co in 1848 the annual [SPEECH ACT] turnover was £18,000 ( equivalent [ABSTRACT ENTITY] to £2,300,000 in 2023 ) ; when he left the firm [INSTITUTION] in 1873 ( finding it impossible to live in london [PLACE] as an mp and manage a business [EVENT] in nottingham [PLACE] ) the annual [SPEECH ACT] turnover was £500,000 ( equivalent [ABSTRACT ENTITY] to £56,000,000 in 2023 ) . mundella [PLACE] was a prominent and popular public figure [FIGURE] in nottingham [PLACE] and was an active force [FORCE] in his local liberal party [GROUP] , becoming sheriff [PERSON] of nottingham [PLACE] in 1852 , at the age [PROPERTY] of 28 . in 1856 he was elected a town councillor [PERSON] and helped to set up the nottingham chamber [PERSON] of commerce [GAME] . from 1859 , at the time [PERIOD] of increased fear [EMOTION] of an invasion [GROUP] by france [PLACE] , he was one of the founding members [PERSON] of the local volunteer corps [UNKNOWN] , the robin hood rifles [PERSON] , joining in may [PERIOD] 1859 and being promoted to lieutenant in june [PERIOD] and captain five months [PERIOD] later . aside from local political action [ACTION] , mundella [PLACE] 's business experience [COGNITIVE STATE] showed him that progress [EVENT] in industry [INSTITUTION] depended on reciprocal understanding [EVENT] between workers [UNKNOWN] and employers [PERSON] , and that progress [EVENT] generally required significant improvements [AGREEMENT] in the nation [PLACE] 's education system [SYSTEM] , including technical training [PROCESS] . he also recognised that very young children [PERSON] could not be properly educated if they were spending their time [PERIOD] working in factories [EVENT] . when travelling in continental europe [PLACE] on business [EVENT] and on personal relaxation [ACT] , mundella [PLACE] saw how superior the education systems [SYSTEM] of other countries [STATE] were , particularly in switzerland [PLACE] and the german states [PLACE] , and was dismayed at the comparative shortcomings [DEFICIENCY] of the english [EVENT] system [SYSTEM] . he knew that achieving the required progress [EVENT] in these matters [STATE] would involve collective effort [ACTION] and increasing state intervention [PLACE] . at the same time [PERIOD] , his business experience [COGNITIVE STATE] , arising from his working past [PERIOD] , confirmed his belief [TRUST] in the desirability [STATE] , indeed necessity [EVENT] , of trade unions [PLACE] . the opportunity [OPPORTUNITY] to put his beliefs [TRUST] into action [ACTION] appeared in 1868 . election [POWER] to parliament after mundella [PLACE] 's 1863 success [ACT] in arbitrating the nottingham [PLACE] industrial strife [AMOUNT] he was invited by many english [EVENT] and welsh [PERSON] towns [PERSON] to expound on the system [SYSTEM] of arbitration [ACT] and to help [UNKNOWN] settle a number [NUMBER] of labour conflicts [EVENT] . outbreaks [OCCURRENCE] of violence [ACTION] , including explosions [EXPLOSION] and murders [ACT] , in the sheffield steel industry [INSTITUTION] led to the 1867 royal commission [PERSON] on trade unions [PLACE] . mundella [PLACE] showed the commission [PERSON] that unions [PLACE] could play a positive part in industrial relations [RELATION] , and that working men [PERSON] could be trusted . in 1868 he was invited to address a joint [RESOURCE] meeting in sheffield [INSTITUTION] of the organised trades [UNKNOWN] and the local branch of the reform league [GROUP] . the leaders [PERSON] of his audience [INSTANCE] were so inspired by his speech [SPEECH] that they assured him of their support [ACT] if he were to stand for the liberal party [GROUP] in the sheffield constituency [PERSON] in the forthcoming general election [POWER] . mundella [PLACE] had already stated that he " did not feel obliged to go on toiling to amass a great fortune [PERSON] , but was justified in giving up commerce [GAME] to devote himself to political life [EVENT] and his love [PERSON] of beautiful things [ACTIVITY] " . he agreed to stand and was formally adopted as a liberal [PERSON] candidate [AMOUNT] on 20 july [PERIOD] 1868 . the election [POWER] in sheffield [INSTITUTION] was a long and bitterly fought contest [UNKNOWN] . mundella [PLACE] suffered much abuse . there were attacks [EVENT] on his italian ancestry [SERIES] ; though he was not jewish he was lampooned by antisemitic cartoonists [PERSON] because of his looks [UNKNOWN] ; his morality [EVENT] in business [EVENT] was questioned . but benefitting from the reform act [ACT] 1867 , which had enfranchised a large number [NUMBER] of male householders [PERSON] for the first time [PERIOD] , mundella [PLACE] prevailed in sheffield [INSTITUTION] . he was to represent the seat [EVENT] , and its successor [NUMBER] , sheffield brightside [PERSON] , until his death [EVENT] nearly thirty years [PERIOD] later . political career [NUMBER] mundella [PLACE] took his seat [EVENT] in the house [PLACE] of commons [UNKNOWN] as part of the liberal party majority [PROPERTY] of 116 . with his evident confidence [EMOTION] , the respect [EVENT] in which he was held as a pioneer [UNKNOWN] of industrial arbitration [ACT] and as an expert [PERSON] on social matters [STATE] , combined with the early perception [ORGANISATION] that he was a hard worker [PERSON] , he immediately found himself to be one of the most highly regarded mps [UNKNOWN] of the new intake [EVENT] . mundella [PLACE] was chosen to second the reply [ACT] to the speech [SPEECH] from the throne [PERSON] and in doing so made his maiden speech [SPEECH] on 16 february [PERIOD] 1869 . the prime minister [HUMAN ROLE] , william ewart gladstone [PERSON] , warmly congratulated him on his speech [SPEECH] . in the middle [PLACE] of march mundella [PLACE] 's stock [RESULT] rose higher when his board [NUMBER] of arbitration [ACT] was commended in the newly [UNKNOWN] published report [PERSON] of the royal commission [PERSON] on trade unions [PLACE] . backbencher [UNKNOWN] mundella [PLACE] 's main concerns [PERSON] on joining the house [PLACE] were trade [PERSON] union reform [AMOUNT] and the need [UNKNOWN] for free , compulsory [UNKNOWN] schooling [PERSON] and for technical training [PROCESS] . trade unionism [SET] had no greater friend [PERSON] than mundella [PLACE] . he was a believer [PERSON] in the right [UNKNOWN] of working men [PERSON] and women [PERSON] to combine to protect their interests [AMOUNT] , and much of his energy [ENERGY] in parliament [HUMAN GROUP] was devoted to securing the same rights [UNKNOWN] for them as were enjoyed by their employers [PERSON] . in 1869 mundella [PLACE] began to plan a private member [PERSON] 's bill [PERSON] to legalise the unions [PLACE] and give them financial security [FORCE] . though the bill [PERSON] did not proceed , his efforts [ACTION] did secure a temporary government bill [PERSON] which gave protection [ACT] to trade [PERSON] union funds [GROUP] and two years [PERIOD] later led to the trade union act [ACT] 1871 which legalised trade unions [PLACE] and protected their funds [GROUP] by legal registration [INFORMATION] . anthony john mundella [PLACE] by coïdé [UNKNOWN] ( james jacques tissot [PERSON] ) . a chromolithograph [UNKNOWN] published in vanity fair [PERSON] , 9 december [PERIOD] 1871 mundella [PLACE] ’s first moves in the house [PLACE] regarding education [PROCESS] were strongly to support [ACT] the passing [EVENT] of the elementary education act [ACT] [ACT] 1870 . his speech [SPEECH] on the second reading [EMOTION] of the bill [PERSON] did much to enhance his parliamentary reputation [REPUTATION] . though the act [ACT] established local education authorities [STATUS] and authorised public money [MONEY] for school improvements [AGREEMENT] , it did not meet with mundella [PLACE] ’s complete approval [LANGUAGE] as it introduced neither free nor compulsory [UNKNOWN] schooling [PERSON] ( except in a tentative , experimental way [UNKNOWN] through the by-laws which school boards [NUMBER] were empowered to make ) , but he was anxious to take what parliament [HUMAN GROUP] was willing to give rather than reject it because it was not good enough . the trade unions [PLACE] and education [PROCESS] were not mundella [PLACE] ’s sole concerns [PERSON] in his early years [PERIOD] as a backbencher [UNKNOWN] . he attacked the war office [PLACE] for its antiquated system [SYSTEM] for issuing army contracts [PERSON] , and advocated short army [HUMAN GROUP] and navy service [INSTITUTION] , more volunteers [PERSON] and better organisation [ORGANISATION] . he joined in an attempt [ACTION] to modernise the patent laws [ACT] , which for a long time [PERIOD] had been his concern [PERSON] as an industrialist [PERSON] . he spoke against what he called the " absurdity [QUALITY] " of the complicated and inconsistent postal rates [RATE] . he denounced the obsolete game laws [ACT] , whose punishments [PERSON] for poaching jailed many thousands [UNKNOWN] of men [PERSON] . and he attacked the inconsistent treatment [TREATMENT] of men [PERSON] and women [PERSON] in the contagious diseases acts [ACT] of the 1860s which in ports [ESTATE] and garrison towns [PERSON] subjected female prostitutes [PERSON] , and those suspected of being such , to arrest , inspection [GROUP] , and ( if they were found to be infected ) incarceration [ACT] for up to one year [PERIOD] , while no provision [UNKNOWN] was made for the examination [GROUP] of their male [PERSON] customers [PERSON] . he also pressed for the legal age [PROPERTY] of sexual intercourse [EVENT] to be raised to 16 , since over 25 per cent [MONEY] of those with sexually transmitted infections [INCREASE] were under that age [PROPERTY] . mundella [PLACE] was also greatly concerned at the employment [ACTIVITY] of children [PERSON] of very young ages [EVENT] , and how their presence [QUALITY] at work [ACTIVITY] would make compulsory [UNKNOWN] elementary education [PROCESS] impossible . in 1871 he put forward a measure [MEASURE] to control [GROUP] the employment [ACTIVITY] of children [PERSON] in the manufacture [ACTION] of bricks [GROUP] and tiles [EVENT] . his move [PERMISSION] was welcomed so readily that it was incorporated into the government [GOVERNMENT] 's factory [EVENT] and workshop act [ACT] of 1871 . as a result [RESULT] , the employment [ACTIVITY] of girls [PERSON] under sixteen and boys [PERSON] under ten in brick [PERSON] and tile yards [PROPERTY] was prohibited . mundella [PLACE] 's long-established interest [AMOUNT] in arbitration [ACT] resulted in 1872 in his arbitration [ACT] ( masters [PERSON] and workmen [UNKNOWN] ) act [ACT] ( commonly known as mundella [PLACE] 's act [ACT] ) which made voluntary agreements [AGREEMENT] between managers [PERSON] and workers [UNKNOWN] mutually binding [ACTION] . in the same year [PERIOD] he aided the passage [EVENT] of the coal mines [PERSON] regulation [PERSON] act [ACT] , paying particular attention [ELEMENT] to the clauses [SET] restricting the working hours [PERIOD] of women [PERSON] and children [PERSON] . he continued his campaign [PERSON] for fewer hours [PERIOD] for women [PERSON] and children [PERSON] with the introduction [RANK] of a nine-hours factory bill [PERSON] in 1872 but it made slow progress [EVENT] and in the summer [PERSON] of 1873 , due to opposition [STATE] from manufacturers [PERSON] , it was withdrawn . mundella [PLACE] 's perennial concern [PERSON] for children [PERSON] also led him to introduce , in 1873 , a bill [PERSON] for the protection [ACT] of children [PERSON] against people [HUMAN GROUP] who , being in charge [AMOUNT] of them , had been convicted of violence [ACTION] against them . opposition backbencher [UNKNOWN] in the general election [POWER] of 1874 , the liberal party [GROUP] was defeated , but mundella [PLACE] continued his parliamentary campaigns [PERSON] from the opposition backbenches [POSITION] and reintroduced his nine-hours bill [PERSON] . the conservative government [GOVERNMENT] , harvesting the fruits [EVENT] of mundella [PLACE] 's three years [PERIOD] ' hard work [ACTIVITY] on his bill [PERSON] , introduced their own factory bill [PERSON] which was designed to achieve much the same aims [PERSON] . the subsequent factories [EVENT] ( health [PROPERTY] of women [PERSON] , &c . ) act [ACT] of 1875 established a ten-hour day [PERIOD] for women [PERSON] and children [PERSON] in textile factories [EVENT] . it was widely recognised in the textile [MATERIAL] districts that it was mundella [PLACE] 's efforts [ACTION] which had secured its passing [EVENT] . mundella [PLACE] was also praised - this time [PERIOD] by the trade union leadership [PLACE] - for his opposition backbench role [ROLE] in amending and enabling the passing [EVENT] of , firstly , the employers [PERSON] and workmen act [ACT] 1875 which replaced the repressive master [PERSON] and servant acts [ACT] , and , secondly , the passing [EVENT] of the conspiracy [DOCUMENT PART] , and protection [ACT] of property [PROPERTY] act [ACT] 1875 which , combined with the repeal [ACT] of the much-hated criminal law [PERSON] amendment act [ACT] 1871 , released workers [UNKNOWN] from the severe penalties [PERSON] which were aimed solely at them . both acts [ACT] together decriminalised the work [ACTIVITY] of trade unions [PLACE] . to mundella [PLACE] at this time [PERIOD] was also the credit [NAME] for his bill [PERSON] instituting a closed season [PERIOD] from 15 march [PERIOD] to 15 june [PERIOD] for freshwater fish [FISH] . known officially as the freshwater fisheries act [ACT] and colloquially amongst anglers [FISH] as the mundella act [ACT] , it became law [PERSON] in 1878 . in 1877 mundella [PLACE] sponsored a bill [PERSON] to abolish the property qualification [SET] for standing for local office [PLACE] , pointing out that 80 to 90 per cent [MONEY] of the voters [PERSON] in his constituency [PERSON] were disqualified from being councillors [EVENT] and yet were the first to be pressured by rises [MONEY] in rates [RATE] . the bill [PERSON] found little traction [ABSTRACT ENTITY] in the house [PLACE] and each time [PERIOD] it reappeared in the period [PERIOD] from 1877 to 1879 it was defeated . the conservatives [UNKNOWN] finally passed the measure [MEASURE] in 1880 . vice-president of the committee [HUMAN GROUP] of the council [HUMAN GROUP] on education [PROCESS] the liberals [PERSON] returned to power [POWER] in 1880 with a large majority [PROPERTY] and gladstone [PERSON] , recognising the younger man [PERSON] 's expertise [SPEECH ACT] in the field [BALL] of education reform [AMOUNT] , appointed him vice-president of the committee [HUMAN GROUP] of the council [HUMAN GROUP] on education [PROCESS] ( in other words [WORD] , secretary [PERSON] of state [STATE] for education [PROCESS] ) . at the same time mundella [PLACE] was appointed a privy councillor [PERSON] . when queen victoria [PERSON] received his name [NAME] from the prime minister [HUMAN ROLE] she described him in her diary [ABSTRACT ENTITY] as " mr . mundella [PLACE] ( one of the most violent radicals [PERSON] ) ” . she wrote that on disapprovingly remarking to gladstone [PERSON] about mundella [PLACE] 's appointment [DECISION] " mr . gladstone [PERSON] praised him very much , saying he was a very religious man [PERSON] , very much for religious education [PROCESS] , and never said anything [ANYTHING] offensive " . at the same time [PERIOD] , mundella [PLACE] was also appointed the fourth charity commissioner [PERSON] for england [PLACE] and wales [PLACE] . despite being junior [PERSON] to the lord president [PERSON] of the council mundella [PLACE] was in charge [AMOUNT] of education [PROCESS] , and he was now positioned to achieve a number [NUMBER] of his aims [PERSON] , in particular that of compulsory [UNKNOWN] elementary education [PROCESS] . he set to work [ACTIVITY] with vigour , despite strong opposition [STATE] . referring to mundella [PLACE] 's researches [UNKNOWN] into schooling [PERSON] in continental europe [PLACE] , the times [UNKNOWN] stated that " compulsory education [PROCESS] might do for the saxons [UNKNOWN] , but would never be endured by the anglo-saxons " . to those organisations [ORGANISATION] and people [HUMAN GROUP] who maintained that compulsion [DEFICIENCY] was un-english mundella [PLACE] replied that it was " peculiarly english [EVENT] to be content to be in ignorance [CONDITION] " . immediately on reaching office mundella [PLACE] introduced a bill [PERSON] to complete the system [SYSTEM] of compulsion [DEFICIENCY] to attend school [INSTITUTION] , which had not been achieved by previous acts [ACT] . the mundella act [ACT] ( another act [ACT] credited to his name [NAME] ) , properly known as the elementary education act [ACT] [ACT] 1880 , which became law [PERSON] only four months [PERIOD] after the liberals [PERSON] returned to power [POWER] , established the means [UNKNOWN] to enforce that all children [PERSON] would be sent to school [INSTITUTION] . a j mundella [PLACE] [UNKNOWN] c. 1885 mundella [PLACE] then set in motion [ACTION] the reorganisation [UNKNOWN] of technical education [PROCESS] . he had always taken an interest [AMOUNT] in higher and technical education [PROCESS] , as well as in art schools [UNKNOWN] and other forms [FORM] of art culture [PLACE] , and they had invariably secured his sympathy [EVENT] and aid [UNKNOWN] . as his first move [PERMISSION] in higher education [PROCESS] , mundella [PLACE] formed a single institution [INSTITUTION] of the scientific schools [UNKNOWN] at south kensington [PERSON] in london [PLACE] , establishing the normal school [INSTITUTION] of science [STUDY] and royal school [INSTITUTION] of mines [PERSON] in october [PERIOD] 1881 . mundella [PLACE] appointed a departmental committee [HUMAN GROUP] to investigate and make recommendations [EVENT] on higher education [PROCESS] in wales [PLACE] . the committee [HUMAN GROUP] reported in 1881 and urged the immediate expansion [ACT] of the welsh [PERSON] intermediate schools [UNKNOWN] and the establishment [ACT] of university colleges [INSTITUTION] in cardiff [PLACE] and bangor [PERSON] . mundella [PLACE] further instituted a royal commission [PERSON] to examine foreign technical education [PROCESS] and compare it with that available in england [PLACE] . mundella [PLACE] 's responsibilities [RESPONSIBILITY] also included the further development [UNKNOWN] of the south kensington [PERSON] museum [PLACE] ( later the victoria [PERSON] and albert museum [PLACE] ) , which as a lover of art [ARTWORK] he found to be an enjoyable part of his labours [ABSTRACT ENTITY] . mundella [PLACE] 's educational code [EVENT] of 1882 , which became known as the " mundella code [EVENT] , " marked a new departure [EVENT] in the regulation [PERSON] of public elementary schools [UNKNOWN] , their curricula [UNKNOWN] and how they were taught , and the conditions [CONDITION] under which government grants [DOCUMENT] were made . by 1883 money [MONEY] was made available to allow the code [EVENT] to operate . mundella [PLACE] improved the inspection [GROUP] of schools [UNKNOWN] , including employing some women inspectors [PERSON] , and insisting that the health [PROPERTY] and mental capacity [FORM] of children [PERSON] should be taken into consideration [EVENT] when examining [ACT] their learning progress [EVENT] . he also arranged beneficial change [UNKNOWN] in teacher training [PROCESS] . there were accusations [AMOUNT] that the strictness [STATE] of the code [EVENT] was harsh and was causing children [PERSON] to overwork . to this the medical journal [QUANTITY] the lancet [PLACE] declared : " the educational system [SYSTEM] is not overworking children [PERSON] but demonstrating that they are underfed . this conclusion [CONCLUSION] roused mundella [PLACE] to urge local government [GOVERNMENT] to provide cheap meals [PERSON] for children [PERSON] . while in england [PLACE] and wales [PLACE] , endowments [ACTION] for higher education schools [UNKNOWN] were being surveyed and where necessary reformed , no such action [ACTION] was taking place [PLACE] in scotland [PLACE] . mundella [PLACE] introduced bills [ESTATE] to overhaul the scottish endowments [ACTION] and extend compulsory [UNKNOWN] elementary education [PROCESS] to scotland [PLACE] . mundella [PLACE] tried to modernise the committee [HUMAN GROUP] of the council [HUMAN GROUP] on education [PROCESS] by proposing the institution [INSTITUTION] of an education department [SITUATION] headed by a minister [HUMAN ROLE] with a position [POSITION] in the cabinet [PERSON] , and the setting up of a department [SITUATION] of agriculture [STUDY] which would take over his veterinary responsibilities [RESPONSIBILITY] ( part of the education portfolio [SITUATION] ) , but he was forestalled by the opposition [STATE] of the lord president [PERSON] of the council [HUMAN GROUP] . in may [PERIOD] 1885 mundella [PLACE] was able to begin the process [PROCESS] of introducing a measure [MEASURE] to promote intermediate education [PROCESS] in wales [PLACE] , but on 9 june [PERIOD] 1885 gladstone [PERSON] resigned and as a result mundella [PLACE] was forced to leave the vice-presidency . his welsh legislation [PERSON] fell at the dissolution [PROCESS] of parliament [HUMAN GROUP] . opposition frontbencher [UNKNOWN] in the general election [POWER] of october [PERIOD] 1885 , mundella [PLACE] stood for the new constituency [PERSON] of brightside [PERSON] , one of sheffield [INSTITUTION] 's five parliamentary divisions [PERSON] . he was elected with a healthy majority [PROPERTY] , but nationally the general election [POWER] was a stalemate [ELEMENT] , and the conservatives [UNKNOWN] took office [PLACE] with the help [UNKNOWN] of charles stewart parnell [PERSON] and his irish parliamentary party [PERSON] , which held the balance [GARMENT] of power [POWER] . mundella [PLACE] was again in opposition [STATE] , but kept his place [PLACE] on the liberal [PERSON] frontbench [UNKNOWN] . gladstone [PERSON] returned to the prime ministership [UNKNOWN] barely three months [PERIOD] later in january [PERIOD] 1886 and after briefly considering mundella [PLACE] for the post [SEQUENCE] of chancellor [PERSON] of the exchequer [AMOUNT] he instead elevated him to the cabinet [PERSON] as president [PERSON] of the board [NUMBER] of trade [PERSON] . president [PERSON] of the board [NUMBER] of trade [PERSON] ( first term [TERM] ) in the short period [PERIOD] before the next general election [POWER] mundella [PLACE] had little time [PERIOD] at the board [NUMBER] of trade [PERSON] to effect [EFFECT] major legislative improvements [AGREEMENT] but he was able to introduce a number [NUMBER] of administrative changes [UNKNOWN] . he ensured that consular reports [PERSON] of trade [PERSON] and the trade requirements [PERSON] of different countries [STATE] of the world [PLACE] should be published and available at a low price [PERSON] instead of being lost among general foreign office [PLACE] papers [PLACE] . he established a labour statistics [PERSON] bureau [PERSON] to allow information [INFORMATION] to be published and disseminated to the labouring class [UNKNOWN] . he expanded the board [NUMBER] to include a fisheries department [SITUATION] , previously the realm [PLACE] of three different government departments [SITUATION] , to look after both sea [PLACE] and inland fisheries [PERSON] . there had long been disputation [ACTIVITY] over the matter [STATE] of railway freight charges [AMOUNT] [AMOUNT] , with the railway companies [ENTITY] ' trade [PERSON] and agricultural customers [PERSON] implacably opposed to the high prices [UNKNOWN] charged for the movement [HUMAN GROUP] of goods [UNKNOWN] . as a means [UNKNOWN] to secure a just and equitable re-assessment of the charges [AMOUNT] throughout britain [PLACE] , mundella [PLACE] introduced his railway [SYSTEM] and canal traffic bill [PERSON] , which would hand [PROCESS] control [GROUP] over the railways [SYSTEM] to the board [NUMBER] of trade [PERSON] , including the power [POWER] to enforce reductions [AMOUNT] in charges [AMOUNT] . mundella [PLACE] met vehement opposition [STATE] from the railway companies [ENTITY] and their shareholders [PERSON] , who were fearful that there would be a fall [ACT] in their profits [RESULT] of up to 50 per cent [MONEY] and a destruction [RESULT] of the value [VALUE] of railway property [PROPERTY] . they were further angered by mundella [PLACE] 's introduction [RANK] of a railway regulation [PERSON] bill [PERSON] which sought to impose better braking [ACT] and other safety devices [DEVICE] . opposition [STATE] to the railway [SYSTEM] and canal traffic bill [PERSON] rode on the back [SUBSTANCE] of the then widespread and equally vehement opposition [STATE] in the house [PLACE] to irish home rule [RULE] . in a division [PERSON] on the irish matter [STATE] , gladstone [PERSON] 's government [GOVERNMENT] fell , and with it mundella [PLACE] 's attempted reform [AMOUNT] of the railways [SYSTEM] . opposition frontbencher mundella [PLACE] 's short period [PERIOD] in charge [AMOUNT] of the board [NUMBER] of trade [PERSON] ended on 30 july [PERIOD] 1886 and in the general election [POWER] in august [PERIOD] the conservatives [UNKNOWN] regained power [POWER] . from the opposition frontbench [UNKNOWN] mundella [PLACE] again campaigned for increased technical education [PROCESS] among working people [HUMAN GROUP] . with others [UNKNOWN] , he was instrumental in inaugurating the national association [INSTITUTION] for the promotion [ACT] of technical education [PROCESS] . the association [INSTITUTION] became a force [FORCE] behind educational development [UNKNOWN] , including secondary as well as technical education [PROCESS] . mundella [PLACE] also presided over the new national education [PROCESS] association [INSTITUTION] formed to promote a " free progressive system [SYSTEM] of national education [PROCESS] , publicly controlled and free from sectarian interest [AMOUNT] " by publicising and advancing the school board [NUMBER] system [SYSTEM] and undermining denominational and private schools [UNKNOWN] . in 1888 mundella [PLACE] introduced a bill [PERSON] for the prevention [ASSET] of cruelty [STATE] to children [PERSON] . due to opposition [STATE] , progress [EVENT] of the bill [PERSON] was slow , with mundella [PLACE] speaking 65 times [UNKNOWN] in committee [HUMAN GROUP] . the ensuing prevention [ASSET] of cruelty [STATE] to , and protection [ACT] of , children act [ACT] 1889 ( commonly known as the children [PERSON] 's charter [PERSON] ) was the first act [ACT] of parliament [HUMAN GROUP] to outlaw cruelty [STATE] to children [PERSON] . it enabled the state [STATE] to intervene in relations [RELATION] between parents [NAME] and children [PERSON] , made it an imprisonable crime [PERSON] to neglect or ill-treat children [PERSON] , and outlawed the employment [ACTIVITY] of children [PERSON] under the age [PROPERTY] of 10 . mundella [PLACE] regarded this act [ACT] as one of his greatest successes [ACT] . in 1890 mundella [PLACE] became chairman [HEAD] of the trade [PERSON] and treaties committee [HUMAN GROUP] , responsible for keeping the board [NUMBER] of trade [PERSON] informed on expiring treaties [ARTIFACT] and new tariffs [PERSON] and duties [ATTITUDE] . in 1891 and 1892 , on the urging [UNKNOWN] of gladstone [PERSON] , he became an opposition frontbench [UNKNOWN] representative on the royal commission [PERSON] on labour [PERSON] . he chaired the section [MEASURE] dealing with conditions [CONDITION] in the chemical [COMPOUND] , building , textile [MATERIAL] , clothing [ACTIVITY] and miscellaneous trades [UNKNOWN] . as such , he was able to institute the appointment [DECISION] of four women inspectors [PERSON] to examine the position [POSITION] of women [PERSON] in industry [INSTITUTION] . president [PERSON] of the board [NUMBER] of trade [PERSON] ( second term [TERM] ) mundella [PLACE] by arthur stockdale cope [PERSON] , 1894 in the 1892 general election mundella [PLACE] retained his seat [EVENT] of sheffield brightside [PERSON] with an increased majority [PROPERTY] and the liberal party [GROUP] formed the government [GOVERNMENT] . mundella [PLACE] returned to the cabinet [PERSON] and to the presidency [PERSON] of the board [NUMBER] of trade [PERSON] . there mundella [PLACE] again faced the railway companies [ENTITY] and their shareholders [PERSON] , as the agricultural lobby [SPACE] and businesses [EVENT] were still anxious to see reduced freight charges [AMOUNT] . cautious of raising [MONEY] the ire [UNKNOWN] of the railway companies [ENTITY] again , in 1893 mundella [PLACE] set up a committee [HUMAN GROUP] to look into the charges [AMOUNT] . he also enabled the railway servants [PERSON] ( hours [PERIOD] of labour [PERSON] ) act [ACT] , which allowed railway employees [PERSON] to reduce their working hours [PERIOD] . early in 1893 , the bureau [PERSON] of labour statistics [PERSON] which mundella [PLACE] set up in his first term [TERM] as trade minister [HUMAN ROLE] was expanded into a labour department [SITUATION] , separate from the board [NUMBER] of trade [PERSON] . this department [SITUATION] published a regular labour gazette [SPEECH ACT] to ensure that information [INFORMATION] about labour [PERSON] was popularised in order [GARMENT] to reach the working classes [UNKNOWN] . in 1893 there was a lock-out of miners [PERSON] in the midlands [PERSON] , with nearly 320,000 men [PERSON] who were objecting to a reduction [AMOUNT] in pay [MONEY] being thrown out of work [ACTIVITY] . mundella [PLACE] encouraged conciliation [PROCESS] and as a result [RESULT] the coal strike [AMOUNT] was settled . the conflict [EVENT] encouraged mundella [PLACE] to introduce a bill [PERSON] to enable the establishment [ACT] of local boards [NUMBER] of conciliation [PROCESS] and arbitration whenever [UNKNOWN] and wherever they might be required . mundella [PLACE] enabled three separate maritime reforms [AMOUNT] . the north sea [PLACE] fisheries act [ACT] ratified the convention [FORM] between the countries [STATE] bordering the north sea [PLACE] fishing areas [PLACE] to deal with floating alcohol " shops [UNKNOWN] " which supplied fishermen [PERSON] with liquor [PLANT] . an improvement [AGREEMENT] in the way merchant seamen [PERSON] were paid their wages [AMOUNT] at the end [UNKNOWN] of a voyage [ACT] ensured they did not have to linger [PERSON] for long periods [PERIOD] in the seaports [ESTATE] rather than returning home [PLACE] , thereby reducing prostitution [EVENT] in the ports [ESTATE] . a merchant shipping bill [PERSON] was introduced to halt the undermanning [ACTIVITY] of ships [UNKNOWN] . concerned by the annual [SPEECH ACT] returns [FORM] of railway accidents [OCCURRENCE] and deaths [EVENT] furnished by the board [NUMBER] of trade [PERSON] , mundella [PLACE] appointed two railway men [PERSON] to inquire into the accidents [OCCURRENCE] and their causes [CAUSE] , and to find means [UNKNOWN] to increase safety [EVENT] . mundella [PLACE] 's stock [RESULT] was now high . early in 1894 gladstone [PERSON] wrote of him : " he … has done himself much credit [NAME] in the present government [GOVERNMENT] " . resignation [ACT] in 1869 mundella [PLACE] had joined the board [NUMBER] of the new zealand loan [PERSON] and mercantile agency company [INSTITUTION] . it was a successful venture [PERSON] and mundella [PLACE] 's pecuniary interest [AMOUNT] prospered . under newly [UNKNOWN] established rules [RULE] , on becoming president [PERSON] of the board [NUMBER] of trade [PERSON] in 1892 he relinquished all his directorships [UNKNOWN] and thereafter had no control [GROUP] over the company [INSTITUTION] 's activities [ACTIVITY] . in 1893 , as a result [RESULT] of an economic downturn [TREND] , the company [INSTITUTION] was forced into liquidation [ACT] and became the subject [EVENT] of a board [NUMBER] of trade inquiry [ACT] . though mundella [PLACE] was no longer a director [INSTITUTION] and was innocent of any fault [QUANTITY] , a conflict [EVENT] of interest [AMOUNT] existed because the final decision [DECISION] on what further proceedings [ACTION] should follow a public investigation [INVESTIGATION] in court [EVENT] ( in which mundella [PLACE] gave evidence [ABSTRACT ENTITY] ) would have to be made by mundella [PLACE] himself as president [PERSON] of the board [NUMBER] of trade [PERSON] . he was compromised , and his role [ROLE] as president [PERSON] became unsustainable . mundella [PLACE] tendered his resignation [ACT] to lord rosebery [PERSON] , by then prime minister [HUMAN ROLE] , who requested him to withdraw it . mundella [PLACE] insisted upon it and his resignation [ACT] took effect [EFFECT] on 12 may [PERIOD] 1894 . on 24 may [PERIOD] he addressed the house [PLACE] of commons [UNKNOWN] on the matter [STATE] . the magazine punch [PERSON] wrote : " the house [PLACE] felt that here was a good man [PERSON] suffering with adversity [STATE] . that it was undeserved , had swooped down , and blighted temporarily an honourable career [NUMBER] when it seemed to have reached its serener heights [QUALITY] , made the calamity none [PERSON] the less hard to bear . mundella [PLACE] comported himself with the dignity [DIGNITY] that commanded the respect [EVENT] of the house [PLACE] . ( he ) sat down amid cheering on both sides [ENTITY] " . mundella [PLACE] at the house [PLACE] of commons [UNKNOWN] by john benjamin stone [PERSON] , 1897 mundella [PLACE] wrote to his sister theresa [PERSON] : " i was received with loud cheering when i entered the house [PLACE] , when i rose to address it , and the loudest [PERSON] from all sides [ENTITY] when i sat down . men [PERSON] crowded round me all night [PERIOD] to shake hands [PROCESS] with me , and all my colleagues [PERSON] said i had done it so admirably and with so much dignity [DIGNITY] " there were tributes [ACT] from gladstone [PERSON] and rosebery [PERSON] ( the latter [UNKNOWN] insisting that it was a " source [SET] of grief [CONDITION] and weakness [QUALITY] " to the government [GOVERNMENT] to be deprived of his " great " services [CONCEPT] ) , and hundreds [UNKNOWN] of resolutions [ACT] of sympathy [EVENT] from workers [UNKNOWN] all over the country [PLACE] reached him , thanking him for his life-long services [CONCEPT] to labour [PERSON] . he was not to return to ministerial power [POWER] , and served on the backbenches [POSITION] until the general election [POWER] of 1895 . government backbencher [UNKNOWN] in the year [PERIOD] following his resignation [ACT] , mundella [PLACE] arbitrated successfully in the hanley pottery dispute [DISPUTE] in march [PERIOD] 1895 and was intensively occupied as chairman [HEAD] of the committee [HUMAN GROUP] examining [ACT] the poor [UNKNOWN] law schools [UNKNOWN] in london [PLACE] . opposition frontbencher [UNKNOWN] the general election [POWER] of july [PERIOD] 1895 saw the conservatives win [PERSON] with an overall majority [PROPERTY] of 152 and the liberal party [GROUP] were back [SUBSTANCE] in opposition [STATE] . mundella [PLACE] , still esteemed by his constituents [PERSON] , was returned unopposed for sheffield brightside [PERSON] , and his colleagues [PERSON] in the house [PLACE] recalled him to the opposition frontbench [UNKNOWN] . from that position [POSITION] , despite his age [PROPERTY] , he continued his fight [OCCURRENCE] for his favoured causes [CAUSE] . he strongly opposed the education bills [ESTATE] of 1896 and 1897 which he saw as destructive [UNKNOWN] of his education policy [RULE] , and he complained that the compulsory clauses [SET] of his education [PROCESS] act [ACT] were scarcely enforced so that nearly one-fifth of the potential school population [PERSON] was absent . the result [RESULT] , he pointed out , was widespread illiteracy [PORTION] among those of school-leaving age [PROPERTY] . mundella [PLACE] 's final utterance [ACT] in the house [PLACE] , after 3,280 vocal contributions [EVENT] over nearly thirty years [PERIOD] as an mp , was a brief interjection [ARTIFACT] in the debate [STATE] on the second reading [EMOTION] of the education [PROCESS] ( scotland [PLACE] ) bill [PERSON] on 1 july [PERIOD] 1897 . death mundella [PLACE] died unexpectedly . on 14 july [PERIOD] 1897 his butler [PERSON] found him " prostrated and unconscious " on his bedroom floor [PERSON] . he had suffered a stroke [PERSON] and remained paralysed with a complete loss [PERSON] of speech [SPEECH] , and he was barely conscious for eight days [PERIOD] . many people [HUMAN GROUP] , including queen victoria [PERSON] ( who telegraphed a number [NUMBER] of times [UNKNOWN] for news [PLACE] ) and leading politicians [PERSON] of all shades [PERSON] of opinion [TRUST] , expressed concern [PERSON] . at 1.55 pm on 21 july [PERIOD] 1897 he died , at the age [PROPERTY] of 72 . mundella [PLACE] 's burial place [PLACE] : the mundella vault [PLACE] , church cemetery [PERSON] , nottingham [PLACE] three funeral services [CONCEPT] were held . the first was at st margaret [PERSON] 's , westminster [PLACE] on 26 july [PERIOD] . it was unusual for st margaret [PERSON] 's in that mundella [PLACE] 's coffin [NAME] was present , rather than the service [INSTITUTION] being a memorial [ACT] . the coffin [NAME] was draped in a pall [PERSON] of venetian brocade [PERSON] , with a marble statuette [PERSON] of the madonna [PERSON] and child [PERSON] and a photograph [PICTURE] of mundella [PLACE] 's late wife [PERSON] placed at its head [HEAD] . queen victoria [PERSON] sent a wreath [BODY] , and she and the prince [PERSON] of wales [PLACE] were represented amongst a very large number [NUMBER] of male [PERSON] and female mourners [PERSON] . the church [PERSON] was full and later congregants [PERSON] were forced to assemble outside . it was noted that an unusually large number [NUMBER] of working men [PERSON] had come to pay [MONEY] their respects [EVENT] to mundella [PLACE] . mundella [PLACE] 's coffin [NAME] was then taken through the centre [UNKNOWN] of london [PLACE] to st pancras station [PLACE] for transfer [SET] by train [TRAIN] to nottingham [PLACE] . a second funeral service [INSTITUTION] was held in nottingham [PLACE] at st mary [PERSON] 's church [PERSON] on 27 july [PERIOD] . it was the largest funeral [ACTION] the city [PLACE] had ever seen . crowds [EVENT] then lined the route [ROUTE] from st mary [PERSON] 's to the church cemetery [PERSON] , where further mourners [PERSON] crowded onto the hillside [PERSON] overlooking the grave [RESULT] . a third service [INSTITUTION] was conducted at the graveside [PLACE] . he was buried in the mundella vault [PLACE] where his parents [NAME] , his wife [PERSON] and his youngest brother [PERSON] had been previously interred . a wide stone [PERSON] in a combination [ACT] of classical styles [STYLE] and arts [PERSON] and crafts decoration [ACT] was erected over the tomb [PERSON] . to mundella [PLACE] 's name [NAME] was added the inscription [STYLE] : " loving knowledge [PERSON] for its own sake [PERSON] , he strove to diffuse it among his countrymen [PERSON] . he laboured for industrial peace [STATE] , and the welfare [STATE] of the children [PERSON] of the poor [UNKNOWN] . " legacy [PERSON] and reputation [REPUTATION] mundella [PLACE] was highly respected during his long period [PERIOD] in victorian liberal [PERSON] politics [PERSON] , achieving elevation [EVENT] to the cabinet [PERSON] and attaining the distinction [SOUND] of becoming known as a statesman [PERSON] . it has been argued that his was " the most productive mind [PERSON] in late victorian england [PLACE] at work [ACTIVITY] in the kindred fields [BALL] of education [PROCESS] , industry [INSTITUTION] and labour [PERSON] " and as a result [RESULT] his political achievements [ACT] in those fields [BALL] were remarkable . by such work mundella [PLACE] prepared the late victorian age [PROPERTY] for the dawning [ACTIVITY] of the 20th century [PERIOD] . many of the improvements [AGREEMENT] he fostered have been altered somewhat in the years [PERIOD] since his death [EVENT] , but the long-term effects [EFFECT] of everything [ACTIVITY] he enabled have remained : children [PERSON] must still go to school [INSTITUTION] , trade unions [PLACE] are still legal , freshwater fish [FISH] are still allowed a peaceful breeding season [PERIOD] . despite mundella [PLACE] 's beneficial influence [POWER] on education [PROCESS] , industry [INSTITUTION] , and the protection [ACT] of children [PERSON] , after his death [EVENT] in 1897 his name [NAME] and reputation [REPUTATION] disappeared from public view [ORGANISATION] and he became mostly a forgotten man [PERSON] of gladstone [PERSON] 's administrations [ARRANGEMENT] . it has been suggested that one reason [RELATION] was the absence [ABSENCE] of an early biography [SEQUENCE] . it was the intention [ACT] of mundella [PLACE] 's daughter maria theresa [PERSON] to write his biography [SEQUENCE] ( which would presumably have been celebratory ) , but despite working for some years [PERIOD] on his archive [COLLECTION] , collecting contributions [EVENT] and loans [ACT] from others [UNKNOWN] , and making lengthy transcriptions [EVENT] , nothing [PERSON] was published . she died in 1922 . her collected mundella papers [PLACE] then passed to his granddaughter [PERSON] , dorothea benson [PERSON] , lady charnwood [PERSON] , who presented them to the university [INSTITUTION] of sheffield library [PLACE] in the 1930s . a biography [SEQUENCE] finally appeared . harry armytage [PERSON] 's a.j.mundella [UNKNOWN] 1825-1897 - the liberal background [INFORMATION] to the labour movement [HUMAN GROUP] was published in 1951 . he made good use [USE] of ms mundella [PLACE] 's copious research [EVENT] in his book [ENTITY] , and before its publication [ACTION] in academic papers [PLACE] and a radio broadcast [BROADCAST] . mundella [PLACE] is regularly mentioned in volumes [AMOUNT] recording the victorian hosiery business [EVENT] , the history [UNIT] of education [PROCESS] , and early labour relations [RELATION] . academic theses [UNKNOWN] have examined his political reputation [REPUTATION] . the oxford dictionary [PERSON] of national biography [SEQUENCE] completely rewrote his entry [INSTANCE] in 2004 . mundella grammar school [INSTITUTION] in nottingham [PLACE] no longer exists . a request [REQUEST] in the mid-1980s for the installation [ABSTRACT ENTITY] of a commemorative blue plaque [PROCESS] at mundella [PLACE] 's london home [PLACE] of 16 elvaston place [PLACE] was refused by english heritage [ABSTRACT ENTITY] . personal life [EVENT] on 12 march [PERIOD] 1844 , when aged eighteen , mundella [PLACE] married mary [PERSON] , the daughter [PERSON] of william smith [PERSON] , a warehouseman [PERSON] of kibworth beauchamp [PERSON] in leicestershire [PLACE] . they had two daughters [PERSON] , eliza ellen [PERSON] and maria theresa [PERSON] . when mundella [PLACE] was a manufacturer [PERSON] he commissioned a large new villa [PLACE] , designed by the architect thomas chambers hine [PERSON] , in the park estate [ESTATE] in nottingham [PLACE] , and after moving to london [PLACE] when he became an mp the family [HUMAN GROUP] lived , firstly , in dean [PERSON] 's yard [PERSON] in westminster [PLACE] , then rented a house [PLACE] in stanhope gardens [PERSON] in kensington [PERSON] before , at the end [UNKNOWN] of 1872 , purchasing 16 elvaston place [PLACE] nearby . while he had made money [MONEY] in business [EVENT] , mundella [PLACE] had never been particularly rich [PERSON] . the crash [STATE] of the new zealand company [INSTITUTION] which had been the cause [CAUSE] of his resignation [ACT] left him in financial difficulties [EVENT] , but on the recommendation [EVENT] of lord rosebery [PERSON] he was awarded an annual [SPEECH ACT] civil list pension [PERSON] of £1,200 ( equivalent [ABSTRACT ENTITY] to £172,593 in 2023 ) which enabled him to continue to live in elvaston place [PLACE] . mundella [PLACE] had a striking presence [QUALITY] , being tall and thin and bent at the shoulders [PERIOD] with a dark complexion [ACT] , a prominent hooked nose [ABSTRACT ENTITY] and a flowing beard [PERSON] . easily recognisable , he was reported to be a familiar figure [FIGURE] in london [PLACE] . in character [ACT] he was described as warm , impulsive , enthusiastic , and optimistic , and ready to believe the best in anyone [UNKNOWN] . it has been observed that " mundella [PLACE] made enemies [PERSON] at every stage [STAGE] . he was far too confident and masterful for a quiet life [EVENT] , and in an age [PROPERTY] of overflowing political activity [ACTIVITY] his mind [PERSON] and methods [PROCESS] appeared to stand for the whole menace [ACT] of radical change [UNKNOWN] . " as he grew older [ABSTRACT ENTITY] the cabinet [PERSON] held him in high esteem [ACT] but younger politicians [PERSON] were " never quite sure whether he was a rogue [QUALITY] or a fool [EVENT] , but they were convinced that he was a bore [PERSON] " because of his determined enthusiasm [CONDITION] on a few dominant themes [AGREEMENT] . at home [PLACE] , mundella [PLACE] had a regard [PLACE] for domestic comforts [CAUSE] and liked to be surrounded by beautiful objects [UNKNOWN] . one of his nieces [ANIMAL] recalled that he and his family [HUMAN GROUP] flourished at a time [PERIOD] when all things [ACTIVITY] italian were fashionable and having italian ancestry [SERIES] was considered most desirable . 16 elvaston place [PLACE] , she recalled , was full of beautiful italian things [ACTIVITY] . the house [PLACE] was often crowded with friends [PERSON] , not only politicians [PERSON] , but also many from the world [PLACE] of the arts [PERSON] and literature [DOCUMENT] , business [EVENT] , and journalism [STYLE] . mundella [PLACE] was a fellow [EVENT] of the royal society [INSTITUTION] , an honour [UNKNOWN] awarded in 1882 that he described as " the most agreeable and distinguished that could fall [ACT] upon me " , in 1884 he became president [PERSON] of the sunday school [INSTITUTION] union [PERSON] , a position [POSITION] he deeply valued . his elevation [EVENT] in political life [EVENT] brought him from his labouring class roots [ESTATE] into the sphere [FORM] of the rich [PERSON] , the aristocratic , and the royal [PERSON] . after her initial suspicion [ACT] , queen victoria [PERSON] learned to care [CONDITION] deeply for him and invited him for weekends [PROPERTY] at windsor [PLACE] , osborne [PERSON] , and sandringham [UNKNOWN] . she was distressed by his death [EVENT] . though mundella [PLACE] was not jewish ( his mother [PERSON] being a protestant [PERSON] and his father [PERSON] a catholic [PERSON] ) , throughout his political life [EVENT] his looks [UNKNOWN] , his foreign-sounding name [NAME] , and his artistic individualism [PLACE] in dress [SET] encouraged opponents [PERSON] and hostile cartoonists [PERSON] and journalists [PERSON] to indulge in anti-semitic insults [SPEECH] . despite mundella [PLACE] 's claim when applying for his civil list pension [PERSON] in 1894 that he had " insufficient private means [UNKNOWN] " , at his death [EVENT] , three years [PERIOD] later , his estate [ESTATE] was valued at £42,619 1s 3d ( equivalent [ABSTRACT ENTITY] to £6,108,095 in 2023 ) . mundella likenesses [ACT] * portrait [PERSON] in oil [LIQUID] : by sir arthur stockdale cope [PERSON] ra [PERSON] ( 1857-1940 ) . painted on commission [PERSON] for the citizens [TERM] of sheffield [INSTITUTION] to celebrate mundella [PLACE] 's 25th anniversary [TIME PERIOD] as an mp . a three-quarter length portrayal of mundella [PLACE] as president [PERSON] of the board [NUMBER] of trade [PERSON] with his hand [PROCESS] resting on a departmental despatch box [PHYSICAL OBJECT] . the sheffield telegraph [PERSON] commented : " his face [HEAD] wears a somewhat sad and serious expression [UNKNOWN] , and the artist [PERSON] has given him the full measure [MEASURE] of his years [PERIOD] " . the artist [PERSON] was mundella [PLACE] 's own choice [EVENT] . the painting [ACTION] was exhibited at the royal academy [INSTITUTION] of arts [PERSON] in london [PLACE] in the spring [PERSON] of 1894 and presented to mundella [PLACE] on 11 dec [PERSON] 1894 before being given to sheffield town council [HUMAN GROUP] . it is on loan [PERSON] to sheffield galleries [PERSON] and museums trust [TRUST] . * a replica [UNKNOWN] of the portrait [PERSON] , also painted by cope [PERSON] , was presented to mundella [PLACE] 's daughter maria theresa [PERSON] on the same occasion [EVENT] . its location [LOCATION] is unknown . * portrait [PERSON] in oil [LIQUID] : by arthur john black [PERSON] ( 1855-1936 ) . this portrait [PERSON] was presented to mundella [PLACE] 's daughter [PERSON] , maria theresa [PERSON] , who in 1898 donated it to the nottingham school [INSTITUTION] board [NUMBER] for display [PERSON] in the new mundella grammar school [INSTITUTION] . the school [INSTITUTION] closed in 1985 and the portrait [PERSON] was passed to its successor schools [UNKNOWN] , roland green comprehensive [PERSON] and the nottingham emmanuel school [INSTITUTION] . it was then taken into the care [CONDITION] of a group [GROUP] of former students [PERSON] of the mundella grammar school [INSTITUTION] , who in 2009 had it cleaned and loaned it to the bromley house [PLACE] library [PLACE] , nottingham [PLACE] , where it is now displayed . * bust [ENTITY] , marble [PERSON] : by sir joseph edgar boehm [PERSON] ra [PERSON] ( 1834-1890 ) . working women [PERSON] and children [PERSON] , who had enjoyed the benefit [STATE] of the factory [EVENT] act [ACT] of 1874 subscribed [UNKNOWN] , mostly in single pennies [EVENT] , to a tribute [ACT] to mundella [PLACE] and his wife [PERSON] . it took the form [FORM] of the bust [ENTITY] by boehm [PERSON] and bears the inscription [STYLE] : " presented to mrs [UNKNOWN] . mundella [PLACE] by 80,000 factory workers [UNKNOWN] , chiefly women [PERSON] and children [PERSON] , in grateful acknowledgement [UNKNOWN] of her husband [PERSON] 's services [CONCEPT] " . it was presented to mary mundella [PLACE] at a ceremony [ACTION] in manchester [PLACE] in august [PERIOD] 1884 , ten years [PERIOD] after the factory act [ACT] had passed . the bust [ENTITY] remained in the family [HUMAN GROUP] until some time [PERIOD] after 1938 when it was presented to the nottingham school [INSTITUTION] board [NUMBER] for display [PERSON] in the mundella grammar school [INSTITUTION] . when this school [INSTITUTION] closed in 1985 the bust [ENTITY] passed to roland green school [INSTITUTION] and then the nottingham emmanuel school [INSTITUTION] . it was then taken into the care [CONDITION] of a group [GROUP] of former students [PERSON] of nottingham grammar school [INSTITUTION] , who in 2009 had it cleaned and loaned it to the bromley house [PLACE] library [PLACE] , nottingham [PLACE] where it is now displayed . * caricature [PERSON] , chromolithograph [UNKNOWN] : by coïdé [UNKNOWN] , the pseudonym [NAME] of james tissot [PERSON] ( 1836-1902 ) . it was first published in vanity fair [PERSON] on 9 december [PERIOD] 1871 as number [NUMBER] 99 in their series [SERIES] of " portraits [EVENT] of statesmen [UNKNOWN] " . it is entitled " education [PROCESS] and arbitration [ACT] " . reproductions [RESULT] were available for sale [RESULT] and there are consequently many copies [PERSON] in private hands [PROCESS] and in public collections [COLLECTION] , including those of the uk houses [UNKNOWN] of parliament [HUMAN GROUP] , the national portrait [PERSON] gallery [SET] , london [PLACE] , and the university [INSTITUTION] of sheffield library [PLACE] . * caricature [PERSON] , chromolithograph [UNKNOWN] : by spy [RESOURCE] , the pseudonym [NAME] of leslie ward [PERSON] ( 1851-1922 ) . it was first published in vanity fair [PERSON] on 30 november [PERIOD] 1893 . it is entitled " on the terrace [PERSON] , a political spectacle [EVENT] : - the ayes [PERSON] have it - the noes [UNKNOWN] have it " and it is a group cartoon portrait [PERSON] with mundella [PLACE] in the right [UNKNOWN] foreground [PERSON] . a copy [PERSON] of it is owned by the national portrait [PERSON] gallery [SET] in london [PLACE] . * newspaper cartoons [PERSON] : by various artists [PERSON] . 16 images [IMAGE] , all including lampooning representations [ACT] of mundella [PLACE] , and all relating to the parliamentary elections [POWER] in sheffield [INSTITUTION] in 1868 . they are held by sheffield university [INSTITUTION] library [PLACE] . * photograph [PICTURE] , platinum print [PERSON] : by sir john benjamin stone [PERSON] [PERSON] ( 1838-1914 ) . a late portrait photograph [PICTURE] of mundella [PLACE] , seen standing at an entrance [STATUS] to the houses [UNKNOWN] of parliament [HUMAN GROUP] and dated may [PERIOD] 1897 ( two months [PERIOD] before his death [EVENT] ) . a copy [PERSON] is held by the national portrait [PERSON] gallery [SET] and another , with greater clarity [PERSON] of detail [EVENT] , by the uk parliament [HUMAN GROUP] 's digital archive [COLLECTION] . * photograph [PICTURE] , woodburytype carte de visite [PERSON] : by an unknown photographer [PERSON] . a head and shoulders portrait [PERSON] [PERSON] , taken in the 1870s . a copy [PERSON] is in the national portrait [PERSON] gallery [SET] . * photograph [PICTURE] , albumen print cabinet [PERSON] card [GROUP] : by alexander bassano [PERSON] ( 1829-1913 ) a right [UNKNOWN] semi-profile head-and-shoulders portrait [PERSON] , made in 1885 . the national portrait [PERSON] gallery [SET] owns a copy [PERSON] . * photograph [PICTURE] , albumen print [PERSON] : by cyril flower [PERSON] , 1st baron battersea [UNKNOWN] ( 1843-1907 ) . a three-quarter-length seated portrait [PERSON] , taken in the 1890s . a copy [PERSON] is held by the national portrait [PERSON] gallery [SET] . * as a leading statesman [PERSON] with prominent looks [UNKNOWN] , mundella [PLACE] can also be identified in many group portraits [EVENT] , photographs [PICTURE] , and newspaper [SPEECH ACT] and journal illustrations [ACT] of the late 1800s . two particular images [IMAGE] can be found in the illustrated london [PLACE] news [PLACE] : the first , marking mundella [PLACE] 's maiden speech [SPEECH] in the house [PLACE] of commons [UNKNOWN] , was published on 27 february [PERIOD] 1869 , and the second , a group portrait [PERSON] by walter wilson [PERSON] of we gladstone [PERSON] 's new cabinet [PERSON] , was published on 27 august [PERIOD] 1892 .

## Objects found

Id | Form | Freq | Tag | Context | Error
1 | mundella | 129 | PLACE | british politician this article is about the industrialist , liberal mp and cabinet minister , a.j mundella . |
2 | education | 31 | PROCESS | he served under william ewart gladstone as vice-president of the committee of the council on education from 1880 to 1885 and as president of the board of trade in 1886 and from 1892 to 1894 . |
3 | children | 28 | PERSON | at the board of trade he was instrumental in the reduction of working hours and the raising of minimum ages in the employment of children and young people . |
4 | board | 21 | NUMBER | the right honourable a. j. mundella mundella , c. 1885 president of the board of trade in office 17 february 1886 - 20 july 1886 monarch queen victoria prime minister william ewart gladstone preceded by hon . |
5 | trade | 19 | PERSON | the right honourable a. j. mundella mundella , c. 1885 president of the board of trade in office 17 february 1886 - 20 july 1886 monarch queen victoria prime minister william ewart gladstone preceded by hon . |
6 | house | 16 | PLACE | london nationality british political party liberal spouse mary smith anthony john mundella pc ( 28 march 1825 - 21 july 1897 ) was an english manufacturer and later a liberal party mp and cabinet minister who sat in the house of commons of the united kingdom from 1868 to 1897 . |
7 | time | 14 | PERIOD | at the time of mundella 's birth , his father was a poorly paid trimmer in the hosiery trade . |
8 | nottingham | 14 | PLACE | in 1848 mundella was offered a partnership by old-established hosiery manufacturers , hine & co of nottingham , who needed help to construct and open a large new factory . |
9 | bill | 13 | PERSON | in 1869 mundella began to plan a private member 's bill to legalise the unions and give them financial security . |
10 | years | 12 | PERIOD | he worked for harris for three years , until he was 22 , and while there the firm experimented seriously and secretly with machinery driven by steam power . |
11 | age | 12 | PROPERTY | his political achievements in the late victorian age are said to have anticipated 20th century society . |
12 | president | 10 | PERSON | the right honourable a. j. mundella mundella , c. 1885 president of the board of trade in office 17 february 1886 - 20 july 1886 monarch queen victoria prime minister william ewart gladstone preceded by hon . |
13 | arbitration | 10 | ACT | he was among the first to prove the effectiveness of arbitration and conciliation in industrial relations . |
14 | july | 10 | PERIOD | the right honourable a. j. mundella mundella , c. 1885 president of the board of trade in office 17 february 1886 - 20 july 1886 monarch queen victoria prime minister william ewart gladstone preceded by hon . |
15 | women | 9 | PERSON | he was a believer in the right of working men and women to combine to protect their interests , and much of his energy in parliament was devoted to securing the same rights for them as were enjoyed by their employers . |
16 | gladstone | 9 | PERSON | the right honourable a. j. mundella mundella , c. 1885 president of the board of trade in office 17 february 1886 - 20 july 1886 monarch queen victoria prime minister william ewart gladstone preceded by hon . |
17 | business | 9 | EVENT | at eleven he was apprenticed to william kempson , whose business made footwear , hosiery and haberdashery . |
18 | london | 9 | PLACE | london nationality british political party liberal spouse mary smith anthony john mundella pc ( 28 march 1825 - 21 july 1897 ) was an english manufacturer and later a liberal party mp and cabinet minister who sat in the house of commons of the united kingdom from 1868 to 1897 . |
19 | workers | 9 | UNKNOWN | he believed that it could be " so applied and developed as to lift the mass of workers out of serfdom " . |
20 | speech | 8 | SPEECH | at the same age he made his first political speech , in support of the charter . |
21 | number | 8 | NUMBER | welsh towns to expound on the system of arbitration and to help settle a number of labour conflicts . |
22 | election | 8 | POWER | election to parliament after mundella 's 1863 success in arbitrating the nottingham industrial strife he was invited by many english and |
23 | men | 8 | PERSON | mundella had long maintained that the best machines in the hosiery trade were " principally the inventions of working men " . |
24 | committee | 8 | HUMAN GROUP | he served under william ewart gladstone as vice-president of the committee of the council on education from 1880 to 1885 and as president of the board of trade in 1886 and from 1892 to 1894 . |
25 | power | 8 | POWER | he worked for harris for three years , until he was 22 , and while there the firm experimented seriously and secretly with machinery driven by steam power . |
26 | act | 8 | ACT | but benefitting from the reform act 1867 , which had enfranchised a large number of male householders for the first time , mundella prevailed in sheffield . |
27 | life | 7 | EVENT | early life anthony john mundella was born in leicester , england in 1825 . |
28 | hine | 7 | PERSON | in 1848 mundella was offered a partnership by old-established hosiery manufacturers , hine & co of nottingham , who needed help to construct and open a large new factory . |
29 | government | 7 | GOVERNMENT | though the bill did not proceed , his efforts did secure a temporary government bill which gave protection to trade union funds and two years later led to the trade union act 1871 which legalised trade unions and protected their funds by legal registration . |
30 | work | 7 | ACTIVITY | his mother made lace on a frame in their home and was regarded as adept at this work but , nonetheless , she too was poorly paid and after rent for housing and for the lace frame there was invariably little left to live on . |
31 | school | 7 | INSTITUTION | though from a catholic and nonconformist background , he attended the church of england school of st nicholas in leicester , an establishment maintained by the national society for promoting religious |
32 | trade unions | 7 | PLACE | at the same time , his business experience , arising from his working past , confirmed his belief in the desirability , indeed necessity , of trade unions . |
33 | leicester | 7 | PLACE | the earl of rosebery preceded by sir michael hicks beach , bt succeeded by james bryce personal details born ( 1825-03-28) 28 march 1825 leicester , leicestershire |
34 | national portrait gallery | 6 | SET | reproductions were available for sale and there are consequently many copies in private hands and in public collections , including those of the uk houses of parliament , the national portrait gallery , london , and the university of sheffield library . |
35 | system | 6 | SYSTEM | as education minister he established universal compulsory education in britain and played the major part in building the state education system . |
36 | industry | 6 | INSTITUTION | mundella devoted his energy to reinventing the mechanics of a hosiery industry which for the most part relied on old-style mechanical stocking frames operated by perennially poor framework-knitters in their own homes . |
37 | result | 6 | RESULT | the result was stockings made a hundred times faster than they could be by the framework knitters . |
38 | company | 6 | INSTITUTION | he became a partner in the company , which soon became known as hine & mundella . |
39 | cabinet | 6 | PERSON | british politician this article is about the industrialist , liberal mp and cabinet minister , a.j.mundella . |
40 | conciliation | 6 | PROCESS | he was among the first to prove the effectiveness of arbitration and conciliation in industrial relations . |
41 | opposition | 6 | STATE | he continued his campaign for fewer hours for women and children with the introduction of a nine-hours factory bill in 1872 but it made slow progress and in the summer of 1873 , due to opposition from manufacturers , it was withdrawn . |
42 | parliament | 6 | HUMAN GROUP | election to parliament after mundella 's 1863 success in arbitrating the nottingham industrial strife he was invited by many english and |
43 | death | 6 | EVENT | he was to represent the seat , and its successor , sheffield brightside , until his death nearly thirty years later . |
44 | sheffield | 6 | INSTITUTION | outbreaks of violence , including explosions and murders , in the sheffield steel industry led to the 1867 royal commission on trade unions . |
45 | employers | 6 | PERSON | mundella organised a conference between workers and the employers . |
46 | portrait | 6 | PERSON | portrait in oil : by sir arthur stockdale cope ra ( 1857-1940 ) . |
47 | interest | 6 | AMOUNT | mundella was not technically minded , though his experience at harris 's with mechanical experimentation helped to form his abiding interest and fascination in new steam-powered hosiery-making machinery . |
48 | name | 5 | NAME | when queen victoria received his name from the prime minister she described him in her diary as " mr . mundella ( one of the most violent radicals ) ” . |
49 | resignation | 5 | ACT | resignation |
50 | liberal party | 5 | GROUP | london nationality british political party liberal spouse mary smith anthony john mundella pc ( 28 march 1825 - 21 july 1897 ) was an english manufacturer and later a liberal party mp and cabinet minister who sat in the house of commons of the united kingdom from 1868 to 1897 . |
51 | schools | 5 | UNKNOWN | he had always taken an interest in higher and technical education , as well as in art schools and other forms of art culture , and they had invariably secured his sympathy and aid . |
52 | labour | 5 | PERSON | welsh towns to expound on the system of arbitration and to help settle a number of labour conflicts . |
53 | council | 5 | HUMAN GROUP | he served under william ewart gladstone as vice-president of the committee of the council on education from 1880 to 1885 and as president of the board of trade in 1886 and from 1892 to 1894 . |
54 | family | 5 | HUMAN GROUP | because of the family 's then abject financial circumstances , when rebecca mundella 's eyesight worsened and she could no longer work at lacemaking the boy had to be withdrawn from school so that he could earn money to help the family . |
55 | copy | 5 | PERSON | a copy of it is owned by the national portrait gallery in london . * newspaper cartoons : by various artists . 16 images , all including lampooning representations of mundella , and all relating to the parliamentary elections in sheffield in 1868 . |
56 | progress | 5 | EVENT | aside from local political action , mundella 's business experience showed him that progress in industry depended on reciprocal understanding between workers and employers , and that progress generally required significant improvements in the nation 's education system , including technical training . |
57 | employment | 5 | ACTIVITY | at the board of trade he was instrumental in the reduction of working hours and the raising of minimum ages in the employment of children and young people . |
58 | england | 5 | PLACE | early life anthony john mundella was born in leicester , england in 1825 . |
59 | people | 5 | HUMAN GROUP | at the board of trade he was instrumental in the reduction of working hours and the raising of minimum ages in the employment of children and young people . |
60 | protection | 5 | ACT | though the bill did not proceed , his efforts did secure a temporary government bill which gave protection to trade union funds and two years later led to the trade union act 1871 which legalised trade unions and protected their funds by legal registration . |
61 | wales | 5 | PLACE | at the same time , mundella was also appointed the fourth charity commissioner for england and wales . |
62 | hours | 5 | PERIOD | at the board of trade he was instrumental in the reduction of working hours and the raising of minimum ages in the employment of children and young people . |
63 | commons | 5 | UNKNOWN | london nationality british political party liberal spouse mary smith anthony john mundella pc ( 28 march 1825 - 21 july 1897 ) was an english manufacturer and later a liberal party mp and cabinet minister who sat in the house of commons of the united kingdom from 1868 to 1897 . |
64 | place | 4 | PLACE | mundella was the first to prove that the principle worked in an industry of much complexity with the aim of , rather than fighting fires , preventing fires starting in the first place . |
65 | equivalent | 4 | ABSTRACT ENTITY | when he joined hine & co in 1848 the annual turnover was £18,000 ( equivalent to £2,300,000 in 2023 ) ; when he left the firm in 1873 ( finding it impossible to live in london as an mp and manage a business in nottingham ) the annual turnover was £500,000 ( equivalent to £56,000,000 in 2023 ) . |
66 | times | 4 | UNKNOWN | the result was stockings made a hundred times faster than they could be by the framework knitters . |
67 | cruelty | 4 | STATE | he also brought in the first laws to prevent cruelty to children . |
68 | year | 4 | PERIOD | at the age of eighteen mundella left kempson 's to become a journeyman , then an overseer ( in which post he earned £200 a year and a commission on profits ) and ultimately manager of a large warehouse set up by another hosiery manufacturing business in leicester , harris & hamel . |
69 | royal commission | 4 | PERSON | outbreaks of violence , including explosions and murders , in the sheffield steel industry led to the 1867 royal commission on trade unions . |
70 | mundella grammar school | 4 | INSTITUTION | mundella grammar school in nottingham no longer exists . |
71 | passing | 4 | EVENT | a chromolithograph published in vanity fair , 9 december 1871 mundella ’s first moves in the house regarding education were strongly to support the passing of the elementary education act 1870 . |
72 | firm | 4 | INSTITUTION | he worked for harris for three years , until he was 22 , and while there the firm experimented seriously and secretly with machinery driven by steam power . |
73 | march | 4 | PERIOD | the earl of rosebery preceded by sir michael hicks beach , bt succeeded by james bryce personal details born ( 1825-03-28) 28 march 1825 leicester , leicestershire |
74 | majority | 4 | PROPERTY | mundella took his seat in the house of commons as part of the liberal party majority of 116 . |
75 | improvements | 4 | AGREEMENT | by 1857 hine and mundella were employing 4,000 workers who were well paid , partly because by attracting good operatives mundella hoped they would use their intelligence and inventiveness to suggest improvements in the way they worked . |
76 | queen victoria | 4 | PERSON | the right honourable a. j. mundella mundella , c. 1885 president of the board of trade in office 17 february 1886 - 20 july 1886 monarch queen victoria prime minister william ewart gladstone preceded by hon . |
77 | may | 4 | PERIOD | in office 18 august 1892 - 28 may 1894 monarch queen victoria prime minister william ewart gladstone |
78 | position | 4 | POSITION | mundella tried to modernise the committee of the council on education by proposing the institution of an education department headed by a minister with a position in the cabinet , and the setting up of a department of agriculture which would take over his veterinary responsibilities ( part of the education portfolio ) , but he was forestalled by the opposition of the lord president of the council . |
79 | hosiery trade | 4 | PERSON | at the time of mundella 's birth , his father was a poorly paid trimmer in the hosiery trade . |
80 | august | 4 | PERIOD | in office 18 august 1892 - 28 may 1894 monarch queen victoria prime minister william ewart gladstone |
81 | elvaston place | 4 | PLACE | a request in the mid-1980s for the installation of a commemorative blue plaque at mundella 's london home of 16 elvaston place was refused by english heritage . |
82 | period | 4 | PERIOD | the bill found little traction in the house and each time it reappeared in the period from 1877 to 1879 it was defeated . |
83 | measure | 4 | MEASURE | in 1871 he put forward a measure to control the employment of children in the manufacture of bricks and tiles . |
84 | man | 4 | PERSON | the liberals returned to power in 1880 with a large majority and gladstone , recognising the younger man 's expertise in the field of education reform , appointed him vice-president of the committee of the council on education ( in other words , secretary of state for education ) . |
85 | minister | 4 | HUMAN ROLE | british politician this article is about the industrialist , liberal mp and cabinet minister , a.j.mundella . |
86 | action | 4 | ACTION | not by his own invention , but by encouraging inventors within the company ( many of them loom operators ) and sharing patents with them , mundella was able to develop plentiful new hosiery-making machinery , a lot of it steam-driven , including a technological revolution : a machine which for the first time enabled a stocking to be made and fully fashioned automatically without stopping the action . |
87 | factory | 4 | EVENT | in 1848 mundella was offered a partnership by old-established hosiery manufacturers , hine & co of nottingham , who needed help to construct and open a large new factory . |
88 | months | 4 | PERIOD | from 1859 , at the time of increased fear of an invasion by france , he was one of the founding members of the local volunteer corps , the robin hood rifles , joining in may 1859 and being promoted to lieutenant in june and captain five months later . |
89 | money | 4 | MONEY | because of the family 's then abject financial circumstances , when rebecca mundella 's eyesight worsened and she could no longer work at lacemaking the boy had to be withdrawn from school so that he could earn money to help the family . |
90 | scotland | 3 | PLACE | while in england and wales , endowments for higher education schools were being surveyed and where necessary reformed , no such action was taking place in scotland . |
91 | factories | 3 | EVENT | they opened factories in loughborough in leicestershire , england in 1859 and chemnitz , saxony in 1866 . |
92 | health | 3 | PROPERTY | in 1863 the stress of business became so great that mundella 's health broke down . |
93 | establishment | 3 | ACT | though from a catholic and nonconformist background , he attended the church of england school of st nicholas in leicester , an establishment maintained by the national society for promoting religious |
94 | vice president | 3 | PERSON |  |
95 | europe | 3 | PLACE | it was hailed as a success and was adopted not only in other parts of the country , but also in continental europe and in the united states . |
96 | vanity fair | 3 | PERSON | a chromolithograph published in vanity fair , 9 december 1871 mundella ’s first moves in the house regarding education were strongly to support the passing of the elementary education act 1870 . |
97 | code | 3 | EVENT | mundella 's educational code of 1882 , which became known as the " mundella code , " marked a new departure in the regulation of public elementary schools , their curricula and how they were taught , and the conditions under which government grants were made . |
98 | home | 3 | PLACE | his mother made lace on a frame in their home and was regarded as adept at this work but , nonetheless , she too was poorly paid and after rent for housing and for the lace frame there was invariably little left to live on . |
99 | chromolithograph | 3 | UNKNOWN | a chromolithograph published in vanity fair , 9 december 1871 mundella ’s first moves in the house regarding education were strongly to support the passing of the elementary education act 1870 . |
100 | coffin | 3 | NAME | it was unusual for st margaret 's in that mundella 's coffin was present , rather than the service being a memorial . |
101 | sheffield brightside | 3 | PERSON | he was to represent the seat , and its successor , sheffield brightside , until his death nearly thirty years later . |
102 | matter | 3 | STATE | there had long been disputation over the matter of railway freight charges , with the railway companies ' trade and agricultural customers implacably opposed to the high prices charged for the movement of goods . |
103 | biography | 3 | SEQUENCE | it has been suggested that one reason was the absence of an early biography . |
104 | charge | 3 | AMOUNT | mundella 's perennial concern for children also led him to introduce , in 1873 , a bill for the protection of children against people who , being in charge of them , had been convicted of violence against them . |
105 | bust | 3 | ENTITY | bust , marble : by sir joseph edgar boehm ra ( 1834-1890 ) . |
106 | politicians | 3 | PERSON | many people , including queen victoria ( who telegraphed a number of times for news ) and leading politicians of all shades of opinion , expressed concern . |
107 | reputation | 3 | REPUTATION | his speech on the second reading of the bill did much to enhance his parliamentary reputation . |
108 | concern | 3 | PERSON | he joined in an attempt to modernise the patent laws , which for a long time had been his concern as an industrialist . |
109 | things | 3 | ACTIVITY | mundella had already stated that he " did not feel obliged to go on toiling to amass a great fortune , but was justified in giving up commerce to devote himself to political life and his love of beautiful things " . |
110 | church | 3 | PERSON | though from a catholic and nonconformist background , he attended the church of england school of st nicholas in leicester , an establishment maintained by the national society for promoting religious |
111 | railway | 3 | SYSTEM | there had long been disputation over the matter of railway freight charges , with the railway companies ' trade and agricultural customers implacably opposed to the high prices charged for the movement of goods . |
112 | literature | 3 | DOCUMENT | outside school , his mother , with her wide knowledge of english literature , particularly shakespeare , instilled in his mind a love of the beautiful in nature , in literature , and in art . |
113 | commission | 3 | PERSON | at the age of eighteen mundella left kempson 's to become a journeyman , then an overseer ( in which post he earned £200 a year and a commission on profits ) and ultimately manager of a large warehouse set up by another hosiery manufacturing business in leicester , harris & hamel . |
114 | machines | 3 | MACHINE | he pioneered many changes , including new machines which produced tubular knitting rather than the stocking-frame 's straight knit . |
115 | framework knitters | 3 | PERSON | the result was stockings made a hundred times faster than they could be by the framework knitters . |
116 | railway companies | 3 | ENTITY | there had long been disputation over the matter of railway freight charges , with the railway companies ' trade and agricultural customers implacably opposed to the high prices charged for the movement of goods . |
117 | arts | 3 | PERSON | a wide stone in a combination of classical styles and arts and crafts decoration was erected over the tomb . |
118 | harris | 3 | PERSON | at the age of eighteen mundella left kempson 's to become a journeyman , then an overseer ( in which post he earned £200 a year and a commission on profits ) and ultimately manager of a large warehouse set up by another hosiery manufacturing business in leicester , harris & hamel . |
119 | change | 3 | UNKNOWN | mundella 's principle of conciliation was not entirely original ; other such boards of conciliation or arbitration had been set up , mostly successfully , in a few other trades but none of them had been established in an industry as antagonistic and complex with technological change as the hosiery trade . |
120 | term | 3 | TERM | president of the board of trade ( first term ) |
121 | mother | 3 | PERSON | his mother made lace on a frame in their home and was regarded as adept at this work but , nonetheless , she too was poorly paid and after rent for housing and for the lace frame there was invariably little left to live on . |
122 | relations | 3 | RELATION | he was among the first to prove the effectiveness of arbitration and conciliation in industrial relations . |
123 | leicestershire | 3 | PLACE | the earl of rosebery preceded by sir michael hicks beach , bt succeeded by james bryce personal details born ( 1825-03-28) 28 march 1825 leicester , leicestershire |
124 | mind | 3 | PERSON | outside school , his mother , with her wide knowledge of english literature , particularly shakespeare , instilled in his mind a love of the beautiful in nature , in literature , and in art . |
125 | sides | 3 | ENTITY | he proposed that the workers should have the wages they demanded and also that a board of arbitration ( the nottingham board of arbitration and conciliation for the hosiery trade ) composed of both employers and workers should be established to prevent further strikes by fixing the price for handwork and preventing disputes by constant conference between both sides . |
126 | wife | 3 | PERSON | he was the first of five children of antonio mondelli ( later known as anthony mundella ) , a refugee from lombardy of uncertain background , and his wife rebecca allsopp of leicester . |
127 | machinery | 3 | GROUP | he worked for harris for three years , until he was 22 , and while there the firm experimented seriously and secretly with machinery driven by steam power . |
128 | services | 3 | CONCEPT | there were tributes from gladstone and rosebery ( the latter insisting that it was a " source of grief and weakness " to the government to be deprived of his " great " services ) , and hundreds of resolutions of sympathy from workers all over the country reached him , thanking him for his life-long services to labour . |
129 | office | 3 | PLACE | the right honourable a. j. mundella mundella , c. 1885 president of the board of trade in office 17 february 1886 - 20 july 1886 monarch queen victoria prime minister william ewart gladstone preceded by hon . |
130 | charges | 3 | AMOUNT | there had long been disputation over the matter of railway freight charges , with the railway companies ' trade and agricultural customers implacably opposed to the high prices charged for the movement of goods . |
131 | seat | 3 | EVENT | he was to represent the seat , and its successor , sheffield brightside , until his death nearly thirty years later . |
132 | conditions | 3 | CONDITION | improved conditions , mundella observed , brought enhanced loyalty . |
133 | countries | 3 | STATE | when travelling in continental europe on business and on personal relaxation , mundella saw how superior the education systems of other countries were , particularly in switzerland and the german states , and was dismayed at the comparative shortcomings of the english system . |
134 | success | 3 | ACT | it was hailed as a success and was adopted not only in other parts of the country , but also in continental europe and in the united states . |
135 | causes | 3 | CAUSE | he was further politically inspired by the arrival in leicester of richard cobden on his nationwide campaign for the repeal of the corn laws , and was always active in advocating the causes of the working classes . |
136 | cent | 3 | MONEY | he also pressed for the legal age of sexual intercourse to be raised to 16 , since over 25 per cent of those with sexually transmitted infections were under that age . |
137 | conservatives | 3 | UNKNOWN | the conservatives finally passed the measure in 1880 . |
138 | service | 3 | INSTITUTION | he attacked the war office for its antiquated system for issuing army contracts , and advocated short army and navy service , more volunteers and better organisation . |
139 | prevention | 3 | ASSET | the essence was that prevention of strife was better than subsequent remedy . |
140 | trades | 3 | UNKNOWN | mundella 's principle of conciliation was not entirely original ; other such boards of conciliation or arbitration had been set up , mostly successfully , in a few other trades but none of them had been established in an industry as antagonistic and complex with technological change as the hosiery trade . |
141 | means | 3 | UNKNOWN | he was one of the first industrialists in the midlands to realise that steam power was something far more than a means to great wealth . |
142 | father | 3 | PERSON | at the time of mundella 's birth , his father was a poorly paid trimmer in the hosiery trade . |
143 | unions | 2 | PLACE | at the same time , his business experience , arising from his working past , confirmed his belief in the desirability , indeed necessity , of trade unions . |
144 | inscription | 2 | STYLE | to mundella 's name was added the inscription : |
145 | country | 2 | PLACE | it was hailed as a success and was adopted not only in other parts of the country , but also in continental europe and in the united states . |
146 | violence | 2 | ACTION | outbreaks of violence , including explosions and murders , in the sheffield steel industry led to the 1867 royal commission on trade unions . |
147 | state | 2 | STATE | as education minister he established universal compulsory education in britain and played the major part in building the state education system . |
148 | compulsory | 2 | UNKNOWN | as education minister he established universal compulsory education in britain and played the major part in building the state education system . |
149 | wages | 2 | AMOUNT | the inadequate wages of home framework-knitters compared to those of the factory operatives led to demands for higher pay ( although mundella 's employees were not involved ) . |
150 | homes | 2 | PLACE | education to provide elementary education for children from poor homes , until the age of nine . |
151 | factory workers | 2 | UNKNOWN | he had to contend with suspicious employers and with powerful trade unionists , and reconcile the penurious framework-knitters with the comparatively well-paid and skilled factory workers . |
152 | elevation | 2 | EVENT | mundella was highly respected during his long period in victorian liberal politics , achieving elevation to the cabinet and attaining the distinction of becoming known as a statesman . |
153 | campaign | 2 | PERSON | he was further politically inspired by the arrival in leicester of richard cobden on his nationwide campaign for the repeal of the corn laws , and was always active in advocating the causes of the working classes . |
154 | series | 2 | SERIES | in 1860 , a series of strikes and lock-outs hit nottingham 's hosiery business . |
155 | cabinet minister | 2 | HUMAN ROLE | british politician this article is about the industrialist , liberal mp and cabinet minister , a.j.mundella . |
156 | nottingham emmanuel school | 2 | INSTITUTION | the school closed in 1985 and the portrait was passed to its successor schools , roland green comprehensive and the nottingham emmanuel school . |
157 | liberals | 2 | PERSON | the liberals returned to power in 1880 with a large majority and gladstone , recognising the younger man 's expertise in the field of education reform , appointed him vice-president of the committee of the council on education ( in other words , secretary of state for education ) . |
158 | move | 2 | PERMISSION | his move was welcomed so readily that it was incorporated into the government 's factory and workshop act of 1871 . |
159 | repeal | 2 | ACT | he was further politically inspired by the arrival in leicester of richard cobden on his nationwide campaign for the repeal of the corn laws , and was always active in advocating the causes of the working classes . |
160 | force | 2 | FORCE | mundella was a prominent and popular public figure in nottingham and was an active force in his local liberal party , becoming sheriff of nottingham in 1852 , at the age of 28 . |
161 | students | 2 | PERSON | it was then taken into the care of a group of former students of the mundella grammar school , who in 2009 had it cleaned and loaned it to the bromley house library , nottingham , where it is now displayed . * |
162 | concerns | 2 | PERSON | mundella 's main concerns on joining the house were trade union reform and the need for free , compulsory schooling and for technical training . |
163 | fields | 2 | BALL | it has been argued that his was " the most productive mind in late victorian england at work in the kindred fields of education , industry and labour " and as a result his political achievements in those fields were remarkable . |
164 | anthony john mundella | 2 | PERSON | for his nephew anthony mundella , see anthony john mundella ( journalist and educationalist ) . |
165 | rates | 2 | RATE | he spoke against what he called the " absurdity " of the complicated and inconsistent postal rates . |
166 | conference | 2 | ACT | mundella organised a conference between workers and the employers . |
167 | way | 2 | UNKNOWN | by 1857 hine and mundella were employing 4,000 workers who were well paid , partly because by attracting good operatives mundella hoped they would use their intelligence and inventiveness to suggest improvements in the way they worked . |
168 | lord president | 2 | PERSON | despite being junior to the lord president of the council mundella was in charge of education , and he was now positioned to achieve a number of his aims , in particular that of compulsory elementary education . |
169 | hosiery | 2 | PERSON | at the time of mundella 's birth , his father was a poorly paid trimmer in the hosiery trade . |
170 | chairman | 2 | HEAD | in 1890 mundella became chairman of the trade and treaties committee , responsible for keeping the board of trade informed on expiring treaties and new tariffs and duties . |
171 | britain | 2 | PLACE | as education minister he established universal compulsory education in britain and played the major part in building the state education system . |
172 | rosebery | 2 | PERSON | the earl of rosebery preceded by sir michael hicks beach , bt succeeded by james bryce personal details born ( 1825-03-28) 28 march 1825 leicester , leicestershire |
173 | institution | 2 | INSTITUTION | as his first move in higher education , mundella formed a single institution of the scientific schools at south kensington in london , establishing the normal school of science and royal school of mines in october 1881 . |
174 | customers | 2 | PERSON | acts of the 1860s which in ports and garrison towns subjected female prostitutes , and those suspected of being such , to arrest , inspection , and ( if they were found to be infected ) incarceration for up to one year , while no provision was made for the examination of their male customers . |
175 | inspection | 2 | GROUP | acts of the 1860s which in ports and garrison towns subjected female prostitutes , and those suspected of being such , to arrest , inspection , and ( if they were found to be infected ) incarceration for up to one year , while no provision was made for the examination of their male customers . |
176 | railways | 2 | SYSTEM | as a means to secure a just and equitable re-assessment of the charges throughout britain , mundella introduced his railway and canal traffic bill , which would hand control over the railways to the board of trade , including the power to enforce reductions in charges . |
177 | world | 2 | PLACE | he ensured that consular reports of trade and the trade requirements of different countries of the world should be published and available at a low price instead of being lost among general foreign office papers . |
178 | group | 2 | GROUP | it was then taken into the care of a group of former students of the mundella grammar school , who in 2009 had it cleaned and loaned it to the bromley house library , nottingham , where it is now displayed . * |
179 | appointment | 2 | DECISION | she wrote that on disapprovingly remarking to gladstone about mundella 's appointment " mr . gladstone praised him very much , saying he was a very religious man , very much for religious education , and never said anything offensive " . |
180 | daughter | 2 | PERSON | it was the intention of mundella 's daughter maria theresa to write his biography ( which would presumably have been celebratory ) , but despite working for some years on his archive , collecting contributions and loans from others , and making lengthy transcriptions , nothing was published . |
181 | maria theresa | 2 | PERSON | it was the intention of mundella 's daughter maria theresa to write his biography ( which would presumably have been celebratory ) , but despite working for some years on his archive , collecting contributions and loans from others , and making lengthy transcriptions , nothing was published . |
182 | reduction | 2 | AMOUNT | at the board of trade he was instrumental in the reduction of working hours and the raising of minimum ages in the employment of children and young people . |
183 | ports | 2 | ESTATE | acts of the 1860s which in ports and garrison towns subjected female prostitutes , and those suspected of being such , to arrest , inspection , and ( if they were found to be infected ) incarceration for up to one year , while no provision was made for the examination of their male customers . |
184 | election mundella | 2 | UNKNOWN | in the 1892 general election mundella retained his seat of sheffield brightside with an increased majority and the liberal party formed the government . |
185 | mundella act | 2 | ACT | known officially as the freshwater fisheries act and colloquially amongst anglers as the mundella act , it became law in 1878 . |
186 | department | 2 | SITUATION | mundella tried to modernise the committee of the council on education by proposing the institution of an education department headed by a minister with a position in the cabinet , and the setting up of a department of agriculture which would take over his veterinary responsibilities ( part of the education portfolio ) , but he was forestalled by the opposition of the lord president of the council . |
187 | chartist | 2 | PERSON | at fifteen he became politically engaged and , inspired by the local chartist leader , thomas cooper , enrolled as a chartist , becoming increasingly involved in the movement . |
188 | canal traffic bill | 2 | PERSON | as a means to secure a just and equitable re-assessment of the charges throughout britain , mundella introduced his railway and canal traffic bill , which would hand control over the railways to the board of trade , including the power to enforce reductions in charges . |
189 | midlands | 2 | PERSON | he was one of the first industrialists in the midlands to realise that steam power was something far more than a means to great wealth . |
190 | opposition frontbench | 2 | UNKNOWN | from the opposition frontbench mundella again campaigned for increased technical education among working people . |
191 | efforts | 2 | ACTION | though the bill did not proceed , his efforts did secure a temporary government bill which gave protection to trade union funds and two years later led to the trade union act 1871 which legalised trade unions and protected their funds by legal registration . |
192 | sympathy | 2 | EVENT | he had always taken an interest in higher and technical education , as well as in art schools and other forms of art culture , and they had invariably secured his sympathy and aid . |
193 | secretary | 2 | PERSON | mundella had always been a regular sunday school scholar and as he grew older he became a teacher , then secretary , and ultimately superintendent of a large , poor sunday school in sanvey gate in leicester . |
194 | university | 2 | INSTITUTION | the committee reported in 1881 and urged the immediate expansion of the welsh intermediate schools and the establishment of university colleges in cardiff and bangor . |
195 | civil list pension | 2 | PERSON | the crash of the new zealand company which had been the cause of his resignation left him in financial difficulties , but on the recommendation of lord rosebery he was awarded an annual civil list pension of £1,200 ( equivalent to £172,593 in 2023 ) which enabled him to continue to live in elvaston place . |
196 | sheffield library | 2 | PLACE | her collected mundella papers then passed to his granddaughter , dorothea benson , lady charnwood , who presented them to the university of sheffield library in the 1930s . |
197 | women inspectors | 2 | PERSON | mundella improved the inspection of schools , including employing some women inspectors , and insisting that the health and mental capacity of children should be taken into consideration when examining their learning progress . |
198 | artist | 2 | PERSON | " his face wears a somewhat sad and serious expression , and the artist has given him the full measure of his years " . |
199 | saxony | 2 | PERSON | they opened factories in loughborough in leicestershire , england in 1859 and chemnitz , saxony in 1866 . |
200 | support | 2 | ACT | at the same age he made his first political speech , in support of the charter . |
201 | elementary education act | 2 | ACT | a chromolithograph published in vanity fair , 9 december 1871 mundella ’s first moves in the house regarding education were strongly to support the passing of the elementary education act 1870 . |
202 | charter | 2 | PERSON | at the same age he made his first political speech , in support of the charter . |
203 | church cemetery | 2 | PERSON | the mundella vault , church cemetery , nottingham |
204 | care | 2 | CONDITION | after her initial suspicion , queen victoria learned to care deeply for him and invited him for weekends at windsor , osborne , and sandringham . |
205 | hosiery business | 2 | EVENT | in 1860 , a series of strikes and lock-outs hit nottingham 's hosiery business . |
206 | changes | 2 | UNKNOWN | he pioneered many changes , including new machines which produced tubular knitting rather than the stocking-frame 's straight knit . |
207 | compulsion | 2 | DEFICIENCY | to those organisations and people who maintained that compulsion was un-english mundella replied that it was " peculiarly english to be content to be in ignorance " . |
208 | parents | 2 | NAME | it enabled the state to intervene in relations between parents and children , made it an imprisonable crime to neglect or ill-treat children , and outlawed the employment of children under the age of 10 . |
209 | contributions | 2 | EVENT | mundella 's final utterance in the house , after 3,280 vocal contributions over nearly thirty years as an mp , was a brief interjection in the debate on the second reading of the education ( scotland ) bill on 1 july 1897 . |
210 | adept | 2 | UNKNOWN | his mother made lace on a frame in their home and was regarded as adept at this work but , nonetheless , she too was poorly paid and after rent for housing and for the lace frame there was invariably little left to live on . |
211 | figure | 2 | FIGURE | mundella was a prominent and popular public figure in nottingham and was an active force in his local liberal party , becoming sheriff of nottingham in 1852 , at the age of 28 . |
212 | october | 2 | PERIOD | as his first move in higher education , mundella formed a single institution of the scientific schools at south kensington in london , establishing the normal school of science and royal school of mines in october 1881 . |
213 | centre | 2 | UNKNOWN | a london warehouse at the centre of the textile trade in wood street was acquired . |
214 | display | 2 | PERSON | this portrait was presented to mundella 's daughter , maria theresa , who in 1898 donated it to the nottingham school board for display in the new mundella grammar school . |
215 | information | 2 | INFORMATION | he established a labour statistics bureau to allow information to be published and disseminated to the labouring class . |
216 | control | 2 | GROUP | in 1871 he put forward a measure to control the employment of children in the manufacture of bricks and tiles . |
217 | boards | 2 | NUMBER | mundella 's principle of conciliation was not entirely original ; other such boards of conciliation or arbitration had been set up , mostly successfully , in a few other trades but none of them had been established in an industry as antagonistic and complex with technological change as the hosiery trade . |
218 | post | 2 | SEQUENCE | at the age of eighteen mundella left kempson 's to become a journeyman , then an overseer ( in which post he earned £200 a year and a commission on profits ) and ultimately manager of a large warehouse set up by another hosiery manufacturing business in leicester , harris & hamel . |
219 | interests | 2 | AMOUNT | the firm continued to expand , developing further interests in saxony , and boston in the united states . |
220 | industrialist | 2 | PERSON | british politician this article is about the industrialist , liberal mp and cabinet minister , a.j.mundella . |
221 | granddaughter | 2 | PERSON | his granddaughter maintained that he was named antonio giovanni but the great meeting baptismal register confirms that he was christened anthony john . |
222 | labour statistics | 2 | PERSON | he established a labour statistics bureau to allow information to be published and disseminated to the labouring class . |
223 | daughter maria theresa | 2 | PERSON | it was the intention of mundella 's daughter maria theresa to write his biography ( which would presumably have been celebratory ) , but despite working for some years on his archive , collecting contributions and loans from others , and making lengthy transcriptions , nothing was published . |
224 | june | 2 | PERIOD | from 1859 , at the time of increased fear of an invasion by france , he was one of the founding members of the local volunteer corps , the robin hood rifles , joining in may 1859 and being promoted to lieutenant in june and captain five months later . |
225 | business experience | 2 | COGNITIVE STATE | aside from local political action , mundella 's business experience showed him that progress in industry depended on reciprocal understanding between workers and employers , and that progress generally required significant improvements in the nation 's education system , including technical training . |
226 | background | 2 | INFORMATION | he was the first of five children of antonio mondelli ( later known as anthony mundella ) , a refugee from lombardy of uncertain background , and his wife rebecca allsopp of leicester . |
227 | annual | 2 | SPEECH ACT | when he joined hine & co in 1848 the annual turnover was £18,000 ( equivalent to £2,300,000 in 2023 ) ; when he left the firm in 1873 ( finding it impossible to live in london as an mp and manage a business in nottingham ) the annual turnover was £500,000 ( equivalent to £56,000,000 in 2023 ) . |
228 | cartoonists | 2 | PERSON | italian ancestry ; though he was not jewish he was lampooned by antisemitic cartoonists because of his looks ; his morality in business was questioned . |
229 | pseudonym | 2 | NAME | it was then taken into the care of a group of former students of nottingham grammar school , who in 2009 had it cleaned and loaned it to the bromley house library , nottingham where it is now displayed . * caricature , chromolithograph : by coïdé , the pseudonym of james tissot ( 1836-1902 ) . |
230 | knowledge | 2 | PERSON | outside school , his mother , with her wide knowledge of english literature , particularly shakespeare , instilled in his mind a love of the beautiful in nature , in literature , and in art . |
231 | fish | 2 | FISH | to mundella at this time was also the credit for his bill instituting a closed season from 15 march to 15 june for freshwater fish . |
232 | victorian age | 2 | PROPERTY | his political achievements in the late victorian age are said to have anticipated 20th century society . |
233 | help | 2 | UNKNOWN | because of the family 's then abject financial circumstances , when rebecca mundella 's eyesight worsened and she could no longer work at lacemaking the boy had to be withdrawn from school so that he could earn money to help the family . |
234 | conflict | 2 | EVENT | the conflict encouraged mundella to introduce a bill to enable the establishment of local boards of conciliation and arbitration whenever and wherever they might be required . |
235 | acts | 2 | ACT | acts of the 1860s which in ports and garrison towns subjected female prostitutes , and those suspected of being such , to arrest , inspection , and ( if they were found to be infected ) incarceration for up to one year , while no provision was made for the examination of their male customers . |
236 | principle | 2 | PERSON | mundella 's principle of conciliation was not entirely original ; other such boards of conciliation or arbitration had been set up , mostly successfully , in a few other trades but none of them had been established in an industry as antagonistic and complex with technological change as the hosiery trade . |
237 | responsibilities | 2 | RESPONSIBILITY | mundella 's responsibilities also included the further development of the south kensington museum ( later the victoria and albert museum ) , which as a lover of art he found to be an enjoyable part of his labours . |
238 | hands | 2 | PROCESS | men crowded round me all night to shake hands with me , and all my colleagues said i had done it so admirably and with so much dignity " |
239 | english | 2 | EVENT | london nationality british political party liberal spouse mary smith anthony john mundella pc ( 28 march 1825 - 21 july 1897 ) was an english manufacturer and later a liberal party mp and cabinet minister who sat in the house of commons of the united kingdom from 1868 to 1897 . |
240 | matters | 2 | STATE | he knew that achieving the required progress in these matters would involve collective effort and increasing state intervention . |
241 | oil | 2 | LIQUID | portrait in oil : by sir arthur stockdale cope ra ( 1857-1940 ) . |
242 | archive | 2 | COLLECTION | it was the intention of mundella 's daughter maria theresa to write his biography ( which would presumably have been celebratory ) , but despite working for some years on his archive , collecting contributions and loans from others , and making lengthy transcriptions , nothing was published . |
243 | caricature | 2 | PERSON | it was then taken into the care of a group of former students of nottingham grammar school , who in 2009 had it cleaned and loaned it to the bromley house library , nottingham where it is now displayed . * caricature , chromolithograph : by coïdé , the pseudonym of james tissot ( 1836-1902 ) . |
244 | mourners | 2 | PERSON | queen victoria sent a wreath , and she and the prince of wales were represented amongst a very large number of male and female mourners . |
245 | endowments | 2 | ACTION | while in england and wales , endowments for higher education schools were being surveyed and where necessary reformed , no such action was taking place in scotland . |
246 | opportunity | 2 | OPPORTUNITY | at nine , he started work in a printing office as a printer 's devil , an opportunity used by him to extend his education . |
247 | pay | 2 | MONEY | the inadequate wages of home framework-knitters compared to those of the factory operatives led to demands for higher pay ( although mundella 's employees were not involved ) . |
248 | strife | 2 | AMOUNT | the essence was that prevention of strife was better than subsequent remedy . |
249 | profits | 2 | RESULT | at the age of eighteen mundella left kempson 's to become a journeyman , then an overseer ( in which post he earned £200 a year and a commission on profits ) and ultimately manager of a large warehouse set up by another hosiery manufacturing business in leicester , harris & hamel . |
250 | movement | 2 | HUMAN GROUP | at fifteen he became politically engaged and , inspired by the local chartist leader , thomas cooper , enrolled as a chartist , becoming increasingly involved in the movement . |
251 | constituency | 2 | PERSON | the leaders of his audience were so inspired by his speech that they assured him of their support if he were to stand for the liberal party in the sheffield constituency in the forthcoming general election . |
252 | ancestry | 2 | SERIES | italian ancestry ; though he was not jewish he was lampooned by antisemitic cartoonists because of his looks ; his morality in business was questioned . |
253 | nine | 2 | UNKNOWN | education to provide elementary education for children from poor homes , until the age of nine . |
254 | aims | 2 | PERSON | the conservative government , harvesting the fruits of mundella 's three years ' hard work on his bill , introduced their own factory bill which was designed to achieve much the same aims . |
255 | classes | 2 | UNKNOWN | he was further politically inspired by the arrival in leicester of richard cobden on his nationwide campaign for the repeal of the corn laws , and was always active in advocating the causes of the working classes . |
256 | united states | 2 | PLACE | it was hailed as a success and was adopted not only in other parts of the country , but also in continental europe and in the united states . |
257 | introduction | 2 | RANK | he continued his campaign for fewer hours for women and children with the introduction of a nine-hours factory bill in 1872 but it made slow progress and in the summer of 1873 , due to opposition from manufacturers , it was withdrawn . |
258 | mundella vault | 2 | PLACE | the mundella vault , church cemetery , nottingham |
259 | presence | 2 | QUALITY | mundella was also greatly concerned at the employment of children of very young ages , and how their presence at work would make compulsory elementary education impossible . |
260 | hon | 2 | PERSON | the right honourable a. j. mundella mundella , c. 1885 president of the board of trade in office 17 february 1886 - 20 july 1886 monarch queen victoria prime minister william ewart gladstone preceded by hon . |
261 | others | 2 | UNKNOWN | with others , he was instrumental in inaugurating the national association for the promotion of technical education . |
262 | bromley house library | 2 | PLACE | it was then taken into the care of a group of former students of the mundella grammar school , who in 2009 had it cleaned and loaned it to the bromley house library , nottingham , where it is now displayed . * |
263 | photograph | 2 | PICTURE | the coffin was draped in a pall of venetian brocade , with a marble statuette of the madonna and child and a photograph of mundella 's late wife placed at its head . |
264 | commerce | 2 | GAME | in 1856 he was elected a town councillor and helped to set up the nottingham chamber of commerce . |
265 | reading | 2 | EMOTION | his speech on the second reading of the bill did much to enhance his parliamentary reputation . |
266 | factory act | 2 | ACT | it was presented to mary mundella at a ceremony in manchester in august 1884 , ten years after the factory act had passed . |
267 | career | 2 | NUMBER | manufacturing career |
268 | vehement opposition | 2 | STATE | mundella met vehement opposition from the railway companies and their shareholders , who were fearful that there would be a fall in their profits of up to 50 per cent and a destruction of the value of railway property . |
269 | stock | 2 | RESULT | in the middle of march mundella 's stock rose higher when his board of arbitration was commended in the newly published report of the royal commission on trade unions . |
270 | respect | 2 | EVENT | with his evident confidence , the respect in which he was held as a pioneer of industrial arbitration and as an expert on social matters , combined with the early perception that he was a hard worker , he immediately found himself to be one of the most highly regarded mps of the new intake . |
271 | february | 2 | PERIOD | the right honourable a. j. mundella mundella , c. 1885 president of the board of trade in office 17 february 1886 - 20 july 1886 monarch queen victoria prime minister william ewart gladstone preceded by hon . |
272 | love | 2 | PERSON | outside school , his mother , with her wide knowledge of english literature , particularly shakespeare , instilled in his mind a love of the beautiful in nature , in literature , and in art . |
273 | schooling | 2 | PERSON | mundella 's main concerns on joining the house were trade union reform and the need for free , compulsory schooling and for technical training . |
274 | lord rosebery | 2 | PERSON | mundella tendered his resignation to lord rosebery , by then prime minister , who requested him to withdraw it . |
275 | development | 2 | UNKNOWN | mundella 's responsibilities also included the further development of the south kensington museum ( later the victoria and albert museum ) , which as a lover of art he found to be an enjoyable part of his labours . |
276 | william ewart gladstone | 2 | PERSON | the right honourable a. j. mundella mundella , c. 1885 president of the board of trade in office 17 february 1886 - 20 july 1886 monarch queen victoria prime minister william ewart gladstone preceded by hon . |
277 | city | 2 | PLACE | harris was a prominent liberal and chartist in the city . |
278 | textile | 2 | MATERIAL | a london warehouse at the centre of the textile trade in wood street was acquired . |
279 | achievements | 2 | ACT | his political achievements in the late victorian age are said to have anticipated 20th century society . |
280 | dignity | 2 | DIGNITY | mundella comported himself with the dignity that commanded the respect of the house . |
281 | end | 2 | UNKNOWN | an improvement in the way merchant seamen were paid their wages at the end of a voyage ensured they did not have to linger for long periods in the seaports rather than returning home , thereby reducing prostitution in the ports . |
282 | st margaret | 2 | PERSON | the first was at st margaret 's , westminster on 26 july . |
283 | price | 2 | PERSON | he proposed that the workers should have the wages they demanded and also that a board of arbitration ( the nottingham board of arbitration and conciliation for the hosiery trade ) composed of both employers and workers should be established to prevent further strikes by fixing the price for handwork and preventing disputes by constant conference between both sides . |
284 | energy | 2 | ENERGY | mundella devoted his energy to reinventing the mechanics of a hosiery industry which for the most part relied on old-style mechanical stocking frames operated by perennially poor framework-knitters in their own homes . |
285 | manufacturer | 2 | PERSON | london nationality british political party liberal spouse mary smith anthony john mundella pc ( 28 march 1825 - 21 july 1897 ) was an english manufacturer and later a liberal party mp and cabinet minister who sat in the house of commons of the united kingdom from 1868 to 1897 . |
286 | head | 2 | HEAD | the coffin was draped in a pall of venetian brocade , with a marble statuette of the madonna and child and a photograph of mundella 's late wife placed at its head . |
287 | fires | 2 | FIRE | mundella was the first to prove that the principle worked in an industry of much complexity with the aim of , rather than fighting fires , preventing fires starting in the first place . |
288 | coïdé | 2 | UNKNOWN | anthony john mundella by coïdé ( james jacques tissot ) . |
289 | art | 2 | ARTWORK | outside school , his mother , with her wide knowledge of english literature , particularly shakespeare , instilled in his mind a love of the beautiful in nature , in literature , and in art . |
290 | absence | 2 | ABSENCE | in his absence the firm of hine & mundella was converted into a limited liability company , the nottingham hosiery manufacturing company . |
291 | images | 2 | IMAGE | a copy of it is owned by the national portrait gallery in london . * newspaper cartoons : by various artists . 16 images , all including lampooning representations of mundella , and all relating to the parliamentary elections in sheffield in 1868 . |
292 | strikes | 2 | AMOUNT | in 1860 , a series of strikes and lock-outs hit nottingham 's hosiery business . |
293 | laws | 2 | ACT | he also brought in the first laws to prevent cruelty to children . |
294 | shareholders | 2 | PERSON | mundella met vehement opposition from the railway companies and their shareholders , who were fearful that there would be a fall in their profits of up to 50 per cent and a destruction of the value of railway property . |
295 | nottingham school board | 2 | PERSON | this portrait was presented to mundella 's daughter , maria theresa , who in 1898 donated it to the nottingham school board for display in the new mundella grammar school . |
296 | colleagues | 2 | PERSON | men crowded round me all night to shake hands with me , and all my colleagues said i had done it so admirably and with so much dignity " |
297 | opposition frontbencher | 2 | UNKNOWN | opposition frontbencher |
298 | statesman | 2 | PERSON | mundella was highly respected during his long period in victorian liberal politics , achieving elevation to the cabinet and attaining the distinction of becoming known as a statesman . |
299 | a.j.mundella | 2 | UNKNOWN | british politician this article is about the industrialist , liberal mp and cabinet minister , a.j.mundella . |
300 | westminster | 2 | PLACE | the first was at st margaret 's , westminster on 26 july . |
301 | training | 2 | PROCESS | aside from local political action , mundella 's business experience showed him that progress in industry depended on reciprocal understanding between workers and employers , and that progress generally required significant improvements in the nation 's education system , including technical training . |
302 | st mary | 2 | PERSON | a second funeral service was held in nottingham at st mary 's church on 27 july . |
303 | london warehouse | 1 | PLACE | a london warehouse at the centre of the textile trade in wood street was acquired . |
304 | frederick stanley | 1 | PERSON | frederick stanley |
305 | marble statuette | 1 | PERSON | the coffin was draped in a pall of venetian brocade , with a marble statuette of the madonna and child and a photograph of mundella 's late wife placed at its head . |
306 | vice presidency | 1 | PERSON |  |
307 | reason | 1 | RELATION | it has been suggested that one reason was the absence of an early biography . |
308 | invention | 1 | VALUE | not by his own invention , but by encouraging inventors within the company ( many of them loom operators ) and sharing patents with them , mundella was able to develop plentiful new hosiery-making machinery , a lot of it steam-driven , including a technological revolution : a machine which for the first time enabled a stocking to be made and fully fashioned automatically without stopping the action . |
309 | promoting religious education | 1 | PROCESS |  |
310 | form | 1 | FORM | mundella was not technically minded , though his experience at harris 's with mechanical experimentation helped to form his abiding interest and fascination in new steam-powered hosiery-making machinery . |
311 | albert museum | 1 | PLACE | mundella 's responsibilities also included the further development of the south kensington museum ( later the victoria and albert museum ) , which as a lover of art he found to be an enjoyable part of his labours . |
312 | march leicester | 1 | PERSON |  |
313 | volunteers | 1 | PERSON | he attacked the war office for its antiquated system for issuing army contracts , and advocated short army and navy service , more volunteers and better organisation . |
314 | serener heights | 1 | QUALITY | that it was undeserved , had swooped down , and blighted temporarily an honourable career when it seemed to have reached its serener heights , made the calamity none the less hard to bear . |
315 | duties | 1 | ATTITUDE | in 1890 mundella became chairman of the trade and treaties committee , responsible for keeping the board of trade informed on expiring treaties and new tariffs and duties . |
316 | property | 1 | PROPERTY | mundella was also praised - this time by the trade union leadership - for his opposition backbench role in amending and enabling the passing of , firstly , the employers and workmen act 1875 which replaced the repressive master and servant acts , and , secondly , the passing of the conspiracy , and protection of property |
317 | catechism | 1 | COLLECTION | though he rebelled against the catechism and disliked the creed , describing them in later life as " my especial abomination " , mundella remained loyal to his early education in anglicanism for the rest of his life . |
318 | irish parliamentary party | 1 | PERSON | he was elected with a healthy majority , but nationally the general election was a stalemate , and the conservatives took office with the help of charles stewart parnell and his irish parliamentary party , which held the balance of power . |
319 | insurers | 1 | PERSON | there was a setback in 1859 when hine & mundella 's factory was damaged by fire , but it was soon rebuilt and returned to operation with the advantage of newer and more powerful machines , in large part paid for by the company 's insurers . |
320 | three quarter length | 1 | LENGTH |  |
321 | dress | 1 | SET | though mundella was not jewish ( his mother being a protestant and his father a catholic ) , throughout his political life his looks , his foreign-sounding name , and his artistic individualism in dress encouraged opponents and hostile cartoonists and journalists to indulge in anti-semitic insults . |
322 | acknowledgement | 1 | UNKNOWN | " presented to mrs . mundella by 80,000 factory workers , chiefly women and children , in grateful acknowledgement of her husband 's services " . |
323 | north sea | 1 | PLACE | the north sea fisheries |
324 | operation | 1 | ACT | there was a setback in 1859 when hine & mundella 's factory was damaged by fire , but it was soon rebuilt and returned to operation with the advantage of newer and more powerful machines , in large part paid for by the company 's insurers . |
325 | middle | 1 | PLACE | in the middle of march mundella 's stock rose higher when his board of arbitration was commended in the newly published report of the royal commission on trade unions . |
326 | mary | 1 | PERSON | london nationality british political party liberal spouse mary smith anthony john mundella pc ( 28 march 1825 - 21 july 1897 ) was an english manufacturer and later a liberal party mp and cabinet minister who sat in the house of commons of the united kingdom from 1868 to 1897 . |
327 | new zealand company | 1 | INSTITUTION | the crash of the new zealand company which had been the cause of his resignation left him in financial difficulties , but on the recommendation of lord rosebery he was awarded an annual civil list pension of £1,200 ( equivalent to £172,593 in 2023 ) which enabled him to continue to live in elvaston place . |
328 | railway employees | 1 | PERSON | he also enabled the railway servants ( hours of labour ) act , which allowed railway employees to reduce their working hours . |
329 | century | 1 | PERIOD | his political achievements in the late victorian age are said to have anticipated 20th century society . |
330 | printer | 1 | PERSON | at nine , he started work in a printing office as a printer 's devil , an opportunity used by him to extend his education . |
331 | shades | 1 | PERSON | many people , including queen victoria ( who telegraphed a number of times for news ) and leading politicians of all shades of opinion , expressed concern . |
332 | researches | 1 | UNKNOWN | referring to mundella 's researches into schooling in continental europe , the times stated that " compulsory education might do for the saxons , but would never be endured by the anglo-saxons " . |
333 | employees | 1 | PERSON | the inadequate wages of home framework-knitters compared to those of the factory operatives led to demands for higher pay ( although mundella 's employees were not involved ) . |
334 | victoria | 1 | PERSON | the right honourable a. j. mundella mundella , c. 1885 president of the board of trade in office 17 february 1886 - 20 july 1886 monarch queen victoria prime minister william ewart gladstone preceded by hon . |
335 | directorships | 1 | UNKNOWN | under newly established rules , on becoming president of the board of trade in 1892 he relinquished all his directorships and thereafter had no control over the company 's activities . |
336 | looks | 1 | UNKNOWN | italian ancestry ; though he was not jewish he was lampooned by antisemitic cartoonists because of his looks ; his morality in business was questioned . |
337 | partnership | 1 | PERIOD | in 1848 mundella was offered a partnership by old-established hosiery manufacturers , hine & co of nottingham , who needed help to construct and open a large new factory . |
338 | anglers | 1 | FISH | known officially as the freshwater fisheries act and colloquially amongst anglers as the mundella act , it became law in 1878 . |
339 | summer | 1 | PERSON | he continued his campaign for fewer hours for women and children with the introduction of a nine-hours factory bill in 1872 but it made slow progress and in the summer of 1873 , due to opposition from manufacturers , it was withdrawn . |
340 | understanding | 1 | EVENT | aside from local political action , mundella 's business experience showed him that progress in industry depended on reciprocal understanding between workers and employers , and that progress generally required significant improvements in the nation 's education system , including technical training . |
341 | meetings | 1 | ACTIVITY | he became adept at writing political ballads and while still fifteen heard his compositions sung on the streets and at political meetings . |
342 | inventions | 1 | VALUE | mundella had long maintained that the best machines in the hosiery trade were " principally the inventions of working men " . |
343 | uk houses | 1 | UNKNOWN | reproductions were available for sale and there are consequently many copies in private hands and in public collections , including those of the uk houses of parliament , the national portrait gallery , london , and the university of sheffield library . |
344 | education schools | 1 | UNKNOWN | while in england and wales , endowments for higher education schools were being surveyed and where necessary reformed , no such action was taking place in scotland . |
345 | entry | 1 | INSTANCE | the oxford dictionary of national biography completely rewrote his entry in 2004 . |
346 | ayes | 1 | PERSON | it is entitled " on the terrace , a political spectacle : - the ayes have it - the noes have it " and it is a group cartoon portrait with mundella in the right foreground . |
347 | parliamentary divisions | 1 | PERSON | in the general election of october 1885 , mundella stood for the new constituency of brightside , one of sheffield 's five parliamentary divisions . |
348 | proceedings | 1 | ACTION | though mundella was no longer a director and was innocent of any fault , a conflict of interest existed because the final decision on what further proceedings should follow a public investigation in court ( in which mundella gave evidence ) would have to be made by mundella himself as president of the board of trade . |
349 | binding | 1 | ACTION | act ( commonly known as mundella 's act ) which made voluntary agreements between managers and workers mutually binding . |
350 | noes | 1 | UNKNOWN | it is entitled " on the terrace , a political spectacle : - the ayes have it - the noes have it " and it is a group cartoon portrait with mundella in the right foreground . |
351 | teacher training | 1 | PROCESS | he also arranged beneficial change in teacher training . |
352 | sir john benjamin stone | 1 | PERSON | * photograph , platinum print : by sir john benjamin stone ( 1838-1914 ) . |
353 | sheffield university library | 1 | PLACE | they are held by sheffield university library . |
354 | husband | 1 | PERSON | " presented to mrs . mundella by 80,000 factory workers , chiefly women and children , in grateful acknowledgement of her husband 's services " . |
355 | government departments | 1 | SITUATION | he expanded the board to include a fisheries department , previously the realm of three different government departments , to look after both sea and inland fisheries . |
356 | perception | 1 | ORGANISATION | with his evident confidence , the respect in which he was held as a pioneer of industrial arbitration and as an expert on social matters , combined with the early perception that he was a hard worker , he immediately found himself to be one of the most highly regarded mps of the new intake . |
357 | congregants | 1 | PERSON | the church was full and later congregants were forced to assemble outside . |
358 | process | 1 | PROCESS | in may 1885 mundella was able to begin the process of introducing a measure to promote intermediate education in wales , but on 9 june 1885 gladstone resigned and as a result mundella was forced to leave the vice-presidency . |
359 | sake | 1 | PERSON | " loving knowledge for its own sake , he strove to diffuse it among his countrymen . |
360 | garrison towns | 1 | PERSON | acts of the 1860s which in ports and garrison towns subjected female prostitutes , and those suspected of being such , to arrest , inspection , and ( if they were found to be infected ) incarceration for up to one year , while no provision was made for the examination of their male customers . |
361 | thousands | 1 | UNKNOWN | he denounced the obsolete game laws , whose punishments for poaching jailed many thousands of men . |
362 | portrait photograph | 1 | PICTURE | a late portrait photograph of mundella , seen standing at an entrance to the houses of parliament and dated may 1897 ( two months before his death ) . |
363 | factory bill | 1 | PERSON | he continued his campaign for fewer hours for women and children with the introduction of a nine-hours factory bill in 1872 but it made slow progress and in the summer of 1873 , due to opposition from manufacturers , it was withdrawn . |
364 | leaders | 1 | PERSON | the leaders of his audience were so inspired by his speech that they assured him of their support if he were to stand for the liberal party in the sheffield constituency in the forthcoming general election . |
365 | john benjamin stone | 1 | PERSON | mundella at the house of commons by john benjamin stone , 1897 mundella wrote to his sister theresa : " i was received with loud cheering when i entered the house , when i rose to address it , and the loudest from all sides when i sat down . |
366 | remedy | 1 | RESOURCE | the essence was that prevention of strife was better than subsequent remedy . |
367 | prince | 1 | PERSON | queen victoria sent a wreath , and she and the prince of wales were represented amongst a very large number of male and female mourners . |
368 | anthony john | 1 | PERSON | for his nephew anthony mundella , see anthony john mundella ( journalist and educationalist ) . |
369 | businesses | 1 | EVENT | there mundella again faced the railway companies and their shareholders , as the agricultural lobby and businesses were still anxious to see reduced freight charges . |
370 | crowds | 1 | EVENT | crowds then lined the route from st mary 's to the church cemetery , where further mourners crowded onto the hillside overlooking the grave . |
371 | teacher | 1 | PERSON | mundella had always been a regular sunday school scholar and as he grew older he became a teacher , then secretary , and ultimately superintendent of a large , poor sunday school in sanvey gate in leicester . |
372 | funeral service | 1 | INSTITUTION | a second funeral service was held in nottingham at st mary 's church on 27 july . |
373 | desirability | 1 | STATE | at the same time , his business experience , arising from his working past , confirmed his belief in the desirability , indeed necessity , of trade unions . |
374 | masters | 1 | PERSON | mundella 's long-established interest in arbitration resulted in 1872 in his arbitration ( masters and workmen ) |
375 | loyal | 1 | PERSON | though he rebelled against the catechism and disliked the creed , describing them in later life as " my especial abomination " , mundella remained loyal to his early education in anglicanism for the rest of his life . |
376 | butler | 1 | PERSON | on 14 july 1897 his butler found him " prostrated and unconscious " on his bedroom floor . |
377 | hamel | 1 | PERSON | at the age of eighteen mundella left kempson 's to become a journeyman , then an overseer ( in which post he earned £200 a year and a commission on profits ) and ultimately manager of a large warehouse set up by another hosiery manufacturing business in leicester , harris & hamel . |
378 | baron battersea | 1 | UNKNOWN | * photograph , albumen print : by cyril flower , 1st baron battersea ( 1843-1907 ) . |
379 | relaxation | 1 | ACT | when travelling in continental europe on business and on personal relaxation , mundella saw how superior the education systems of other countries were , particularly in switzerland and the german states , and was dismayed at the comparative shortcomings of the english system . |
380 | backbenches | 1 | POSITION | in the general election of 1874 , the liberal party was defeated , but mundella continued his parliamentary campaigns from the opposition backbenches and reintroduced his nine-hours bill . |
381 | strike | 1 | AMOUNT | mundella encouraged conciliation and as a result the coal strike was settled . |
382 | trade unionism | 1 | SET | trade unionism had no greater friend than mundella . |
383 | boys | 1 | PERSON | as a result , the employment of girls under sixteen and boys under ten in brick and tile yards was prohibited . |
384 | activities | 1 | ACTIVITY | under newly established rules , on becoming president of the board of trade in 1892 he relinquished all his directorships and thereafter had no control over the company 's activities . |
385 | kind | 1 | DOCUMENT PART | from his father , and the exiled italians who occasionally visited the family home , mundella acquired at an early age what was described as " a kind of strange unconventional political education " . |
386 | registration | 1 | INFORMATION | though the bill did not proceed , his efforts did secure a temporary government bill which gave protection to trade union funds and two years later led to the trade union act 1871 which legalised trade unions and protected their funds by legal registration . |
387 | worker | 1 | PERSON | with his evident confidence , the respect in which he was held as a pioneer of industrial arbitration and as an expert on social matters , combined with the early perception that he was a hard worker , he immediately found himself to be one of the most highly regarded mps of the new intake . |
388 | entrance | 1 | STATUS | a late portrait photograph of mundella , seen standing at an entrance to the houses of parliament and dated may 1897 ( two months before his death ) . |
389 | inland fisheries | 1 | PERSON | he expanded the board to include a fisheries department , previously the realm of three different government departments , to look after both sea and inland fisheries . |
390 | deaths | 1 | EVENT | concerned by the annual returns of railway accidents and deaths furnished by the board of trade , mundella appointed two railway men to inquire into the accidents and their causes , and to find means to increase safety . |
391 | state education system | 1 | SYSTEM | as education minister he established universal compulsory education in britain and played the major part in building the state education system . |
392 | children act | 1 | ACT | the ensuing prevention of cruelty to , and protection of , children act 1889 ( commonly known as the children 's charter ) was the first act of parliament to outlaw cruelty to children . |
393 | prosper | 1 | PERSON | hine and mundella continued to prosper . |
394 | national education association | 1 | INSTITUTION | mundella also presided over the new national education association formed to promote a " free progressive system of national education , publicly controlled and free from sectarian interest " by publicising and advancing the school board system and undermining denominational and private schools . |
395 | overseer | 1 | PERSON | at the age of eighteen mundella left kempson 's to become a journeyman , then an overseer ( in which post he earned £200 a year and a commission on profits ) and ultimately manager of a large warehouse set up by another hosiery manufacturing business in leicester , harris & hamel . |
396 | lot | 1 | UNKNOWN | not by his own invention , but by encouraging inventors within the company ( many of them loom operators ) and sharing patents with them , mundella was able to develop plentiful new hosiery-making machinery , a lot of it steam-driven , including a technological revolution : a machine which for the first time enabled a stocking to be made and fully fashioned automatically without stopping the action . |
397 | kensington | 1 | PERSON | as his first move in higher education , mundella formed a single institution of the scientific schools at south kensington in london , establishing the normal school of science and royal school of mines in october 1881 . |
398 | rich | 1 | PERSON | while he had made money in business , mundella had never been particularly rich . |
399 | refugee | 1 | PERSON | he was the first of five children of antonio mondelli ( later known as anthony mundella ) , a refugee from lombardy of uncertain background , and his wife rebecca allsopp of leicester . |
400 | division | 1 | PERSON | in a division on the irish matter , gladstone 's government fell , and with it mundella 's attempted reform of the railways . |
401 | venture | 1 | PERSON | it was a successful venture and mundella 's pecuniary interest prospered . |
402 | mps | 1 | UNKNOWN | with his evident confidence , the respect in which he was held as a pioneer of industrial arbitration and as an expert on social matters , combined with the early perception that he was a hard worker , he immediately found himself to be one of the most highly regarded mps of the new intake . |
403 | nottingham grammar school | 1 | INSTITUTION | it was then taken into the care of a group of former students of nottingham grammar school , who in 2009 had it cleaned and loaned it to the bromley house library , nottingham where it is now displayed . * caricature , chromolithograph : by coïdé , the pseudonym of james tissot ( 1836-1902 ) . |
404 | richard cobden | 1 | PERSON | he was further politically inspired by the arrival in leicester of richard cobden on his nationwide campaign for the repeal of the corn laws , and was always active in advocating the causes of the working classes . |
405 | shortcomings | 1 | DEFICIENCY | when travelling in continental europe on business and on personal relaxation , mundella saw how superior the education systems of other countries were , particularly in switzerland and the german states , and was dismayed at the comparative shortcomings of the english system . |
406 | shakespeare | 1 | PERSON | outside school , his mother , with her wide knowledge of english literature , particularly shakespeare , instilled in his mind a love of the beautiful in nature , in literature , and in art . |
407 | circumstances | 1 | CONDITION | because of the family 's then abject financial circumstances , when rebecca mundella 's eyesight worsened and she could no longer work at lacemaking the boy had to be withdrawn from school so that he could earn money to help the family . |
408 | education reform | 1 | AMOUNT | the liberals returned to power in 1880 with a large majority and gladstone , recognising the younger man 's expertise in the field of education reform , appointed him vice-president of the committee of the council on education ( in other words , secretary of state for education ) . |
409 | pall | 1 | PERSON | the coffin was draped in a pall of venetian brocade , with a marble statuette of the madonna and child and a photograph of mundella 's late wife placed at its head . |
410 | manufacturers | 1 | PERSON | in 1848 mundella was offered a partnership by old-established hosiery manufacturers , hine & co of nottingham , who needed help to construct and open a large new factory . |
411 | wealth | 1 | COLLECTION | he was one of the first industrialists in the midlands to realise that steam power was something far more than a means to great wealth . |
412 | dec | 1 | PERSON | the painting was exhibited at the royal academy of arts in london in the spring of 1894 and presented to mundella on 11 dec 1894 before being given to sheffield town council . |
413 | provision | 1 | UNKNOWN | acts of the 1860s which in ports and garrison towns subjected female prostitutes , and those suspected of being such , to arrest , inspection , and ( if they were found to be infected ) incarceration for up to one year , while no provision was made for the examination of their male customers . |
414 | nottingham chamber | 1 | PERSON | in 1856 he was elected a town councillor and helped to set up the nottingham chamber of commerce . |
415 | effect | 1 | EFFECT | mundella had little time at the board of trade to effect major legislative improvements but he was able to introduce a number of administrative changes . |
416 | lady charnwood | 1 | PERSON | her collected mundella papers then passed to his granddaughter , dorothea benson , lady charnwood , who presented them to the university of sheffield library in the 1930s . |
417 | by laws | 1 | ACT |  |
418 | face | 1 | HEAD | " his face wears a somewhat sad and serious expression , and the artist has given him the full measure of his years " . |
419 | court | 1 | EVENT | though mundella was no longer a director and was innocent of any fault , a conflict of interest existed because the final decision on what further proceedings should follow a public investigation in court ( in which mundella gave evidence ) would have to be made by mundella himself as president of the board of trade . |
420 | corn laws | 1 | PERSON | he was further politically inspired by the arrival in leicester of richard cobden on his nationwide campaign for the repeal of the corn laws , and was always active in advocating the causes of the working classes . |
421 | nose | 1 | ABSTRACT ENTITY | mundella had a striking presence , being tall and thin and bent at the shoulders with a dark complexion , a prominent hooked nose and a flowing beard . |
422 | royal | 1 | PERSON | outbreaks of violence , including explosions and murders , in the sheffield steel industry led to the 1867 royal commission on trade unions . |
423 | town councillor | 1 | PERSON | in 1856 he was elected a town councillor and helped to set up the nottingham chamber of commerce . |
424 | child | 1 | PERSON | the coffin was draped in a pall of venetian brocade , with a marble statuette of the madonna and child and a photograph of mundella 's late wife placed at its head . |
425 | seaports | 1 | ESTATE | an improvement in the way merchant seamen were paid their wages at the end of a voyage ensured they did not have to linger for long periods in the seaports rather than returning home , thereby reducing prostitution in the ports . |
426 | intercourse | 1 | EVENT | he also pressed for the legal age of sexual intercourse to be raised to 16 , since over 25 per cent of those with sexually transmitted infections were under that age . |
427 | reform act | 1 | ACT | but benefitting from the reform act 1867 , which had enfranchised a large number of male householders for the first time , mundella prevailed in sheffield . |
428 | loyalty | 1 | STATE | improved conditions , mundella observed , brought enhanced loyalty . |
429 | report | 1 | PERSON | in the middle of march mundella 's stock rose higher when his board of arbitration was commended in the newly published report of the royal commission on trade unions . |
430 | activity | 1 | ACTIVITY | he was far too confident and masterful for a quiet life , and in an age of overflowing political activity his mind and methods appeared to stand for the whole menace of radical change . " |
431 | nieces | 1 | ANIMAL | one of his nieces recalled that he and his family flourished at a time when all things |
432 | fisheries department | 1 | SITUATION | he expanded the board to include a fisheries department , previously the realm of three different government departments , to look after both sea and inland fisheries . |
433 | complexion | 1 | ACT | mundella had a striking presence , being tall and thin and bent at the shoulders with a dark complexion , a prominent hooked nose and a flowing beard . |
434 | workshop act | 1 | ACT | his move was welcomed so readily that it was incorporated into the government 's factory and workshop act of 1871 . |
435 | clauses | 1 | SET | in the same year he aided the passage of the coal mines regulation act , paying particular attention to the clauses restricting the working hours of women and children . |
436 | installation | 1 | ABSTRACT ENTITY | a request in the mid-1980s for the installation of a commemorative blue plaque at mundella 's london home of 16 elvaston place was refused by english heritage . |
437 | boston | 1 | PLACE | the firm continued to expand , developing further interests in saxony , and boston in the united states . |
438 | arthur stockdale cope | 1 | PERSON | mundella by arthur stockdale cope , 1894 |
439 | houses | 1 | UNKNOWN | reproductions were available for sale and there are consequently many copies in private hands and in public collections , including those of the uk houses of parliament , the national portrait gallery , london , and the university of sheffield library . |
440 | copies | 1 | PERSON | reproductions were available for sale and there are consequently many copies in private hands and in public collections , including those of the uk houses of parliament , the national portrait gallery , london , and the university of sheffield library . |
441 | gas jets | 1 | PLACE | it had wide and spacious workrooms , was lit entirely by daylight and gas jets , and had the finest machinery . |
442 | labour movement | 1 | HUMAN GROUP | harry armytage 's a.j.mundella 1825-1897 - the liberal background to the labour movement was published in 1951 . |
443 | rebecca mundella | 1 | PERSON | because of the family 's then abject financial circumstances , when rebecca mundella 's eyesight worsened and she could no longer work at lacemaking the boy had to be withdrawn from school so that he could earn money to help the family . |
444 | forms | 1 | FORM | he had always taken an interest in higher and technical education , as well as in art schools and other forms of art culture , and they had invariably secured his sympathy and aid . |
445 | voters | 1 | PERSON | in 1877 mundella sponsored a bill to abolish the property qualification for standing for local office , pointing out that 80 to 90 per cent of the voters in his constituency were disqualified from being councillors and yet were the first to be pressured by rises in rates . |
446 | association | 1 | INSTITUTION | with others , he was instrumental in inaugurating the national association for the promotion of technical education . |
447 | order | 1 | GARMENT | this department published a regular labour gazette to ensure that information about labour was popularised in order to reach the working classes . |
448 | reductions | 1 | AMOUNT | as a means to secure a just and equitable re-assessment of the charges throughout britain , mundella introduced his railway and canal traffic bill , which would hand control over the railways to the board of trade , including the power to enforce reductions in charges . |
449 | sheffield galleries | 1 | PERSON | it is on loan to sheffield galleries and museums trust . |
450 | daylight | 1 | AMOUNT | it had wide and spacious workrooms , was lit entirely by daylight and gas jets , and had the finest machinery . |
451 | italians | 1 | UNKNOWN | from his father , and the exiled italians who occasionally visited the family home , mundella acquired at an early age what was described as " a kind of strange unconventional political education " . |
452 | revolution | 1 | AMOUNT | not by his own invention , but by encouraging inventors within the company ( many of them loom operators ) and sharing patents with them , mundella was able to develop plentiful new hosiery-making machinery , a lot of it steam-driven , including a technological revolution : a machine which for the first time enabled a stocking to be made and fully fashioned automatically without stopping the action . |
453 | presidency | 1 | PERSON | in may 1885 mundella was able to begin the process of introducing a measure to promote intermediate education in wales , but on 9 june 1885 gladstone resigned and as a result mundella was forced to leave the vice presidency . |
454 | examining | 1 | ACT | mundella improved the inspection of schools , including employing some women inspectors , and insisting that the health and mental capacity of children should be taken into consideration when examining their learning progress . |
455 | aid | 1 | UNKNOWN | he had always taken an interest in higher and technical education , as well as in art schools and other forms of art culture , and they had invariably secured his sympathy and aid . |
456 | great meeting unitarian chapel | 1 | PERSON | mundella was christened on 15 august 1826 at the great meeting unitarian chapel in leicester . |
457 | liberal mp | 1 | PERSON | british politician this article is about the industrialist , liberal mp and cabinet minister , a.j.mundella . |
458 | conservatives win | 1 | PERSON | the general election of july 1895 saw the conservatives win with an overall majority of 152 and the liberal party were back in opposition . |
459 | uk parliament | 1 | HUMAN GROUP | a copy is held by the national portrait gallery and another , with greater clarity of detail , by the uk parliament 's digital archive . * |
460 | sphere | 1 | FORM | his elevation in political life brought him from his labouring class roots into the sphere of the rich , the aristocratic , and the royal . |
461 | volumes | 1 | AMOUNT | mundella is regularly mentioned in volumes recording the victorian hosiery business , the history of education , and early labour relations . |
462 | demands | 1 | REQUEST | the inadequate wages of home framework-knitters compared to those of the factory operatives led to demands for higher pay ( although mundella 's employees were not involved ) . |
463 | mass | 1 | QUANTITY | he believed that it could be " so applied and developed as to lift the mass of workers out of serfdom " . |
464 | parts | 1 | PART | it was hailed as a success and was adopted not only in other parts of the country , but also in continental europe and in the united states . |
465 | ceremony | 1 | ACTION | it was presented to mary mundella at a ceremony in manchester in august 1884 , ten years after the factory act had passed . |
466 | museums trust | 1 | TRUST | it is on loan to sheffield galleries and museums trust . |
467 | technical education | 1 | PROCESS | a j mundella c. 1885 mundella then set in motion the reorganisation of technical education . |
468 | liquor | 1 | PLANT | act ratified the convention between the countries bordering the north sea fishing areas to deal with floating alcohol " shops " which supplied fishermen with liquor . |
469 | fellow | 1 | EVENT | mundella was a fellow of the royal society , an honour awarded in 1882 that he described as " the most agreeable and distinguished that could fall upon me " , in 1884 he became president of the sunday school union , a position he deeply valued . |
470 | stocking frame | 1 | MACHINE |  |
471 | right | 1 | UNKNOWN | the right honourable a. j. mundella mundella , c. 1885 president of the board of trade in office 17 february 1886 - 20 july 1886 monarch queen victoria prime minister william ewart gladstone preceded by hon . |
472 | england school | 1 | INSTITUTION | though from a catholic and nonconformist background , he attended the church of england school of st nicholas in leicester , an establishment maintained by the national society for promoting religious |
473 | learning progress | 1 | EVENT | mundella improved the inspection of schools , including employing some women inspectors , and insisting that the health and mental capacity of children should be taken into consideration when examining their learning progress . |
474 | grave | 1 | RESULT | crowds then lined the route from st mary 's to the church cemetery , where further mourners crowded onto the hillside overlooking the grave . |
475 | government backbencher | 1 | UNKNOWN | government backbencher |
476 | prostitution | 1 | EVENT | an improvement in the way merchant seamen were paid their wages at the end of a voyage ensured they did not have to linger for long periods in the seaports rather than returning home , thereby reducing prostitution in the ports . |
477 | safety | 1 | EVENT | they were further angered by mundella 's introduction of a railway regulation bill which sought to impose better braking and other safety devices . |
478 | reorganisation | 1 | UNKNOWN | a j mundella c. 1885 mundella then set in motion the reorganisation of technical education . |
479 | theses | 1 | UNKNOWN | academic theses have examined his political reputation . |
480 | labour relations | 1 | RELATION | mundella is regularly mentioned in volumes recording the victorian hosiery business , the history of education , and early labour relations . |
481 | partner | 1 | WOOD | he became a partner in the company , which soon became known as hine & mundella . |
482 | broadcast | 1 | BROADCAST | he made good use of ms mundella 's copious research in his book , and before its publication in academic papers and a radio broadcast . |
483 | fault | 1 | QUANTITY | though mundella was no longer a director and was innocent of any fault , a conflict of interest existed because the final decision on what further proceedings should follow a public investigation in court ( in which mundella gave evidence ) would have to be made by mundella himself as president of the board of trade . |
484 | opposition backbencher | 1 | UNKNOWN | opposition backbencher |
485 | insults | 1 | SPEECH | though mundella was not jewish ( his mother being a protestant and his father a catholic ) , throughout his political life his looks , his foreign-sounding name , and his artistic individualism in dress encouraged opponents and hostile cartoonists and journalists to indulge in anti-semitic insults . |
486 | national society | 1 | INSTITUTION | though from a catholic and nonconformist background , he attended the church of england school of st nicholas in leicester , an establishment maintained by the national society for promoting religious |
487 | character | 1 | ACT | in character he was described as warm , impulsive , enthusiastic , and optimistic , and ready to believe the best in anyone . |
488 | kibworth beauchamp | 1 | PERSON | personal life on 12 march 1844 , when aged eighteen , mundella married mary , the daughter of william smith , a warehouseman of kibworth beauchamp in leicestershire . |
489 | spy | 1 | RESOURCE | * caricature , chromolithograph : by spy , the pseudonym of leslie ward ( 1851-1922 ) . |
490 | successor schools | 1 | UNKNOWN | the school closed in 1985 and the portrait was passed to its successor schools , roland green comprehensive and the nottingham emmanuel school . |
491 | elections | 1 | POWER | a copy of it is owned by the national portrait gallery in london . * newspaper cartoons : by various artists . 16 images , all including lampooning representations of mundella , and all relating to the parliamentary elections in sheffield in 1868 . |
492 | university colleges | 1 | INSTITUTION | the committee reported in 1881 and urged the immediate expansion of the welsh intermediate schools and the establishment of university colleges in cardiff and bangor . |
493 | graveside | 1 | PLACE | a third service was conducted at the graveside . |
494 | organisations | 1 | ORGANISATION | to those organisations and people who maintained that compulsion was un-english mundella replied that it was " peculiarly english to be content to be in ignorance " . |
495 | textile trade | 1 | PERSON | a london warehouse at the centre of the textile trade in wood street was acquired . |
496 | photographer | 1 | PERSON | photograph , woodburytype carte de visite : by an unknown photographer . |
497 | result mundella | 1 | UNKNOWN | in may 1885 mundella was able to begin the process of introducing a measure to promote intermediate education in wales , but on 9 june 1885 gladstone resigned and as a result mundella was forced to leave the vice-presidency . |
498 | union reform | 1 | PLACE | mundella 's main concerns on joining the house were trade union reform and the need for free , compulsory schooling and for technical training . |
499 | birth | 1 | CONDITION | at the time of mundella 's birth , his father was a poorly paid trimmer in the hosiery trade . |
500 | cope | 1 | PERSON | mundella by arthur stockdale cope , 1894 |
501 | reform league | 1 | GROUP | in 1868 he was invited to address a joint meeting in sheffield of the organised trades and the local branch of the reform league . |
502 | journal illustrations | 1 | ACT | as a leading statesman with prominent looks , mundella can also be identified in many group portraits , photographs , and newspaper and journal illustrations of the late 1800s . |
503 | contest | 1 | UNKNOWN | the election in sheffield was a long and bitterly fought contest . |
504 | contagious diseases acts | 1 | ACT |  |
505 | royal school | 1 | INSTITUTION | as his first move in higher education , mundella formed a single institution of the scientific schools at south kensington in london , establishing the normal school of science and royal school of mines in october 1881 . |
506 | fishermen | 1 | PERSON | act ratified the convention between the countries bordering the north sea fishing areas to deal with floating alcohol " shops " which supplied fishermen with liquor . |
507 | textile factories | 1 | EVENT | act of 1875 established a ten-hour day for women and children in textile factories . |
508 | suspicion | 1 | ACT | after her initial suspicion , queen victoria learned to care deeply for him and invited him for weekends at windsor , osborne , and sandringham . |
509 | loughborough | 1 | PERSON | they opened factories in loughborough in leicestershire , england in 1859 and chemnitz , saxony in 1866 . |
510 | patents | 1 | ACT | not by his own invention , but by encouraging inventors within the company ( many of them loom operators ) and sharing patents with them , mundella was able to develop plentiful new hosiery-making machinery , a lot of it steam-driven , including a technological revolution : a machine which for the first time enabled a stocking to be made and fully fashioned automatically without stopping the action . |
511 | dissolution | 1 | PROCESS | his welsh legislation fell at the dissolution of parliament . |
512 | choice | 1 | EVENT | the artist was mundella 's own choice . |
513 | mundella code | 1 | EVENT | mundella 's educational code of 1882 , which became known as the " mundella code , " marked a new departure in the regulation of public elementary schools , their curricula and how they were taught , and the conditions under which government grants were made . |
514 | exchequer | 1 | AMOUNT | gladstone returned to the prime ministership barely three months later in january 1886 and after briefly considering mundella for the post of chancellor of the exchequer he instead elevated him to the cabinet as president of the board of trade . |
515 | mercantile agency company | 1 | INSTITUTION | in 1869 mundella had joined the board of the new zealand loan and mercantile agency company . |
516 | stroke | 1 | PERSON | he had suffered a stroke and remained paralysed with a complete loss of speech , and he was barely conscious for eight days . |
517 | hosiery making machinery | 1 | GROUP |  |
518 | charity commissioner | 1 | PERSON | at the same time , mundella was also appointed the fourth charity commissioner for england and wales . |
519 | charles stewart parnell | 1 | PERSON | he was elected with a healthy majority , but nationally the general election was a stalemate , and the conservatives took office with the help of charles stewart parnell and his irish parliamentary party , which held the balance of power . |
520 | disputation | 1 | ACTIVITY | there had long been disputation over the matter of railway freight charges , with the railway companies ' trade and agricultural customers implacably opposed to the high prices charged for the movement of goods . |
521 | methods | 1 | PROCESS | he was far too confident and masterful for a quiet life , and in an age of overflowing political activity his mind and methods appeared to stand for the whole menace of radical change . " |
522 | home rule | 1 | RULE | opposition to the railway and canal traffic bill rode on the back of the then widespread and equally vehement opposition in the house to irish home rule . |
523 | treaties | 1 | ARTIFACT | in 1890 mundella became chairman of the trade and treaties committee , responsible for keeping the board of trade informed on expiring treaties and new tariffs and duties . |
524 | attention | 1 | ELEMENT | in the same year he aided the passage of the coal mines regulation act , paying particular attention to the clauses restricting the working hours of women and children . |
525 | ms mundella | 1 | UNKNOWN | he made good use of ms mundella 's copious research in his book , and before its publication in academic papers and a radio broadcast . |
526 | raising | 1 | MONEY | at the board of trade he was instrumental in the reduction of working hours and the raising of minimum ages in the employment of children and young people . |
527 | stage | 1 | STAGE | it has been observed that " mundella made enemies at every stage . |
528 | necessity | 1 | EVENT | at the same time , his business experience , arising from his working past , confirmed his belief in the desirability , indeed necessity , of trade unions . |
529 | citizens | 1 | TERM | painted on commission for the citizens of sheffield to celebrate mundella 's 25th anniversary as an mp . |
530 | spectacle | 1 | EVENT | it is entitled " on the terrace , a political spectacle : - the ayes have it - the noes have it " and it is a group cartoon portrait with mundella in the right foreground . |
531 | brick | 1 | PERSON | as a result , the employment of girls under sixteen and boys under ten in brick and tile yards was prohibited . |
532 | daughters | 1 | PERSON | they had two daughters , eliza ellen and maria theresa . |
533 | trimmer | 1 | ACTION | at the time of mundella 's birth , his father was a poorly paid trimmer in the hosiery trade . |
534 | right honourable a. j. mundella mundella | 1 | UNKNOWN | the right honourable a. j. mundella mundella , c. 1885 president of the board of trade in office 17 february 1886 - 20 july 1886 monarch queen victoria prime minister william ewart gladstone preceded by hon . |
535 | eliza ellen | 1 | PERSON | they had two daughters , eliza ellen and maria theresa . |
536 | osborne | 1 | PERSON | after her initial suspicion , queen victoria learned to care deeply for him and invited him for weekends at windsor , osborne , and sandringham . |
537 | mundella likenesses | 1 | ACT | mundella likenesses * |
538 | education policy | 1 | RULE | he strongly opposed the education bills of 1896 and 1897 which he saw as destructive of his education policy , and he complained that the compulsory clauses of his education |
539 | incarceration | 1 | ACT | acts of the 1860s which in ports and garrison towns subjected female prostitutes , and those suspected of being such , to arrest , inspection , and ( if they were found to be infected ) incarceration for up to one year , while no provision was made for the examination of their male customers . |
540 | mary mundella | 1 | PERSON | it was presented to mary mundella at a ceremony in manchester in august 1884 , ten years after the factory act had passed . |
541 | illiteracy | 1 | PORTION | the result , he pointed out , was widespread illiteracy among those of school-leaving age . |
542 | saxons | 1 | UNKNOWN | referring to mundella 's researches into schooling in continental europe , the times stated that " compulsory education might do for the saxons , but would never be endured by the anglo saxons " . |
543 | group cartoon portrait | 1 | PERSON | it is entitled " on the terrace , a political spectacle : - the ayes have it - the noes have it " and it is a group cartoon portrait with mundella in the right foreground . |
544 | accusations | 1 | AMOUNT | there were accusations that the strictness of the code was harsh and was causing children to overwork . |
545 | roland green comprehensive | 1 | PERSON | the school closed in 1985 and the portrait was passed to its successor schools , roland green comprehensive and the nottingham emmanuel school . |
546 | opposition frontbench mundella | 1 | UNKNOWN | from the opposition frontbench mundella again campaigned for increased technical education among working people . |
547 | treatment | 1 | TREATMENT | and he attacked the inconsistent treatment of men and women in the contagious diseases |
548 | liberal | 1 | PERSON | british politician this article is about the industrialist , liberal mp and cabinet minister , a.j.mundella . |
549 | lace frame | 1 | PERSON | his mother made lace on a frame in their home and was regarded as adept at this work but , nonetheless , she too was poorly paid and after rent for housing and for the lace frame there was invariably little left to live on . |
550 | wife rebecca allsopp | 1 | PERSON | he was the first of five children of antonio mondelli ( later known as anthony mundella ) , a refugee from lombardy of uncertain background , and his wife rebecca allsopp of leicester . |
551 | nephew anthony mundella | 1 | PERSON | for his nephew anthony mundella , see anthony john mundella ( journalist and educationalist ) . |
552 | century society | 1 | INSTITUTION | his political achievements in the late victorian age are said to have anticipated 20th century society . |
553 | print | 1 | PERSON | * photograph , platinum print : by sir john benjamin stone ( 1838-1914 ) . |
554 | foreground | 1 | PERSON | it is entitled " on the terrace , a political spectacle : - the ayes have it - the noes have it " and it is a group cartoon portrait with mundella in the right foreground . |
555 | towns | 1 | PERSON | welsh towns to expound on the system of arbitration and to help settle a number of labour conflicts . |
556 | lombardy | 1 | PERSON | he was the first of five children of antonio mondelli ( later known as anthony mundella ) , a refugee from lombardy of uncertain background , and his wife rebecca allsopp of leicester . |
557 | education minister | 1 | HUMAN ROLE | as education minister he established universal compulsory education in britain and played the major part in building the state education system . |
558 | sheffield steel industry | 1 | INSTITUTION | outbreaks of violence , including explosions and murders , in the sheffield steel industry led to the 1867 royal commission on trade unions . |
559 | magazine punch | 1 | PERSON | the magazine punch wrote : |
560 | fruits | 1 | EVENT | the conservative government , harvesting the fruits of mundella 's three years ' hard work on his bill , introduced their own factory bill which was designed to achieve much the same aims . |
561 | welsh legislation | 1 | PERSON | his welsh legislation fell at the dissolution of parliament . |
562 | labour gazette | 1 | SPEECH ACT | this department published a regular labour gazette to ensure that information about labour was popularised in order to reach the working classes . |
563 | hosiery industry | 1 | INSTITUTION | mundella devoted his energy to reinventing the mechanics of a hosiery industry which for the most part relied on old-style mechanical stocking frames operated by perennially poor framework-knitters in their own homes . |
564 | william kempson | 1 | PERSON | at eleven he was apprenticed to william kempson , whose business made footwear , hosiery and haberdashery . |
565 | rules | 1 | RULE | under newly established rules , on becoming president of the board of trade in 1892 he relinquished all his directorships and thereafter had no control over the company 's activities . |
566 | knit | 1 | GARMENT | he pioneered many changes , including new machines which produced tubular knitting rather than the stocking-frame 's straight knit . |
567 | interjection | 1 | ARTIFACT | mundella 's final utterance in the house , after 3,280 vocal contributions over nearly thirty years as an mp , was a brief interjection in the debate on the second reading of the education ( scotland ) bill on 1 july 1897 . |
568 | devil | 1 | QUALITY | at nine , he started work in a printing office as a printer 's devil , an opportunity used by him to extend his education . |
569 | shops | 1 | UNKNOWN | act ratified the convention between the countries bordering the north sea fishing areas to deal with floating alcohol " shops " which supplied fishermen with liquor . |
570 | joint | 1 | RESOURCE | in 1868 he was invited to address a joint meeting in sheffield of the organised trades and the local branch of the reform league . |
571 | fear | 1 | EMOTION | from 1859 , at the time of increased fear of an invasion by france , he was one of the founding members of the local volunteer corps , the robin hood rifles , joining in may 1859 and being promoted to lieutenant in june and captain five months later . |
572 | advantage | 1 | CONDITION | there was a setback in 1859 when hine & mundella 's factory was damaged by fire , but it was soon rebuilt and returned to operation with the advantage of newer and more powerful machines , in large part paid for by the company 's insurers . |
573 | expansion | 1 | ACT | the committee reported in 1881 and urged the immediate expansion of the welsh intermediate schools and the establishment of university colleges in cardiff and bangor . |
574 | lancet | 1 | PLACE | to this the medical journal the lancet declared : " the educational system is not overworking children but demonstrating that they are underfed . |
575 | prices | 1 | UNKNOWN | there had long been disputation over the matter of railway freight charges , with the railway companies ' trade and agricultural customers implacably opposed to the high prices charged for the movement of goods . |
576 | serfdom | 1 | SYSTEM | he believed that it could be " so applied and developed as to lift the mass of workers out of serfdom " . |
577 | route | 1 | ROUTE | crowds then lined the route from st mary 's to the church cemetery , where further mourners crowded onto the hillside overlooking the grave . |
578 | infections | 1 | INCREASE | he also pressed for the legal age of sexual intercourse to be raised to 16 , since over 25 per cent of those with sexually transmitted infections were under that age . |
579 | stocking frames | 1 | PERSON | mundella devoted his energy to reinventing the mechanics of a hosiery industry which for the most part relied on old-style mechanical stocking frames operated by perennially poor framework-knitters in their own homes . |
580 | volunteer corps | 1 | UNKNOWN | from 1859 , at the time of increased fear of an invasion by france , he was one of the founding members of the local volunteer corps , the robin hood rifles , joining in may 1859 and being promoted to lieutenant in june and captain five months later . |
581 | war office | 1 | PLACE | he attacked the war office for its antiquated system for issuing army contracts , and advocated short army and navy service , more volunteers and better organisation . |
582 | education bills | 1 | ESTATE | he strongly opposed the education bills of 1896 and 1897 which he saw as destructive of his education policy , and he complained that the compulsory clauses of his education |
583 | hillside | 1 | PERSON | crowds then lined the route from st mary 's to the church cemetery , where further mourners crowded onto the hillside overlooking the grave . |
584 | distinction | 1 | SOUND | mundella was highly respected during his long period in victorian liberal politics , achieving elevation to the cabinet and attaining the distinction of becoming known as a statesman . |
585 | we gladstone | 1 | PERSON | two particular images can be found in the illustrated london news : the first , marking mundella 's maiden speech in the house of commons , was published on 27 february 1869 , and the second , a group portrait by walter wilson of we gladstone 's new cabinet , was published on 27 august 1892 . |
586 | traction | 1 | ABSTRACT ENTITY | the bill found little traction in the house and each time it reappeared in the period from 1877 to 1879 it was defeated . |
587 | education department | 1 | SITUATION | mundella tried to modernise the committee of the council on education by proposing the institution of an education department headed by a minister with a position in the cabinet , and the setting up of a department of agriculture which would take over his veterinary responsibilities ( part of the education portfolio ) , but he was forestalled by the opposition of the lord president of the council . |
588 | friends | 1 | PERSON | the house was often crowded with friends , not only politicians , but also many from the world of the arts and literature , business , and journalism . |
589 | illustrated london news | 1 | PLACE | two particular images can be found in the illustrated london news : the first , marking mundella 's maiden speech in the house of commons , was published on 27 february 1869 , and the second , a group portrait by walter wilson of we gladstone 's new cabinet , was published on 27 august 1892 . |
590 | game laws | 1 | PERSON | he denounced the obsolete game laws , whose punishments for poaching jailed many thousands of men . |
591 | dawning | 1 | ACTIVITY | by such work mundella prepared the late victorian age for the dawning of the 20th century . |
592 | cause | 1 | CAUSE | the crash of the new zealand company which had been the cause of his resignation left him in financial difficulties , but on the recommendation of lord rosebery he was awarded an annual civil list pension of £1,200 ( equivalent to £172,593 in 2023 ) which enabled him to continue to live in elvaston place . |
593 | rest | 1 | STATE | though he rebelled against the catechism and disliked the creed , describing them in later life as " my especial abomination " , mundella remained loyal to his early education in anglicanism for the rest of his life . |
594 | accidents | 1 | OCCURRENCE | concerned by the annual returns of railway accidents and deaths furnished by the board of trade , mundella appointed two railway men to inquire into the accidents and their causes , and to find means to increase safety . |
595 | death mundella | 1 | UNKNOWN | death mundella died unexpectedly . |
596 | belief | 1 | TRUST | at the same time , his business experience , arising from his working past , confirmed his belief in the desirability , indeed necessity , of trade unions . |
597 | parliament after mundella | 1 | PERSON | election to parliament after mundella 's 1863 success in arbitrating the nottingham industrial strife he was invited by many english and |
598 | earl | 1 | PERSON | the earl of rosebery preceded by sir michael hicks beach , bt succeeded by james bryce personal details born ( 1825-03-28) 28 march 1825 leicester , leicestershire |
599 | campaigns | 1 | PERSON | in the general election of 1874 , the liberal party was defeated , but mundella continued his parliamentary campaigns from the opposition backbenches and reintroduced his nine-hours bill . |
600 | railway freight charges | 1 | AMOUNT | there had long been disputation over the matter of railway freight charges , with the railway companies ' trade and agricultural customers implacably opposed to the high prices charged for the movement of goods . |
601 | constituents | 1 | PERSON | mundella , still esteemed by his constituents , was returned unopposed for sheffield brightside , and his colleagues in the house recalled him to the opposition frontbench . |
602 | school population | 1 | PERSON | act were scarcely enforced so that nearly one-fifth of the potential school population was absent . |
603 | councillor | 1 | PERSON | in 1856 he was elected a town councillor and helped to set up the nottingham chamber of commerce . |
604 | destructive | 1 | UNKNOWN | he strongly opposed the education bills of 1896 and 1897 which he saw as destructive of his education policy , and he complained that the compulsory clauses of his education |
605 | home framework knitters | 1 | PERSON |  |
606 | back | 1 | SUBSTANCE | opposition to the railway and canal traffic bill rode on the back of the then widespread and equally vehement opposition in the house to irish home rule . |
607 | believer | 1 | PERSON | he was a believer in the right of working men and women to combine to protect their interests , and much of his energy in parliament was devoted to securing the same rights for them as were enjoyed by their employers . |
608 | chemnitz | 1 | PLACE | they opened factories in loughborough in leicestershire , england in 1859 and chemnitz , saxony in 1866 . |
609 | brightside | 1 | PERSON | he was to represent the seat , and its successor , sheffield brightside , until his death nearly thirty years later . |
610 | diary | 1 | ABSTRACT ENTITY | when queen victoria received his name from the prime minister she described him in her diary as " mr . mundella ( one of the most violent radicals ) ” . |
611 | warehouse | 1 | PLACE | at the age of eighteen mundella left kempson 's to become a journeyman , then an overseer ( in which post he earned £200 a year and a commission on profits ) and ultimately manager of a large warehouse set up by another hosiery manufacturing business in leicester , harris & hamel . |
612 | government bill | 1 | PERSON | though the bill did not proceed , his efforts did secure a temporary government bill which gave protection to trade union funds and two years later led to the trade union act 1871 which legalised trade unions and protected their funds by legal registration . |
613 | opponents | 1 | PERSON | though mundella was not jewish ( his mother being a protestant and his father a catholic ) , throughout his political life his looks , his foreign-sounding name , and his artistic individualism in dress encouraged opponents and hostile cartoonists and journalists to indulge in anti-semitic insults . |
614 | successor | 1 | NUMBER | he was to represent the seat , and its successor , sheffield brightside , until his death nearly thirty years later . |
615 | switzerland | 1 | PLACE | when travelling in continental europe on business and on personal relaxation , mundella saw how superior the education systems of other countries were , particularly in switzerland and the german states , and was dismayed at the comparative shortcomings of the english system . |
616 | national association | 1 | INSTITUTION | with others , he was instrumental in inaugurating the national association for the promotion of technical education . |
617 | trade union act | 1 | ACT | though the bill did not proceed , his efforts did secure a temporary government bill which gave protection to trade union funds and two years later led to the trade union act 1871 which legalised trade unions and protected their funds by legal registration . |
618 | education authorities | 1 | STATUS | though the act established local education authorities and authorised public money for school improvements , it did not meet with mundella ’s complete approval as it introduced neither free nor compulsory schooling ( except in a tentative , experimental way through the by-laws which school boards were empowered to make ) , but he was anxious to take what parliament was willing to give rather than reject it because it was not good enough . |
619 | brocade | 1 | PERSON | the coffin was draped in a pall of venetian brocade , with a marble statuette of the madonna and child and a photograph of mundella 's late wife placed at its head . |
620 | journalists | 1 | PERSON | though mundella was not jewish ( his mother being a protestant and his father a catholic ) , throughout his political life his looks , his foreign-sounding name , and his artistic individualism in dress encouraged opponents and hostile cartoonists and journalists to indulge in anti-semitic insults . |
621 | may mundella | 1 | UNKNOWN |  |
622 | intelligence | 1 | ABILITY | by 1857 hine and mundella were employing 4,000 workers who were well paid , partly because by attracting good operatives mundella hoped they would use their intelligence and inventiveness to suggest improvements in the way they worked . |
623 | treaties committee | 1 | HUMAN GROUP | in 1890 mundella became chairman of the trade and treaties committee , responsible for keeping the board of trade informed on expiring treaties and new tariffs and duties . |
624 | realm | 1 | PLACE | he expanded the board to include a fisheries department , previously the realm of three different government departments , to look after both sea and inland fisheries . |
625 | lengthy transcriptions | 1 | EVENT | it was the intention of mundella 's daughter maria theresa to write his biography ( which would presumably have been celebratory ) , but despite working for some years on his archive , collecting contributions and loans from others , and making lengthy transcriptions , nothing was published . |
626 | publication | 1 | ACTION | he made good use of ms mundella 's copious research in his book , and before its publication in academic papers and a radio broadcast . |
627 | terrace | 1 | PERSON | it is entitled " on the terrace , a political spectacle : - the ayes have it - the noes have it " and it is a group cartoon portrait with mundella in the right foreground . |
628 | class roots | 1 | ESTATE | his elevation in political life brought him from his labouring class roots into the sphere of the rich , the aristocratic , and the royal . |
629 | hosiery manufacturers | 1 | PERSON | in 1848 mundella was offered a partnership by old-established hosiery manufacturers , hine & co of nottingham , who needed help to construct and open a large new factory . |
630 | roland green school | 1 | INSTITUTION | when this school closed in 1985 the bust passed to roland green school and then the nottingham emmanuel school . |
631 | time mundella | 1 | UNKNOWN | at the same time mundella was appointed a privy councillor . |
632 | premises | 1 | UNKNOWN | mundella built large new premises for the company in 1851 , the first steam-operated hosiery factory in nottingham . |
633 | science | 1 | STUDY | as his first move in higher education , mundella formed a single institution of the scientific schools at south kensington in london , establishing the normal school of science and royal school of mines in october 1881 . |
634 | replica | 1 | UNKNOWN | a replica of the portrait , also painted by cope , was presented to mundella 's daughter maria theresa on the same occasion . |
635 | members | 1 | PERSON | from 1859 , at the time of increased fear of an invasion by france , he was one of the founding members of the local volunteer corps , the robin hood rifles , joining in may 1859 and being promoted to lieutenant in june and captain five months later . |
636 | clarity | 1 | PERSON | a copy is held by the national portrait gallery and another , with greater clarity of detail , by the uk parliament 's digital archive . * |
637 | role | 1 | ROLE | mundella was also praised - this time by the trade union leadership - for his opposition backbench role in amending and enabling the passing of , firstly , the employers and workmen act 1875 which replaced the repressive master and servant acts , and , secondly , the passing of the conspiracy , and protection of property |
638 | anthony mundella | 1 | PERSON | for his nephew anthony mundella , see anthony john mundella ( journalist and educationalist ) . |
639 | adversity | 1 | STATE | " the house felt that here was a good man suffering with adversity . |
640 | workrooms | 1 | ROOM | it had wide and spacious workrooms , was lit entirely by daylight and gas jets , and had the finest machinery . |
641 | sunday school | 1 | INSTITUTION | mundella had always been a regular sunday school scholar and as he grew older he became a teacher , then secretary , and ultimately superintendent of a large , poor sunday school in sanvey gate in leicester . |
642 | utterance | 1 | ACT | mundella 's final utterance in the house , after 3,280 vocal contributions over nearly thirty years as an mp , was a brief interjection in the debate on the second reading of the education ( scotland ) bill on 1 july 1897 . |
643 | research | 1 | EVENT | he made good use of ms mundella 's copious research in his book , and before its publication in academic papers and a radio broadcast . |
644 | railway accidents | 1 | OCCURRENCE | concerned by the annual returns of railway accidents and deaths furnished by the board of trade , mundella appointed two railway men to inquire into the accidents and their causes , and to find means to increase safety . |
645 | property qualification | 1 | SET | in 1877 mundella sponsored a bill to abolish the property qualification for standing for local office , pointing out that 80 to 90 per cent of the voters in his constituency were disqualified from being councillors and yet were the first to be pressured by rises in rates . |
646 | ballads | 1 | SOUND | he became adept at writing political ballads and while still fifteen heard his compositions sung on the streets and at political meetings . |
647 | opinion | 1 | TRUST | many people , including queen victoria ( who telegraphed a number of times for news ) and leading politicians of all shades of opinion , expressed concern . |
648 | braking | 1 | ACT | they were further angered by mundella 's introduction of a railway regulation bill which sought to impose better braking and other safety devices . |
649 | esteem | 1 | ACT | as he grew older the cabinet held him in high esteem but younger politicians were " never quite sure whether he was a rogue or a fool , but they were convinced that he was a bore " because of his determined enthusiasm on a few dominant themes . |
650 | agriculture | 1 | STUDY | mundella tried to modernise the committee of the council on education by proposing the institution of an education department headed by a minister with a position in the cabinet , and the setting up of a department of agriculture which would take over his veterinary responsibilities ( part of the education portfolio ) , but he was forestalled by the opposition of the lord president of the council . |
651 | operatives mundella | 1 | UNKNOWN | by 1857 hine and mundella were employing 4,000 workers who were well paid , partly because by attracting good operatives mundella hoped they would use their intelligence and inventiveness to suggest improvements in the way they worked . |
652 | individualism | 1 | PLACE | though mundella was not jewish ( his mother being a protestant and his father a catholic ) , throughout his political life his looks , his foreign-sounding name , and his artistic individualism in dress encouraged opponents and hostile cartoonists and journalists to indulge in anti-semitic insults . |
653 | miners | 1 | PERSON | in 1893 there was a lock-out of miners in the midlands , with nearly 320,000 men who were objecting to a reduction in pay being thrown out of work . |
654 | criminal law amendment act | 1 | ACT | act 1875 which , combined with the repeal of the much-hated criminal law amendment act 1871 , released workers from the severe penalties which were aimed solely at them . |
655 | photographs | 1 | PICTURE | as a leading statesman with prominent looks , mundella can also be identified in many group portraits , photographs , and newspaper and journal illustrations of the late 1800s . |
656 | throne | 1 | PERSON | mundella was chosen to second the reply to the speech from the throne and in doing so made his maiden speech on 16 february 1869 . |
657 | boy | 1 | PERSON | because of the family 's then abject financial circumstances , when rebecca mundella 's eyesight worsened and she could no longer work at lacemaking the boy had to be withdrawn from school so that he could earn money to help the family . |
658 | periods | 1 | PERIOD | an improvement in the way merchant seamen were paid their wages at the end of a voyage ensured they did not have to linger for long periods in the seaports rather than returning home , thereby reducing prostitution in the ports . |
659 | enthusiasm | 1 | CONDITION | as he grew older the cabinet held him in high esteem but younger politicians were " never quite sure whether he was a rogue or a fool , but they were convinced that he was a bore " because of his determined enthusiasm on a few dominant themes . |
660 | welfare | 1 | STATE | he laboured for industrial peace , and the welfare of the children of the poor . " |
661 | dean | 1 | PERSON | when mundella was a manufacturer he commissioned a large new villa , designed by the architect thomas chambers hine , in the park estate in nottingham , and after moving to london when he became an mp the family lived , firstly , in dean 's yard in westminster , then rented a house in stanhope gardens in kensington before , at the end of 1872 , purchasing 16 elvaston place nearby . |
662 | james bryce personal details born | 1 | PERSON | the earl of rosebery preceded by sir michael hicks beach , bt succeeded by james bryce personal details born ( 1825-03-28) 28 march 1825 leicester , leicestershire |
663 | antonio giovanni | 1 | PERSON | his granddaughter maintained that he was named antonio giovanni but the great meeting baptismal register confirms that he was christened anthony john . |
664 | london home | 1 | PLACE | a request in the mid-1980s for the installation of a commemorative blue plaque at mundella 's london home of 16 elvaston place was refused by english heritage . |
665 | arbitration whenever | 1 | UNKNOWN | the conflict encouraged mundella to introduce a bill to enable the establishment of local boards of conciliation and arbitration whenever and wherever they might be required . |
666 | curricula | 1 | UNKNOWN | mundella 's educational code of 1882 , which became known as the " mundella code , " marked a new departure in the regulation of public elementary schools , their curricula and how they were taught , and the conditions under which government grants were made . |
667 | benefit | 1 | STATE | working women and children , who had enjoyed the benefit of the factory |
668 | education system | 1 | SYSTEM | as education minister he established universal compulsory education in britain and played the major part in building the state education system . |
669 | expression | 1 | UNKNOWN | " his face wears a somewhat sad and serious expression , and the artist has given him the full measure of his years " . |
670 | protestant | 1 | PERSON | though mundella was not jewish ( his mother being a protestant and his father a catholic ) , throughout his political life his looks , his foreign-sounding name , and his artistic individualism in dress encouraged opponents and hostile cartoonists and journalists to indulge in anti-semitic insults . |
671 | cardiff | 1 | PLACE | the committee reported in 1881 and urged the immediate expansion of the welsh intermediate schools and the establishment of university colleges in cardiff and bangor . |
672 | school improvements | 1 | AGREEMENT | though the act established local education authorities and authorised public money for school improvements , it did not meet with mundella ’s complete approval as it introduced neither free nor compulsory schooling ( except in a tentative , experimental way through the by-laws which school boards were empowered to make ) , but he was anxious to take what parliament was willing to give rather than reject it because it was not good enough . |
673 | crime | 1 | PERSON | it enabled the state to intervene in relations between parents and children , made it an imprisonable crime to neglect or ill-treat children , and outlawed the employment of children under the age of 10 . |
674 | railway servants | 1 | PERSON | he also enabled the railway servants ( hours of labour ) act , which allowed railway employees to reduce their working hours . |
675 | opposition frontbencher mundella | 1 | UNKNOWN | opposition frontbencher mundella 's short period in charge of the board of trade ended on 30 july 1886 and in the general election in august the conservatives regained power . |
676 | funeral | 1 | ACTION | three funeral services were held . |
677 | yard | 1 | PERSON | when mundella was a manufacturer he commissioned a large new villa , designed by the architect thomas chambers hine , in the park estate in nottingham , and after moving to london when he became an mp the family lived , firstly , in dean 's yard in westminster , then rented a house in stanhope gardens in kensington before , at the end of 1872 , purchasing 16 elvaston place nearby . |
678 | past | 1 | PERIOD | at the same time , his business experience , arising from his working past , confirmed his belief in the desirability , indeed necessity , of trade unions . |
679 | thomas chambers hine | 1 | PERSON | when mundella was a manufacturer he commissioned a large new villa , designed by the architect thomas chambers hine , in the park estate in nottingham , and after moving to london when he became an mp the family lived , firstly , in dean 's yard in westminster , then rented a house in stanhope gardens in kensington before , at the end of 1872 , purchasing 16 elvaston place nearby . |
680 | robin hood rifles | 1 | PERSON | from 1859 , at the time of increased fear of an invasion by france , he was one of the founding members of the local volunteer corps , the robin hood rifles , joining in may 1859 and being promoted to lieutenant in june and captain five months later . |
681 | downturn | 1 | TREND | in 1893 , as a result of an economic downturn , the company was forced into liquidation and became the subject of a board of trade inquiry . |
682 | latter | 1 | UNKNOWN | there were tributes from gladstone and rosebery ( the latter insisting that it was a " source of grief and weakness " to the government to be deprived of his " great " services ) , and hundreds of resolutions of sympathy from workers all over the country reached him , thanking him for his life-long services to labour . |
683 | stockings | 1 | GARMENT | the result was stockings made a hundred times faster than they could be by the framework knitters . |
684 | class | 1 | UNKNOWN | he established a labour statistics bureau to allow information to be published and disseminated to the labouring class . |
685 | male | 1 | PERSON | but benefitting from the reform act 1867 , which had enfranchised a large number of male householders for the first time , mundella prevailed in sheffield . |
686 | subscribed | 1 | UNKNOWN | act of 1874 subscribed , mostly in single pennies , to a tribute to mundella and his wife . |
687 | liberal party mp | 1 | PERSON | london nationality british political party liberal spouse mary smith anthony john mundella pc ( 28 march 1825 - 21 july 1897 ) was an english manufacturer and later a liberal party mp and cabinet minister who sat in the house of commons of the united kingdom from 1868 to 1897 . |
688 | rights | 1 | UNKNOWN | he was a believer in the right of working men and women to combine to protect their interests , and much of his energy in parliament was devoted to securing the same rights for them as were enjoyed by their employers . |
689 | improvement | 1 | AGREEMENT | an improvement in the way merchant seamen were paid their wages at the end of a voyage ensured they did not have to linger for long periods in the seaports rather than returning home , thereby reducing prostitution in the ports . |
690 | south kensington | 1 | PLACE | as his first move in higher education , mundella formed a single institution of the scientific schools at south kensington in london , establishing the normal school of science and royal school of mines in october 1881 . |
691 | weakness | 1 | QUALITY | there were tributes from gladstone and rosebery ( the latter insisting that it was a " source of grief and weakness " to the government to be deprived of his " great " services ) , and hundreds of resolutions of sympathy from workers all over the country reached him , thanking him for his life-long services to labour . |
692 | shipping bill | 1 | PERSON | a merchant shipping bill was introduced to halt the undermanning of ships . |
693 | december mundella | 1 | UNKNOWN |  |
694 | alexander bassano | 1 | PERSON | photograph , albumen print cabinet card : by alexander bassano ( 1829-1913 ) |
695 | tributes | 1 | ACT | there were tributes from gladstone and rosebery ( the latter insisting that it was a " source of grief and weakness " to the government to be deprived of his " great " services ) , and hundreds of resolutions of sympathy from workers all over the country reached him , thanking him for his life-long services to labour . |
696 | sandringham | 1 | UNKNOWN | after her initial suspicion , queen victoria learned to care deeply for him and invited him for weekends at windsor , osborne , and sandringham . |
697 | group portraits | 1 | EVENT | as a leading statesman with prominent looks , mundella can also be identified in many group portraits , photographs , and newspaper and journal illustrations of the late 1800s . |
698 | areas | 1 | PLACE | act ratified the convention between the countries bordering the north sea fishing areas to deal with floating alcohol " shops " which supplied fishermen with liquor . |
699 | streets | 1 | PERSON | he became adept at writing political ballads and while still fifteen heard his compositions sung on the streets and at political meetings . |
700 | promotion | 1 | ACT | with others , he was instrumental in inaugurating the national association for the promotion of technical education . |
701 | organisation | 1 | ORGANISATION | he attacked the war office for its antiquated system for issuing army contracts , and advocated short army and navy service , more volunteers and better organisation . |
702 | fascination | 1 | ACT | mundella was not technically minded , though his experience at harris 's with mechanical experimentation helped to form his abiding interest and fascination in new steam-powered hosiery-making machinery . |
703 | male householders | 1 | PERSON | but benefitting from the reform act 1867 , which had enfranchised a large number of male householders for the first time , mundella prevailed in sheffield . |
704 | beliefs | 1 | TRUST | the opportunity to put his beliefs into action appeared in 1868 . |
705 | experimentation | 1 | ACT | mundella was not technically minded , though his experience at harris 's with mechanical experimentation helped to form his abiding interest and fascination in new steam-powered hosiery-making machinery . |
706 | night | 1 | PERIOD | men crowded round me all night to shake hands with me , and all my colleagues said i had done it so admirably and with so much dignity " |
707 | hosiery factory | 1 | EVENT | mundella built large new premises for the company in 1851 , the first steam-operated hosiery factory in nottingham . |
708 | intake | 1 | EVENT | with his evident confidence , the respect in which he was held as a pioneer of industrial arbitration and as an expert on social matters , combined with the early perception that he was a hard worker , he immediately found himself to be one of the most highly regarded mps of the new intake . |
709 | sunday school scholar | 1 | PERSON | mundella had always been a regular sunday school scholar and as he grew older he became a teacher , then secretary , and ultimately superintendent of a large , poor sunday school in sanvey gate in leicester . |
710 | inventiveness | 1 | QUALITY | by 1857 hine and mundella were employing 4,000 workers who were well paid , partly because by attracting good operatives mundella hoped they would use their intelligence and inventiveness to suggest improvements in the way they worked . |
711 | backbencher mundella | 1 | UNKNOWN |  |
712 | papers | 1 | PLACE | he ensured that consular reports of trade and the trade requirements of different countries of the world should be published and available at a low price instead of being lost among general foreign office papers . |
713 | regard | 1 | PLACE | at home , mundella had a regard for domestic comforts and liked to be surrounded by beautiful objects . |
714 | balance | 1 | GARMENT | he was elected with a healthy majority , but nationally the general election was a stalemate , and the conservatives took office with the help of charles stewart parnell and his irish parliamentary party , which held the balance of power . |
715 | stress | 1 | FORM | in 1863 the stress of business became so great that mundella 's health broke down . |
716 | william smith | 1 | PERSON | personal life on 12 march 1844 , when aged eighteen , mundella married mary , the daughter of william smith , a warehouseman of kibworth beauchamp in leicestershire . |
717 | safety devices | 1 | DEVICE | they were further angered by mundella 's introduction of a railway regulation bill which sought to impose better braking and other safety devices . |
718 | meals | 1 | PERSON | this conclusion roused mundella to urge local government to provide cheap meals for children . |
719 | expert | 1 | PERSON | with his evident confidence , the respect in which he was held as a pioneer of industrial arbitration and as an expert on social matters , combined with the early perception that he was a hard worker , he immediately found himself to be one of the most highly regarded mps of the new intake . |
720 | history | 1 | UNIT | mundella is regularly mentioned in volumes recording the victorian hosiery business , the history of education , and early labour relations . |
721 | weekends | 1 | PROPERTY | after her initial suspicion , queen victoria learned to care deeply for him and invited him for weekends at windsor , osborne , and sandringham . |
722 | victorian england | 1 | PERSON | it has been argued that his was " the most productive mind in late victorian england at work in the kindred fields of education , industry and labour " and as a result his political achievements in those fields were remarkable . |
723 | art schools | 1 | PLACE | he had always taken an interest in higher and technical education , as well as in art schools and other forms of art culture , and they had invariably secured his sympathy and aid . |
724 | radicals | 1 | PERSON | when queen victoria received his name from the prime minister she described him in her diary as " mr . mundella ( one of the most violent radicals ) ” . |
725 | office mundella | 1 | UNKNOWN | immediately on reaching office mundella introduced a bill to complete the system of compulsion to attend school , which had not been achieved by previous acts . |
726 | friend | 1 | PERSON | trade unionism had no greater friend than mundella . |
727 | value | 1 | VALUE | mundella met vehement opposition from the railway companies and their shareholders , who were fearful that there would be a fall in their profits of up to 50 per cent and a destruction of the value of railway property . |
728 | sanvey gate | 1 | PERSON | mundella had always been a regular sunday school scholar and as he grew older he became a teacher , then secretary , and ultimately superintendent of a large , poor sunday school in sanvey gate in leicester . |
729 | request | 1 | REQUEST | a request in the mid-1980s for the installation of a commemorative blue plaque at mundella 's london home of 16 elvaston place was refused by english heritage . |
730 | respects | 1 | EVENT | it was noted that an unusually large number of working men had come to pay their respects to mundella . |
731 | south kensington museum | 1 | PLACE | mundella 's responsibilities also included the further development of the south kensington museum ( later the victoria and albert museum ) , which as a lover of art he found to be an enjoyable part of his labours . |
732 | calamity none | 1 | PERSON | that it was undeserved , had swooped down , and blighted temporarily an honourable career when it seemed to have reached its serener heights , made the calamity none the less hard to bear . |
733 | opposition backbench role | 1 | ROLE | mundella was also praised - this time by the trade union leadership - for his opposition backbench role in amending and enabling the passing of , firstly , the employers and workmen act 1875 which replaced the repressive master and servant acts , and , secondly , the passing of the conspiracy , and protection of property |
734 | freight charges | 1 | AMOUNT | there had long been disputation over the matter of railway freight charges , with the railway companies ' trade and agricultural customers implacably opposed to the high prices charged for the movement of goods . |
735 | james tissot | 1 | PERSON | it was then taken into the care of a group of former students of nottingham grammar school , who in 2009 had it cleaned and loaned it to the bromley house library , nottingham where it is now displayed . * caricature , chromolithograph : by coïdé , the pseudonym of james tissot ( 1836-1902 ) . |
736 | occasion | 1 | EVENT | a replica of the portrait , also painted by cope , was presented to mundella 's daughter maria theresa on the same occasion . |
737 | wood street | 1 | PLACE | a london warehouse at the centre of the textile trade in wood street was acquired . |
738 | december | 1 | PERIOD | a chromolithograph published in vanity fair , 9 december 1871 mundella ’s first moves in the house regarding education were strongly to support the passing of the elementary education act 1870 . |
739 | mrs | 1 | UNKNOWN | " presented to mrs . mundella by 80,000 factory workers , chiefly women and children , in grateful acknowledgement of her husband 's services " . |
740 | law | 1 | PERSON | act 1875 which , combined with the repeal of the much-hated criminal law amendment act 1871 , released workers from the severe penalties which were aimed solely at them . |
741 | loudest | 1 | PERSON | mundella at the house of commons by john benjamin stone , 1897 mundella wrote to his sister theresa : " i was received with loud cheering when i entered the house , when i rose to address it , and the loudest from all sides when i sat down . |
742 | influence | 1 | POWER | despite mundella 's beneficial influence on education , industry , and the protection of children , after his death in 1897 his name and reputation disappeared from public view and he became mostly a forgotten man of gladstone 's administrations . |
743 | fortune | 1 | PERSON | mundella had already stated that he " did not feel obliged to go on toiling to amass a great fortune , but was justified in giving up commerce to devote himself to political life and his love of beautiful things " . |
744 | rent | 1 | INSTANCE | his mother made lace on a frame in their home and was regarded as adept at this work but , nonetheless , she too was poorly paid and after rent for housing and for the lace frame there was invariably little left to live on . |
745 | fight | 1 | OCCURRENCE | from that position , despite his age , he continued his fight for his favoured causes . |
746 | bureau | 1 | PERSON | he established a labour statistics bureau to allow information to be published and disseminated to the labouring class . |
747 | confidence | 1 | EMOTION | with his evident confidence , the respect in which he was held as a pioneer of industrial arbitration and as an expert on social matters , combined with the early perception that he was a hard worker , he immediately found himself to be one of the most highly regarded mps of the new intake . |
748 | anglicanism | 1 | CONCEPT | though he rebelled against the catechism and disliked the creed , describing them in later life as " my especial abomination " , mundella remained loyal to his early education in anglicanism for the rest of his life . |
749 | stalemate | 1 | ELEMENT | he was elected with a healthy majority , but nationally the general election was a stalemate , and the conservatives took office with the help of charles stewart parnell and his irish parliamentary party , which held the balance of power . |
750 | ire | 1 | UNKNOWN | cautious of raising the ire of the railway companies again , in 1893 mundella set up a committee to look into the charges . |
751 | royal society | 1 | INSTITUTION | mundella was a fellow of the royal society , an honour awarded in 1882 that he described as " the most agreeable and distinguished that could fall upon me " , in 1884 he became president of the sunday school union , a position he deeply valued . |
752 | ministership | 1 | UNKNOWN | gladstone returned to the prime ministership barely three months later in january 1886 and after briefly considering mundella for the post of chancellor of the exchequer he instead elevated him to the cabinet as president of the board of trade . |
753 | newspaper | 1 | SPEECH ACT | a copy of it is owned by the national portrait gallery in london . * newspaper cartoons : by various artists . 16 images , all including lampooning representations of mundella , and all relating to the parliamentary elections in sheffield in 1868 . |
754 | thomas cooper | 1 | PERSON | at fifteen he became politically engaged and , inspired by the local chartist leader , thomas cooper , enrolled as a chartist , becoming increasingly involved in the movement . |
755 | member | 1 | PERSON | in 1869 mundella began to plan a private member 's bill to legalise the unions and give them financial security . |
756 | eyesight | 1 | GROUP | because of the family 's then abject financial circumstances , when rebecca mundella 's eyesight worsened and she could no longer work at lacemaking the boy had to be withdrawn from school so that he could earn money to help the family . |
757 | park estate | 1 | ESTATE | when mundella was a manufacturer he commissioned a large new villa , designed by the architect thomas chambers hine , in the park estate in nottingham , and after moving to london when he became an mp the family lived , firstly , in dean 's yard in westminster , then rented a house in stanhope gardens in kensington before , at the end of 1872 , purchasing 16 elvaston place nearby . |
758 | nine hours factory | 1 | EVENT |  |
759 | older | 1 | ABSTRACT ENTITY | mundella had always been a regular sunday school scholar and as he grew older he became a teacher , then secretary , and ultimately superintendent of a large , poor sunday school in sanvey gate in leicester . |
760 | destruction | 1 | RESULT | mundella met vehement opposition from the railway companies and their shareholders , who were fearful that there would be a fall in their profits of up to 50 per cent and a destruction of the value of railway property . |
761 | national biography | 1 | SEQUENCE | the oxford dictionary of national biography completely rewrote his entry in 2004 . |
762 | maritime reforms | 1 | AMOUNT | mundella enabled three separate maritime reforms . |
763 | bangor | 1 | PERSON | the committee reported in 1881 and urged the immediate expansion of the welsh intermediate schools and the establishment of university colleges in cardiff and bangor . |
764 | labours | 1 | ABSTRACT ENTITY | mundella 's responsibilities also included the further development of the south kensington museum ( later the victoria and albert museum ) , which as a lover of art he found to be an enjoyable part of his labours . |
765 | days | 1 | PERIOD | he had suffered a stroke and remained paralysed with a complete loss of speech , and he was barely conscious for eight days . |
766 | sheffield telegraph | 1 | PERSON | the sheffield telegraph commented : |
767 | field | 1 | BALL | the liberals returned to power in 1880 with a large majority and gladstone , recognising the younger man 's expertise in the field of education reform , appointed him vice-president of the committee of the council on education ( in other words , secretary of state for education ) . |
768 | family home | 1 | PLACE | from his father , and the exiled italians who occasionally visited the family home , mundella acquired at an early age what was described as " a kind of strange unconventional political education " . |
769 | sea | 1 | PLACE | he expanded the board to include a fisheries department , previously the realm of three different government departments , to look after both sea and inland fisheries . |
770 | spring | 1 | PERSON | the painting was exhibited at the royal academy of arts in london in the spring of 1894 and presented to mundella on 11 dec 1894 before being given to sheffield town council . |
771 | oxford dictionary | 1 | PERSON | the oxford dictionary of national biography completely rewrote his entry in 2004 . |
772 | source | 1 | SET | there were tributes from gladstone and rosebery ( the latter insisting that it was a " source of grief and weakness " to the government to be deprived of his " great " services ) , and hundreds of resolutions of sympathy from workers all over the country reached him , thanking him for his life-long services to labour . |
773 | inventors | 1 | PERSON | not by his own invention , but by encouraging inventors within the company ( many of them loom operators ) and sharing patents with them , mundella was able to develop plentiful new hosiery-making machinery , a lot of it steam-driven , including a technological revolution : a machine which for the first time enabled a stocking to be made and fully fashioned automatically without stopping the action . |
774 | general election | 1 | POWER | the leaders of his audience were so inspired by his speech that they assured him of their support if he were to stand for the liberal party in the sheffield constituency in the forthcoming general election . |
775 | administrations | 1 | ARRANGEMENT | despite mundella 's beneficial influence on education , industry , and the protection of children , after his death in 1897 his name and reputation disappeared from public view and he became mostly a forgotten man of gladstone 's administrations . |
776 | j mundella | 1 | UNKNOWN | a j mundella c. 1885 mundella then set in motion the reorganisation of technical education . |
777 | evidence | 1 | ABSTRACT ENTITY | though mundella was no longer a director and was innocent of any fault , a conflict of interest existed because the final decision on what further proceedings should follow a public investigation in court ( in which mundella gave evidence ) would have to be made by mundella himself as president of the board of trade . |
778 | education act | 1 | ACT | a chromolithograph published in vanity fair , 9 december 1871 mundella ’s first moves in the house regarding education were strongly to support the passing of the elementary education act 1870 . |
779 | school board system | 1 | SYSTEM | mundella also presided over the new national education association formed to promote a " free progressive system of national education , publicly controlled and free from sectarian interest " by publicising and advancing the school board system and undermining denominational and private schools . |
780 | legacy | 1 | PERSON | legacy and reputation |
781 | opposition backbenches | 1 | POSITION | in the general election of 1874 , the liberal party was defeated , but mundella continued his parliamentary campaigns from the opposition backbenches and reintroduced his nine-hours bill . |
782 | liberal background | 1 | INFORMATION | harry armytage 's a.j.mundella 1825-1897 - the liberal background to the labour movement was published in 1951 . |
783 | portraits | 1 | EVENT | it was first published in vanity fair on 9 december 1871 as number 99 in their series of " portraits of statesmen " . |
784 | complexity | 1 | STATE | mundella was the first to prove that the principle worked in an industry of much complexity with the aim of , rather than fighting fires , preventing fires starting in the first place . |
785 | art culture | 1 | PLACE | he had always taken an interest in higher and technical education , as well as in art schools and other forms of art culture , and they had invariably secured his sympathy and aid . |
786 | chemical | 1 | COMPOUND | he chaired the section dealing with conditions in the chemical , building , textile , clothing and miscellaneous trades . |
787 | shoulders | 1 | PERIOD | mundella had a striking presence , being tall and thin and bent at the shoulders with a dark complexion , a prominent hooked nose and a flowing beard . |
788 | comforts | 1 | CAUSE | at home , mundella had a regard for domestic comforts and liked to be surrounded by beautiful objects . |
789 | march mundella | 1 | PERSON | in the middle of march mundella 's stock rose higher when his board of arbitration was commended in the newly published report of the royal commission on trade unions . |
790 | news | 1 | PLACE | many people , including queen victoria ( who telegraphed a number of times for news ) and leading politicians of all shades of opinion , expressed concern . |
791 | painting | 1 | ACTION | the painting was exhibited at the royal academy of arts in london in the spring of 1894 and presented to mundella on 11 dec 1894 before being given to sheffield town council . |
792 | hanley pottery dispute | 1 | DISPUTE | in the year following his resignation , mundella arbitrated successfully in the hanley pottery dispute in march 1895 and was intensively occupied as chairman of the committee examining the poor law schools in london . |
793 | effort | 1 | ACTION | he knew that achieving the required progress in these matters would involve collective effort and increasing state intervention . |
794 | trade inquiry | 1 | ACT | in 1893 , as a result of an economic downturn , the company was forced into liquidation and became the subject of a board of trade inquiry . |
795 | workmen act | 1 | ACT | mundella was also praised - this time by the trade union leadership - for his opposition backbench role in amending and enabling the passing of , firstly , the employers and workmen act 1875 which replaced the repressive master and servant acts , and , secondly , the passing of the conspiracy , and protection of property |
796 | operators | 1 | ABSTRACT ENTITY | not by his own invention , but by encouraging inventors within the company ( many of them loom operators ) and sharing patents with them , mundella was able to develop plentiful new hosiery-making machinery , a lot of it steam-driven , including a technological revolution : a machine which for the first time enabled a stocking to be made and fully fashioned automatically without stopping the action . |
797 | lobby | 1 | SPACE | there mundella again faced the railway companies and their shareholders , as the agricultural lobby and businesses were still anxious to see reduced freight charges . |
798 | abomination | 1 | EVENT | though he rebelled against the catechism and disliked the creed , describing them in later life as " my especial abomination " , mundella remained loyal to his early education in anglicanism for the rest of his life . |
799 | absurdity | 1 | QUALITY | he spoke against what he called the " absurdity " of the complicated and inconsistent postal rates . |
800 | motion | 1 | ACTION | a j mundella c. 1885 mundella then set in motion the reorganisation of technical education . |
801 | servant acts | 1 | ACT | mundella was also praised - this time by the trade union leadership - for his opposition backbench role in amending and enabling the passing of , firstly , the employers and workmen act 1875 which replaced the repressive master and servant acts , and , secondly , the passing of the conspiracy , and protection of property |
802 | morality | 1 | EVENT | italian ancestry ; though he was not jewish he was lampooned by antisemitic cartoonists because of his looks ; his morality in business was questioned . |
803 | memorial | 1 | ACT | it was unusual for st margaret 's in that mundella 's coffin was present , rather than the service being a memorial . |
804 | reform | 1 | AMOUNT | in 1868 he was invited to address a joint meeting in sheffield of the organised trades and the local branch of the reform league . |
805 | representations | 1 | ACT | a copy of it is owned by the national portrait gallery in london . * newspaper cartoons : by various artists . 16 images , all including lampooning representations of mundella , and all relating to the parliamentary elections in sheffield in 1868 . |
806 | combination | 1 | ACT | a wide stone in a combination of classical styles and arts and crafts decoration was erected over the tomb . |
807 | sheriff | 1 | PERSON | mundella was a prominent and popular public figure in nottingham and was an active force in his local liberal party , becoming sheriff of nottingham in 1852 , at the age of 28 . |
808 | hand | 1 | PROCESS | as a means to secure a just and equitable re-assessment of the charges throughout britain , mundella introduced his railway and canal traffic bill , which would hand control over the railways to the board of trade , including the power to enforce reductions in charges . |
809 | army | 1 | HUMAN GROUP | he attacked the war office for its antiquated system for issuing army contracts , and advocated short army and navy service , more volunteers and better organisation . |
810 | woodburytype carte de visite | 1 | PERSON | photograph , woodburytype carte de visite : by an unknown photographer . |
811 | ages | 1 | EVENT | at the board of trade he was instrumental in the reduction of working hours and the raising of minimum ages in the employment of children and young people . |
812 | cyril flower | 1 | PERSON | * photograph , albumen print : by cyril flower , 1st baron battersea ( 1843-1907 ) . |
813 | coal mines regulation act | 1 | ACT | in the same year he aided the passage of the coal mines regulation act , paying particular attention to the clauses restricting the working hours of women and children . |
814 | pennies | 1 | EVENT | act of 1874 subscribed , mostly in single pennies , to a tribute to mundella and his wife . |
815 | liquidation | 1 | ACT | in 1893 , as a result of an economic downturn , the company was forced into liquidation and became the subject of a board of trade inquiry . |
816 | themes | 1 | AGREEMENT | as he grew older the cabinet held him in high esteem but younger politicians were " never quite sure whether he was a rogue or a fool , but they were convinced that he was a bore " because of his determined enthusiasm on a few dominant themes . |
817 | mundella papers | 1 | PERSON | her collected mundella papers then passed to his granddaughter , dorothea benson , lady charnwood , who presented them to the university of sheffield library in the 1930s . |
818 | frontbench | 1 | UNKNOWN | mundella was again in opposition , but kept his place on the liberal frontbench . |
819 | arrival | 1 | ACT | he was further politically inspired by the arrival in leicester of richard cobden on his nationwide campaign for the repeal of the corn laws , and was always active in advocating the causes of the working classes . |
820 | way merchant seamen | 1 | PERSON | an improvement in the way merchant seamen were paid their wages at the end of a voyage ensured they did not have to linger for long periods in the seaports rather than returning home , thereby reducing prostitution in the ports . |
821 | disputes | 1 | DISPUTE | he proposed that the workers should have the wages they demanded and also that a board of arbitration ( the nottingham board of arbitration and conciliation for the hosiery trade ) composed of both employers and workers should be established to prevent further strikes by fixing the price for handwork and preventing disputes by constant conference between both sides . |
822 | outbreaks | 1 | OCCURRENCE | outbreaks of violence , including explosions and murders , in the sheffield steel industry led to the 1867 royal commission on trade unions . |
823 | ignorance | 1 | CONDITION | to those organisations and people who maintained that compulsion was un-english mundella replied that it was " peculiarly english to be content to be in ignorance " . |
824 | journeyman | 1 | PERSON | at the age of eighteen mundella left kempson 's to become a journeyman , then an overseer ( in which post he earned £200 a year and a commission on profits ) and ultimately manager of a large warehouse set up by another hosiery manufacturing business in leicester , harris & hamel . |
825 | punishments | 1 | PERSON | he denounced the obsolete game laws , whose punishments for poaching jailed many thousands of men . |
826 | nature | 1 | NATURE | outside school , his mother , with her wide knowledge of english literature , particularly shakespeare , instilled in his mind a love of the beautiful in nature , in literature , and in art . |
827 | harry armytage | 1 | PERSON | harry armytage 's a.j.mundella 1825-1897 - the liberal background to the labour movement was published in 1951 . |
828 | everything | 1 | ACTIVITY | many of the improvements he fostered have been altered somewhat in the years since his death , but the long-term effects of everything he enabled have remained : children must still go to school , trade unions are still legal , freshwater fish are still allowed a peaceful breeding season . |
829 | yards | 1 | PROPERTY | as a result , the employment of girls under sixteen and boys under ten in brick and tile yards was prohibited . |
830 | artists | 1 | PERSON | a copy of it is owned by the national portrait gallery in london . * newspaper cartoons : by various artists . 16 images , all including lampooning representations of mundella , and all relating to the parliamentary elections in sheffield in 1868 . |
831 | article | 1 | ARTICLE | british politician this article is about the industrialist , liberal mp and cabinet minister , a.j.mundella . |
832 | peace | 1 | STATE | he laboured for industrial peace , and the welfare of the children of the poor . " |
833 | hundreds | 1 | UNKNOWN | there were tributes from gladstone and rosebery ( the latter insisting that it was a " source of grief and weakness " to the government to be deprived of his " great " services ) , and hundreds of resolutions of sympathy from workers all over the country reached him , thanking him for his life-long services to labour . |
834 | office february | 1 | PERIOD |  |
835 | liability company | 1 | INSTITUTION | in his absence the firm of hine & mundella was converted into a limited liability company , the nottingham hosiery manufacturing company . |
836 | departure | 1 | EVENT | mundella 's educational code of 1882 , which became known as the " mundella code , " marked a new departure in the regulation of public elementary schools , their curricula and how they were taught , and the conditions under which government grants were made . |
837 | normal school | 1 | INSTITUTION | as his first move in higher education , mundella formed a single institution of the scientific schools at south kensington in london , establishing the normal school of science and royal school of mines in october 1881 . |
838 | sheffield constituency | 1 | PERSON | the leaders of his audience were so inspired by his speech that they assured him of their support if he were to stand for the liberal party in the sheffield constituency in the forthcoming general election . |
839 | plaque | 1 | PROCESS | a request in the mid-1980s for the installation of a commemorative blue plaque at mundella 's london home of 16 elvaston place was refused by english heritage . |
840 | carte de visite | 1 | PERSON | carte de visite of mundella , c1865 |
841 | welsh | 1 | PERSON | welsh towns to expound on the system of arbitration and to help settle a number of labour conflicts . |
842 | workmen | 1 | UNKNOWN | mundella 's long-established interest in arbitration resulted in 1872 in his arbitration ( masters and workmen ) |
843 | invasion | 1 | GROUP | from 1859 , at the time of increased fear of an invasion by france , he was one of the founding members of the local volunteer corps , the robin hood rifles , joining in may 1859 and being promoted to lieutenant in june and captain five months later . |
844 | print cabinet card | 1 | GROUP | photograph , albumen print cabinet card : by alexander bassano ( 1829-1913 ) |
845 | explosions | 1 | EXPLOSION | outbreaks of violence , including explosions and murders , in the sheffield steel industry led to the 1867 royal commission on trade unions . |
846 | styles | 1 | STYLE | a wide stone in a combination of classical styles and arts and crafts decoration was erected over the tomb . |
847 | brother | 1 | PERSON | he was buried in the mundella vault where his parents , his wife and his youngest brother had been previously interred . |
848 | examination | 1 | GROUP | acts of the 1860s which in ports and garrison towns subjected female prostitutes , and those suspected of being such , to arrest , inspection , and ( if they were found to be infected ) incarceration for up to one year , while no provision was made for the examination of their male customers . |
849 | handwork | 1 | PERSON | he proposed that the workers should have the wages they demanded and also that a board of arbitration ( the nottingham board of arbitration and conciliation for the hosiery trade ) composed of both employers and workers should be established to prevent further strikes by fixing the price for handwork and preventing disputes by constant conference between both sides . |
850 | season | 1 | PERIOD | to mundella at this time was also the credit for his bill instituting a closed season from 15 march to 15 june for freshwater fish . |
851 | funds | 1 | GROUP | though the bill did not proceed , his efforts did secure a temporary government bill which gave protection to trade union funds and two years later led to the trade union act 1871 which legalised trade unions and protected their funds by legal registration . |
852 | recommendations | 1 | EVENT | mundella appointed a departmental committee to investigate and make recommendations on higher education in wales . |
853 | lock out | 1 | PERSON |  |
854 | security | 1 | FORCE | in 1869 mundella began to plan a private member 's bill to legalise the unions and give them financial security . |
855 | council mundella | 1 | UNKNOWN | despite being junior to the lord president of the council mundella was in charge of education , and he was now positioned to achieve a number of his aims , in particular that of compulsory elementary education . |
856 | fall | 1 | ACT | mundella met vehement opposition from the railway companies and their shareholders , who were fearful that there would be a fall in their profits of up to 50 per cent and a destruction of the value of railway property . |
857 | creed | 1 | PERSON | though he rebelled against the catechism and disliked the creed , describing them in later life as " my especial abomination " , mundella remained loyal to his early education in anglicanism for the rest of his life . |
858 | compulsory clauses | 1 | SET | he strongly opposed the education bills of 1896 and 1897 which he saw as destructive of his education policy , and he complained that the compulsory clauses of his education |
859 | lace | 1 | INSTITUTION | his mother made lace on a frame in their home and was regarded as adept at this work but , nonetheless , she too was poorly paid and after rent for housing and for the lace frame there was invariably little left to live on . |
860 | states | 1 | PLACE | it was hailed as a success and was adopted not only in other parts of the country , but also in continental europe and in the united states . |
861 | nine hours | 1 | PERIOD |  |
862 | bills | 1 | ESTATE | mundella introduced bills to overhaul the scottish endowments and extend compulsory elementary education to scotland . |
863 | menace | 1 | ACT | he was far too confident and masterful for a quiet life , and in an age of overflowing political activity his mind and methods appeared to stand for the whole menace of radical change . " |
864 | may monarch queen victoria prime minister william ewart gladstone | 1 | PERSON |  |
865 | detail | 1 | EVENT | a copy is held by the national portrait gallery and another , with greater clarity of detail , by the uk parliament 's digital archive . * |
866 | girls | 1 | PERSON | as a result , the employment of girls under sixteen and boys under ten in brick and tile yards was prohibited . |
867 | great meeting baptismal register | 1 | INFORMATION | his granddaughter maintained that he was named antonio giovanni but the great meeting baptismal register confirms that he was christened anthony john . |
868 | office august | 1 | PERIOD |  |
869 | educationalist | 1 | PERSON | for his nephew anthony mundella , see anthony john mundella ( journalist and educationalist ) . |
870 | school boards | 1 | NUMBER | though the act established local education authorities and authorised public money for school improvements , it did not meet with mundella ’s complete approval as it introduced neither free nor compulsory schooling ( except in a tentative , experimental way through the by-laws which school boards were empowered to make ) , but he was anxious to take what parliament was willing to give rather than reject it because it was not good enough . |
871 | countrymen | 1 | PERSON | " loving knowledge for its own sake , he strove to diffuse it among his countrymen . |
872 | english heritage | 1 | ABSTRACT ENTITY | a request in the mid-1980s for the installation of a commemorative blue plaque at mundella 's london home of 16 elvaston place was refused by english heritage . |
873 | backbencher | 1 | UNKNOWN | backbencher |
874 | labour department | 1 | SITUATION | early in 1893 , the bureau of labour statistics which mundella set up in his first term as trade minister was expanded into a labour department , separate from the board of trade . |
875 | day | 1 | PERIOD | act of 1875 established a ten-hour day for women and children in textile factories . |
876 | subject | 1 | EVENT | in 1893 , as a result of an economic downturn , the company was forced into liquidation and became the subject of a board of trade inquiry . |
877 | reproductions | 1 | RESULT | reproductions were available for sale and there are consequently many copies in private hands and in public collections , including those of the uk houses of parliament , the national portrait gallery , london , and the university of sheffield library . |
878 | manufacture | 1 | ACTION | in 1871 he put forward a measure to control the employment of children in the manufacture of bricks and tiles . |
879 | education portfolio | 1 | SITUATION | mundella tried to modernise the committee of the council on education by proposing the institution of an education department headed by a minister with a position in the cabinet , and the setting up of a department of agriculture which would take over his veterinary responsibilities ( part of the education portfolio ) , but he was forestalled by the opposition of the lord president of the council . |
880 | conspiracy | 1 | DOCUMENT PART | mundella was also praised - this time by the trade union leadership - for his opposition backbench role in amending and enabling the passing of , firstly , the employers and workmen act 1875 which replaced the repressive master and servant acts , and , secondly , the passing of the conspiracy , and protection of property |
881 | reports | 1 | PERSON | he ensured that consular reports of trade and the trade requirements of different countries of the world should be published and available at a low price instead of being lost among general foreign office papers . |
882 | conclusion | 1 | CONCLUSION | this conclusion roused mundella to urge local government to provide cheap meals for children . |
883 | train | 1 | TRAIN | mundella 's coffin was then taken through the centre of london to st pancras station for transfer by train to nottingham . |
884 | leslie ward | 1 | PERSON | * caricature , chromolithograph : by spy , the pseudonym of leslie ward ( 1851-1922 ) . |
885 | tribute | 1 | ACT | act of 1874 subscribed , mostly in single pennies , to a tribute to mundella and his wife . |
886 | freshwater fisheries act | 1 | ACT | known officially as the freshwater fisheries act and colloquially amongst anglers as the mundella act , it became law in 1878 . |
887 | collections | 1 | COLLECTION | reproductions were available for sale and there are consequently many copies in private hands and in public collections , including those of the uk houses of parliament , the national portrait gallery , london , and the university of sheffield library . |
888 | footwear | 1 | FOOTWEAR | at eleven he was apprenticed to william kempson , whose business made footwear , hosiery and haberdashery . |
889 | sir joseph edgar boehm ra | 1 | PERSON | bust , marble : by sir joseph edgar boehm ra ( 1834-1890 ) . |
890 | union funds | 1 | PLACE | though the bill did not proceed , his efforts did secure a temporary government bill which gave protection to trade union funds and two years later led to the trade union act 1871 which legalised trade unions and protected their funds by legal registration . |
891 | effects | 1 | EFFECT | many of the improvements he fostered have been altered somewhat in the years since his death , but the long-term effects of everything he enabled have remained : children must still go to school , trade unions are still legal , freshwater fish are still allowed a peaceful breeding season . |
892 | re assessment | 1 | ACT |  |
893 | returns | 1 | FORM | concerned by the annual returns of railway accidents and deaths furnished by the board of trade , mundella appointed two railway men to inquire into the accidents and their causes , and to find means to increase safety . |
894 | machine | 1 | MACHINE | not by his own invention , but by encouraging inventors within the company ( many of them loom operators ) and sharing patents with them , mundella was able to develop plentiful new hosiery-making machinery , a lot of it steam-driven , including a technological revolution : a machine which for the first time enabled a stocking to be made and fully fashioned automatically without stopping the action . |
895 | france | 1 | PLACE | from 1859 , at the time of increased fear of an invasion by france , he was one of the founding members of the local volunteer corps , the robin hood rifles , joining in may 1859 and being promoted to lieutenant in june and captain five months later . |
896 | tiles | 1 | EVENT | in 1871 he put forward a measure to control the employment of children in the manufacture of bricks and tiles . |
897 | pioneer | 1 | UNKNOWN | with his evident confidence , the respect in which he was held as a pioneer of industrial arbitration and as an expert on social matters , combined with the early perception that he was a hard worker , he immediately found himself to be one of the most highly regarded mps of the new intake . |
898 | attacks | 1 | EVENT | there were attacks on his |
899 | bedroom floor | 1 | PERSON | on 14 july 1897 his butler found him " prostrated and unconscious " on his bedroom floor . |
900 | st pancras station | 1 | PLACE | mundella 's coffin was then taken through the centre of london to st pancras station for transfer by train to nottingham . |
901 | years mundella | 1 | UNKNOWN |  |
902 | difficulties | 1 | EVENT | the crash of the new zealand company which had been the cause of his resignation left him in financial difficulties , but on the recommendation of lord rosebery he was awarded an annual civil list pension of £1,200 ( equivalent to £172,593 in 2023 ) which enabled him to continue to live in elvaston place . |
903 | arthur john black | 1 | PERSON | portrait in oil : by arthur john black ( 1855-1936 ) . |
904 | haberdashery | 1 | UNKNOWN | at eleven he was apprenticed to william kempson , whose business made footwear , hosiery and haberdashery . |
905 | marble | 1 | PERSON | the coffin was draped in a pall of venetian brocade , with a marble statuette of the madonna and child and a photograph of mundella 's late wife placed at its head . |
906 | railway regulation bill | 1 | PERSON | they were further angered by mundella 's introduction of a railway regulation bill which sought to impose better braking and other safety devices . |
907 | intention | 1 | ACT | it was the intention of mundella 's daughter maria theresa to write his biography ( which would presumably have been celebratory ) , but despite working for some years on his archive , collecting contributions and loans from others , and making lengthy transcriptions , nothing was published . |
908 | mechanics | 1 | PERSON | mundella devoted his energy to reinventing the mechanics of a hosiery industry which for the most part relied on old-style mechanical stocking frames operated by perennially poor framework-knitters in their own homes . |
909 | platinum print | 1 | PERSON | * photograph , platinum print : by sir john benjamin stone ( 1838-1914 ) . |
910 | estate | 1 | ESTATE | when mundella was a manufacturer he commissioned a large new villa , designed by the architect thomas chambers hine , in the park estate in nottingham , and after moving to london when he became an mp the family lived , firstly , in dean 's yard in westminster , then rented a house in stanhope gardens in kensington before , at the end of 1872 , purchasing 16 elvaston place nearby . |
911 | sale | 1 | RESULT | reproductions were available for sale and there are consequently many copies in private hands and in public collections , including those of the uk houses of parliament , the national portrait gallery , london , and the university of sheffield library . |
912 | candidate | 1 | AMOUNT | he agreed to stand and was formally adopted as a liberal candidate on 20 july 1868 . |
913 | capacity | 1 | FORM | mundella improved the inspection of schools , including employing some women inspectors , and insisting that the health and mental capacity of children should be taken into consideration when examining their learning progress . |
914 | rises | 1 | MONEY | in 1877 mundella sponsored a bill to abolish the property qualification for standing for local office , pointing out that 80 to 90 per cent of the voters in his constituency were disqualified from being councillors and yet were the first to be pressured by rises in rates . |
915 | july monarch queen victoria prime minister william ewart gladstone | 1 | PERSON |  |
916 | mines | 1 | PERSON | in the same year he aided the passage of the coal mines regulation act , paying particular attention to the clauses restricting the working hours of women and children . |
917 | crafts decoration | 1 | ACT | a wide stone in a combination of classical styles and arts and crafts decoration was erected over the tomb . |
918 | expertise | 1 | SPEECH ACT | the liberals returned to power in 1880 with a large majority and gladstone , recognising the younger man 's expertise in the field of education reform , appointed him vice-president of the committee of the council on education ( in other words , secretary of state for education ) . |
919 | loan | 1 | PERSON | in 1869 mundella had joined the board of the new zealand loan and mercantile agency company . |
920 | stone | 1 | PERSON | mundella at the house of commons by john benjamin stone , 1897 mundella wrote to his sister theresa : " i was received with loud cheering when i entered the house , when i rose to address it , and the loudest from all sides when i sat down . |
921 | words | 1 | WORD | the liberals returned to power in 1880 with a large majority and gladstone , recognising the younger man 's expertise in the field of education reform , appointed him vice-president of the committee of the council on education ( in other words , secretary of state for education ) . |
922 | councillors | 1 | EVENT | in 1877 mundella sponsored a bill to abolish the property qualification for standing for local office , pointing out that 80 to 90 per cent of the voters in his constituency were disqualified from being councillors and yet were the first to be pressured by rises in rates . |
923 | reputation mundella | 1 | UNKNOWN |  |
924 | female prostitutes | 1 | PERSON | acts of the 1860s which in ports and garrison towns subjected female prostitutes , and those suspected of being such , to arrest , inspection , and ( if they were found to be infected ) incarceration for up to one year , while no provision was made for the examination of their male customers . |
925 | catholic | 1 | PERSON | though from a catholic and nonconformist background , he attended the church of england school of st nicholas in leicester , an establishment maintained by the national society for promoting religious |
926 | dorothea benson | 1 | PERSON | her collected mundella papers then passed to his granddaughter , dorothea benson , lady charnwood , who presented them to the university of sheffield library in the 1930s . |
927 | sir michael hicks beach | 1 | PERSON | the earl of rosebery preceded by sir michael hicks beach , bt succeeded by james bryce personal details born ( 1825-03-28) 28 march 1825 leicester , leicestershire |
928 | liberal party majority | 1 | PERSON | mundella took his seat in the house of commons as part of the liberal party majority of 116 . |
929 | lock outs | 1 | PERSON |  |
930 | journal | 1 | QUANTITY | to this the medical journal the lancet declared : " the educational system is not overworking children but demonstrating that they are underfed . |
931 | three quarter length portrayal | 1 | RESULT |  |
932 | education systems | 1 | SYSTEM | when travelling in continental europe on business and on personal relaxation , mundella saw how superior the education systems of other countries were , particularly in switzerland and the german states , and was dismayed at the comparative shortcomings of the english system . |
933 | group portrait | 1 | PERSON | two particular images can be found in the illustrated london news : the first , marking mundella 's maiden speech in the house of commons , was published on 27 february 1869 , and the second , a group portrait by walter wilson of we gladstone 's new cabinet , was published on 27 august 1892 . |
934 | foreign office papers | 1 | PERSON | he ensured that consular reports of trade and the trade requirements of different countries of the world should be published and available at a low price instead of being lost among general foreign office papers . |
935 | essence | 1 | CHARACTERISTIC | the essence was that prevention of strife was better than subsequent remedy . |
936 | junior | 1 | PERSON | despite being junior to the lord president of the council mundella was in charge of education , and he was now positioned to achieve a number of his aims , in particular that of compulsory elementary education . |
937 | italy | 1 | PLACE | he went to italy and spent two years recuperating . |
938 | sir arthur stockdale cope ra | 1 | PERSON | portrait in oil : by sir arthur stockdale cope ra ( 1857-1940 ) . |
939 | transfer | 1 | SET | mundella 's coffin was then taken through the centre of london to st pancras station for transfer by train to nottingham . |
940 | november | 1 | PERIOD | it was first published in vanity fair on 30 november 1893 . |
941 | debate | 1 | STATE | mundella 's final utterance in the house , after 3,280 vocal contributions over nearly thirty years as an mp , was a brief interjection in the debate on the second reading of the education ( scotland ) bill on 1 july 1897 . |
942 | new zealand loan | 1 | PLACE | in 1869 mundella had joined the board of the new zealand loan and mercantile agency company . |
943 | journalism | 1 | STYLE | the house was often crowded with friends , not only politicians , but also many from the world of the arts and literature , business , and journalism . |
944 | shoulders portrait | 1 | PERSON | a head and shoulders portrait , taken in the 1870s . |
945 | location | 1 | LOCATION | its location is unknown . |
946 | experience | 1 | COGNITIVE STATE | mundella was not technically minded , though his experience at harris 's with mechanical experimentation helped to form his abiding interest and fascination in new steam-powered hosiery-making machinery . |
947 | madonna | 1 | PERSON | the coffin was draped in a pall of venetian brocade , with a marble statuette of the madonna and child and a photograph of mundella 's late wife placed at its head . |
948 | need | 1 | UNKNOWN | mundella 's main concerns on joining the house were trade union reform and the need for free , compulsory schooling and for technical training . |
949 | chartist leader | 1 | PERSON | at fifteen he became politically engaged and , inspired by the local chartist leader , thomas cooper , enrolled as a chartist , becoming increasingly involved in the movement . |
950 | statesmen | 1 | UNKNOWN | it was first published in vanity fair on 9 december 1871 as number 99 in their series of " portraits of statesmen " . |
951 | credit | 1 | NAME | to mundella at this time was also the credit for his bill instituting a closed season from 15 march to 15 june for freshwater fish . |
952 | breeding season | 1 | PERIOD | many of the improvements he fostered have been altered somewhat in the years since his death , but the long-term effects of everything he enabled have remained : children must still go to school , trade unions are still legal , freshwater fish are still allowed a peaceful breeding season . |
953 | journalist | 1 | PERSON | for his nephew anthony mundella , see anthony john mundella ( journalist and educationalist ) . |
954 | villa | 1 | PLACE | when mundella was a manufacturer he commissioned a large new villa , designed by the architect thomas chambers hine , in the park estate in nottingham , and after moving to london when he became an mp the family lived , firstly , in dean 's yard in westminster , then rented a house in stanhope gardens in kensington before , at the end of 1872 , purchasing 16 elvaston place nearby . |
955 | consideration | 1 | EVENT | mundella improved the inspection of schools , including employing some women inspectors , and insisting that the health and mental capacity of children should be taken into consideration when examining their learning progress . |
956 | st nicholas | 1 | PLACE | though from a catholic and nonconformist background , he attended the church of england school of st nicholas in leicester , an establishment maintained by the national society for promoting religious |
957 | regulation | 1 | PERSON | in the same year he aided the passage of the coal mines regulation act , paying particular attention to the clauses restricting the working hours of women and children . |
958 | fool | 1 | EVENT | as he grew older the cabinet held him in high esteem but younger politicians were " never quite sure whether he was a rogue or a fool , but they were convinced that he was a bore " because of his determined enthusiasm on a few dominant themes . |
959 | sister theresa | 1 | PERSON | mundella at the house of commons by john benjamin stone , 1897 mundella wrote to his sister theresa : " i was received with loud cheering when i entered the house , when i rose to address it , and the loudest from all sides when i sat down . |
960 | trade union leadership | 1 | PLACE | mundella was also praised - this time by the trade union leadership - for his opposition backbench role in amending and enabling the passing of , firstly , the employers and workmen act 1875 which replaced the repressive master and servant acts , and , secondly , the passing of the conspiracy , and protection of property |
961 | honour | 1 | UNKNOWN | mundella was a fellow of the royal society , an honour awarded in 1882 that he described as " the most agreeable and distinguished that could fall upon me " , in 1884 he became president of the sunday school union , a position he deeply valued . |
962 | aim | 1 | PERSON | mundella was the first to prove that the principle worked in an industry of much complexity with the aim of , rather than fighting fires , preventing fires starting in the first place . |
963 | approval | 1 | LANGUAGE | though the act established local education authorities and authorised public money for school improvements , it did not meet with mundella ’s complete approval as it introduced neither free nor compulsory schooling ( except in a tentative , experimental way through the by-laws which school boards were empowered to make ) , but he was anxious to take what parliament was willing to give rather than reject it because it was not good enough . |
964 | fire | 1 | FIRE | there was a setback in 1859 when hine & mundella 's factory was damaged by fire , but it was soon rebuilt and returned to operation with the advantage of newer and more powerful machines , in large part paid for by the company 's insurers . |
965 | stanhope gardens | 1 | PERSON | when mundella was a manufacturer he commissioned a large new villa , designed by the architect thomas chambers hine , in the park estate in nottingham , and after moving to london when he became an mp the family lived , firstly , in dean 's yard in westminster , then rented a house in stanhope gardens in kensington before , at the end of 1872 , purchasing 16 elvaston place nearby . |
966 | compulsory education | 1 | PROCESS | as education minister he established universal compulsory education in britain and played the major part in building the state education system . |
967 | tomb | 1 | PERSON | a wide stone in a combination of classical styles and arts and crafts decoration was erected over the tomb . |
968 | career mundella | 1 | UNKNOWN |  |
969 | rogue | 1 | QUALITY | as he grew older the cabinet held him in high esteem but younger politicians were " never quite sure whether he was a rogue or a fool , but they were convinced that he was a bore " because of his determined enthusiasm on a few dominant themes . |
970 | loans | 1 | ACT | it was the intention of mundella 's daughter maria theresa to write his biography ( which would presumably have been celebratory ) , but despite working for some years on his archive , collecting contributions and loans from others , and making lengthy transcriptions , nothing was published . |
971 | anglo saxons | 1 | PERSON |  |
972 | army contracts | 1 | PERSON | he attacked the war office for its antiquated system for issuing army contracts , and advocated short army and navy service , more volunteers and better organisation . |
973 | north sea fisheries act | 1 | ACT |  |
974 | anything | 1 | ANYTHING | she wrote that on disapprovingly remarking to gladstone about mundella 's appointment " mr . gladstone praised him very much , saying he was a very religious man , very much for religious education , and never said anything offensive " . |
975 | industrialists | 1 | PERSON | he was one of the first industrialists in the midlands to realise that steam power was something far more than a means to great wealth . |
976 | agreements | 1 | AGREEMENT | act ( commonly known as mundella 's act ) which made voluntary agreements between managers and workers mutually binding . |
977 | sunday school union | 1 | PERSON | mundella was a fellow of the royal society , an honour awarded in 1882 that he described as " the most agreeable and distinguished that could fall upon me " , in 1884 he became president of the sunday school union , a position he deeply valued . |
978 | part paid | 1 | MONEY | there was a setback in 1859 when hine & mundella 's factory was damaged by fire , but it was soon rebuilt and returned to operation with the advantage of newer and more powerful machines , in large part paid for by the company 's insurers . |
979 | frame | 1 | PERSON | his mother made lace on a frame in their home and was regarded as adept at this work but , nonetheless , she too was poorly paid and after rent for housing and for the lace frame there was invariably little left to live on . |
980 | reply | 1 | ACT | mundella was chosen to second the reply to the speech from the throne and in doing so made his maiden speech on 16 february 1869 . |
981 | june gladstone | 1 | PERSON |  |
982 | recommendation | 1 | EVENT | the crash of the new zealand company which had been the cause of his resignation left him in financial difficulties , but on the recommendation of lord rosebery he was awarded an annual civil list pension of £1,200 ( equivalent to £172,593 in 2023 ) which enabled him to continue to live in elvaston place . |
983 | minimum ages | 1 | EVENT | at the board of trade he was instrumental in the reduction of working hours and the raising of minimum ages in the employment of children and young people . |
984 | housing | 1 | UNKNOWN | his mother made lace on a frame in their home and was regarded as adept at this work but , nonetheless , she too was poorly paid and after rent for housing and for the lace frame there was invariably little left to live on . |
985 | despatch box | 1 | PHYSICAL OBJECT | a three-quarter length portrayal of mundella as president of the board of trade with his hand resting on a departmental despatch box . |
986 | director | 1 | INSTITUTION | though mundella was no longer a director and was innocent of any fault , a conflict of interest existed because the final decision on what further proceedings should follow a public investigation in court ( in which mundella gave evidence ) would have to be made by mundella himself as president of the board of trade . |
987 | funeral services | 1 | CONCEPT | three funeral services were held . |
988 | state intervention | 1 | PLACE | he knew that achieving the required progress in these matters would involve collective effort and increasing state intervention . |
989 | united kingdom | 1 | PLACE | london nationality british political party liberal spouse mary smith anthony john mundella pc ( 28 march 1825 - 21 july 1897 ) was an english manufacturer and later a liberal party mp and cabinet minister who sat in the house of commons of the united kingdom from 1868 to 1897 . |
990 | trade requirements | 1 | PERSON | he ensured that consular reports of trade and the trade requirements of different countries of the world should be published and available at a low price instead of being lost among general foreign office papers . |
991 | law schools | 1 | PERSON | in the year following his resignation , mundella arbitrated successfully in the hanley pottery dispute in march 1895 and was intensively occupied as chairman of the committee examining the poor law schools in london . |
992 | government grants | 1 | DOCUMENT | mundella 's educational code of 1882 , which became known as the " mundella code , " marked a new departure in the regulation of public elementary schools , their curricula and how they were taught , and the conditions under which government grants were made . |
993 | nation | 1 | PLACE | aside from local political action , mundella 's business experience showed him that progress in industry depended on reciprocal understanding between workers and employers , and that progress generally required significant improvements in the nation 's education system , including technical training . |
994 | attempt | 1 | ACTION | he joined in an attempt to modernise the patent laws , which for a long time had been his concern as an industrialist . |
995 | life anthony john mundella | 1 | PERSON | early life anthony john mundella was born in leicester , england in 1825 . |
996 | section | 1 | MEASURE | he chaired the section dealing with conditions in the chemical , building , textile , clothing and miscellaneous trades . |
997 | bricks | 1 | GROUP | in 1871 he put forward a measure to control the employment of children in the manufacture of bricks and tiles . |
998 | beard | 1 | PERSON | mundella had a striking presence , being tall and thin and bent at the shoulders with a dark complexion , a prominent hooked nose and a flowing beard . |
999 | linger | 1 | PERSON | an improvement in the way merchant seamen were paid their wages at the end of a voyage ensured they did not have to linger for long periods in the seaports rather than returning home , thereby reducing prostitution in the ports . |
1000 | victorian liberal politics | 1 | PERSON | mundella was highly respected during his long period in victorian liberal politics , achieving elevation to the cabinet and attaining the distinction of becoming known as a statesman . |
1001 | stocking | 1 | PERSON | mundella devoted his energy to reinventing the mechanics of a hosiery industry which for the most part relied on old-style mechanical stocking frames operated by perennially poor framework-knitters in their own homes . |
1002 | edward stanhope | 1 | PERSON | edward stanhope succeeded by hon . |
1003 | politician | 1 | PERSON | british politician this article is about the industrialist , liberal mp and cabinet minister , a.j.mundella . |
1004 | bore | 1 | PERSON | as he grew older the cabinet held him in high esteem but younger politicians were " never quite sure whether he was a rogue or a fool , but they were convinced that he was a bore " because of his determined enthusiasm on a few dominant themes . |
1005 | investigation | 1 | INVESTIGATION | though mundella was no longer a director and was innocent of any fault , a conflict of interest existed because the final decision on what further proceedings should follow a public investigation in court ( in which mundella gave evidence ) would have to be made by mundella himself as president of the board of trade . |
1006 | goods | 1 | UNKNOWN | there had long been disputation over the matter of railway freight charges , with the railway companies ' trade and agricultural customers implacably opposed to the high prices charged for the movement of goods . |
1007 | urging | 1 | UNKNOWN | in 1891 and 1892 , on the urging of gladstone , he became an opposition frontbench representative on the royal commission on labour . |
1008 | anniversary | 1 | TIME PERIOD | painted on commission for the citizens of sheffield to celebrate mundella 's 25th anniversary as an mp . |
1009 | walter wilson | 1 | PERSON | two particular images can be found in the illustrated london news : the first , marking mundella 's maiden speech in the house of commons , was published on 27 february 1869 , and the second , a group portrait by walter wilson of we gladstone 's new cabinet , was published on 27 august 1892 . |
1010 | newly | 1 | UNKNOWN | in the middle of march mundella 's stock rose higher when his board of arbitration was commended in the newly published report of the royal commission on trade unions . |
1011 | grief | 1 | CONDITION | there were tributes from gladstone and rosebery ( the latter insisting that it was a " source of grief and weakness " to the government to be deprived of his " great " services ) , and hundreds of resolutions of sympathy from workers all over the country reached him , thanking him for his life-long services to labour . |
1012 | objects | 1 | UNKNOWN | at home , mundella had a regard for domestic comforts and liked to be surrounded by beautiful objects . |
1013 | decision | 1 | DECISION | though mundella was no longer a director and was innocent of any fault , a conflict of interest existed because the final decision on what further proceedings should follow a public investigation in court ( in which mundella gave evidence ) would have to be made by mundella himself as president of the board of trade . |
1014 | manchester | 1 | PLACE | it was presented to mary mundella at a ceremony in manchester in august 1884 , ten years after the factory act had passed . |
1015 | wreath | 1 | BODY | queen victoria sent a wreath , and she and the prince of wales were represented amongst a very large number of male and female mourners . |
1016 | managers | 1 | PERSON | act ( commonly known as mundella 's act ) which made voluntary agreements between managers and workers mutually binding . |
1017 | railway men | 1 | PERSON | concerned by the annual returns of railway accidents and deaths furnished by the board of trade , mundella appointed two railway men to inquire into the accidents and their causes , and to find means to increase safety . |
1018 | compositions | 1 | INSTANCE | he became adept at writing political ballads and while still fifteen heard his compositions sung on the streets and at political meetings . |
1019 | effectiveness | 1 | ABILITY | he was among the first to prove the effectiveness of arbitration and conciliation in industrial relations . |
1020 | windsor | 1 | PLACE | after her initial suspicion , queen victoria learned to care deeply for him and invited him for weekends at windsor , osborne , and sandringham . |
1021 | antonio mondelli | 1 | PERSON | he was the first of five children of antonio mondelli ( later known as anthony mundella ) , a refugee from lombardy of uncertain background , and his wife rebecca allsopp of leicester . |
1022 | nothing | 1 | PERSON | it was the intention of mundella 's daughter maria theresa to write his biography ( which would presumably have been celebratory ) , but despite working for some years on his archive , collecting contributions and loans from others , and making lengthy transcriptions , nothing was published . |
1023 | tariffs | 1 | PERSON | in 1890 mundella became chairman of the trade and treaties committee , responsible for keeping the board of trade informed on expiring treaties and new tariffs and duties . |
1024 | strictness | 1 | STATE | there were accusations that the strictness of the code was harsh and was causing children to overwork . |
1025 | royal academy | 1 | INSTITUTION | the painting was exhibited at the royal academy of arts in london in the spring of 1894 and presented to mundella on 11 dec 1894 before being given to sheffield town council . |
1026 | use | 1 | USE | by 1857 hine and mundella were employing 4,000 workers who were well paid , partly because by attracting good operatives mundella hoped they would use their intelligence and inventiveness to suggest improvements in the way they worked . |
1027 | kempson | 1 | PERSON | at eleven he was apprenticed to william kempson , whose business made footwear , hosiery and haberdashery . |
1028 | penalties | 1 | PERSON | act 1875 which , combined with the repeal of the much-hated criminal law amendment act 1871 , released workers from the severe penalties which were aimed solely at them . |
1029 | boehm | 1 | PERSON | bust , marble : by sir joseph edgar boehm ra ( 1834-1890 ) . |
1030 | enemies | 1 | PERSON | it has been observed that " mundella made enemies at every stage . |
1031 | successes | 1 | ACT | mundella regarded this act as one of his greatest successes . |
1032 | trade minister | 1 | HUMAN ROLE | early in 1893 , the bureau of labour statistics which mundella set up in his first term as trade minister was expanded into a labour department , separate from the board of trade . |
1033 | james jacques tissot | 1 | PERSON | anthony john mundella by coïdé ( james jacques tissot ) . |
1034 | loss | 1 | PERSON | he had suffered a stroke and remained paralysed with a complete loss of speech , and he was barely conscious for eight days . |
1035 | book | 1 | ENTITY | he made good use of ms mundella 's copious research in his book , and before its publication in academic papers and a radio broadcast . |
1036 | warehouseman | 1 | PERSON | personal life on 12 march 1844 , when aged eighteen , mundella married mary , the daughter of william smith , a warehouseman of kibworth beauchamp in leicestershire . |
1037 | murders | 1 | ACT | outbreaks of violence , including explosions and murders , in the sheffield steel industry led to the 1867 royal commission on trade unions . |
1038 | view | 1 | ORGANISATION | despite mundella 's beneficial influence on education , industry , and the protection of children , after his death in 1897 his name and reputation disappeared from public view and he became mostly a forgotten man of gladstone 's administrations . |
1039 | newspaper cartoons | 1 | PERSON | a copy of it is owned by the national portrait gallery in london . * newspaper cartoons : by various artists . 16 images , all including lampooning representations of mundella , and all relating to the parliamentary elections in sheffield in 1868 . |
1040 | work mundella | 1 | UNKNOWN | by such work mundella prepared the late victorian age for the dawning of the 20th century . |
1041 | poor | 1 | UNKNOWN | education to provide elementary education for children from poor homes , until the age of nine . |
1042 | head and shoulders portrait | 1 | PERSON | a head and shoulders portrait , taken in the 1870s . |
1043 | voyage | 1 | ACT | an improvement in the way merchant seamen were paid their wages at the end of a voyage ensured they did not have to linger for long periods in the seaports rather than returning home , thereby reducing prostitution in the ports . |
1044 | master | 1 | PERSON | mundella was also praised - this time by the trade union leadership - for his opposition backbench role in amending and enabling the passing of , firstly , the employers and workmen act 1875 which replaced the repressive master and servant acts , and , secondly , the passing of the conspiracy , and protection of property |
1045 | nottingham board | 1 | PERSON | he proposed that the workers should have the wages they demanded and also that a board of arbitration ( the nottingham board of arbitration and conciliation for the hosiery trade ) composed of both employers and workers should be established to prevent further strikes by fixing the price for handwork and preventing disputes by constant conference between both sides . |
1046 | chancellor | 1 | PERSON | gladstone returned to the prime ministership barely three months later in january 1886 and after briefly considering mundella for the post of chancellor of the exchequer he instead elevated him to the cabinet as president of the board of trade . |
1047 | january | 1 | PERIOD | gladstone returned to the prime ministership barely three months later in january 1886 and after briefly considering mundella for the post of chancellor of the exchequer he instead elevated him to the cabinet as president of the board of trade . |
1048 | anyone | 1 | UNKNOWN | in character he was described as warm , impulsive , enthusiastic , and optimistic , and ready to believe the best in anyone . |
1049 | nottingham hosiery manufacturing company | 1 | INSTITUTION | in his absence the firm of hine & mundella was converted into a limited liability company , the nottingham hosiery manufacturing company . |
1050 | labour conflicts | 1 | EVENT | welsh towns to expound on the system of arbitration and to help settle a number of labour conflicts . |
1051 | passage | 1 | EVENT | in the same year he aided the passage of the coal mines regulation act , paying particular attention to the clauses restricting the working hours of women and children . |
1052 | sheffield town council | 1 | HUMAN GROUP | the painting was exhibited at the royal academy of arts in london in the spring of 1894 and presented to mundella on 11 dec 1894 before being given to sheffield town council . |
1053 | railway property | 1 | PROPERTY | mundella met vehement opposition from the railway companies and their shareholders , who were fearful that there would be a fall in their profits of up to 50 per cent and a destruction of the value of railway property . |
1054 | resolutions | 1 | ACT | there were tributes from gladstone and rosebery ( the latter insisting that it was a " source of grief and weakness " to the government to be deprived of his " great " services ) , and hundreds of resolutions of sympathy from workers all over the country reached him , thanking him for his life-long services to labour . |
1055 | ships | 1 | UNKNOWN | a merchant shipping bill was introduced to halt the undermanning of ships . |
1056 | undermanning | 1 | ACTIVITY | a merchant shipping bill was introduced to halt the undermanning of ships . |
1057 | crash | 1 | STATE | the crash of the new zealand company which had been the cause of his resignation left him in financial difficulties , but on the recommendation of lord rosebery he was awarded an annual civil list pension of £1,200 ( equivalent to £172,593 in 2023 ) which enabled him to continue to live in elvaston place . |
1058 | convention | 1 | FORM | act ratified the convention between the countries bordering the north sea fishing areas to deal with floating alcohol " shops " which supplied fishermen with liquor . |
1059 | setback | 1 | PERSON | there was a setback in 1859 when hine & mundella 's factory was damaged by fire , but it was soon rebuilt and returned to operation with the advantage of newer and more powerful machines , in large part paid for by the company 's insurers . |
1060 | audience | 1 | INSTANCE | the leaders of his audience were so inspired by his speech that they assured him of their support if he were to stand for the liberal party in the sheffield constituency in the forthcoming general election . |
1061 | trade unionists | 1 | PERSON | he had to contend with suspicious employers and with powerful trade unionists , and reconcile the penurious framework-knitters with the comparatively well-paid and skilled factory workers . |
1062 | clothing | 1 | ACTIVITY | he chaired the section dealing with conditions in the chemical , building , textile , clothing and miscellaneous trades . |

## Objects sorted by category

Categoría | Objetos
PERSON | aim aims alexander bassano anglo saxons anthony john anthony john mundella anthony mundella antonio giovanni antonio mondelli army contracts arthur john black arthur stockdale cope artist artists arts ayes bangor beard bedroom floor believer bill boehm bore boy boys brick brightside brocade brother bureau butler cabinet calamity none campaign campaigns canal traffic bill caricature carte de visite cartoonists catholic chancellor charity commissioner charles stewart parnell charter chartist chartist leader child children church church cemetery civil list pension clarity colleagues commission concern concerns congregants conservatives win constituency constituents cope copies copy corn laws councillor countrymen creed crime customers cyril flower daughter daughter maria theresa daughters dean dec display division dorothea benson earl educationalist edward stanhope eliza ellen employees employers enemies expert factory bill father female prostitutes fishermen foreground foreign office papers fortune frame framework knitters frederick stanley friend friends game laws garrison towns girls gladstone government bill granddaughter great meeting unitarian chapel group cartoon portrait group portrait hamel handwork harris harry armytage head and shoulders portrait hillside hine home framework knitters hon hosiery hosiery manufacturers hosiery trade husband industrialist industrialists inland fisheries insurers inventors irish parliamentary party james bryce personal details born james jacques tissot james tissot john benjamin stone journalist journalists journeyman july monarch queen victoria prime minister william ewart gladstone june gladstone junior kempson kensington kibworth beauchamp knowledge labour labour statistics lace frame lady charnwood law law schools leaders legacy leslie ward liberal liberal mp liberal party majority liberal party mp liberals life anthony john mundella linger loan lock out lock outs lombardy lord president lord rosebery loss loudest loughborough love loyal madonna magazine punch male male householders man managers manufacturer manufacturers marble marble statuette march leicester march mundella mary mary mundella master masters may monarch queen victoria prime minister william ewart gladstone meals mechanics member members men midlands mind miners mines mother mourners mundella papers nephew anthony mundella newspaper cartoons nothing nottingham board nottingham chamber nottingham school board opponents osborne overseer oxford dictionary pall parliament after mundella parliamentary divisions penalties photographer platinum print politician politicians portrait presidency president price prince principle print printer prosper protestant punishments queen victoria radicals railway employees railway men railway regulation bill railway servants rebecca mundella refugee regulation report reports rich richard cobden robin hood rifles roland green comprehensive rosebery royal royal commission sake sanvey gate saxony school population schooling secretary setback shades shakespeare shareholders sheffield brightside sheffield constituency sheffield galleries sheffield telegraph sheriff shipping bill shoulders portrait sir arthur stockdale cope ra sir john benjamin stone sir joseph edgar boehm ra sir michael hicks beach sister theresa spring st margaret st mary stanhope gardens statesman stocking stocking frames stone streets stroke students summer sunday school scholar sunday school union tariffs teacher terrace textile trade thomas chambers hine thomas cooper throne tomb town councillor towns trade trade requirements trade unionists vanity fair venture vice presidency vice president victoria victorian england victorian liberal politics volunteers voters walter wilson warehouseman way merchant seamen we gladstone welsh welsh legislation wife wife rebecca allsopp william ewart gladstone william kempson william smith women women inspectors woodburytype carte de visite worker yard
PLACE | albert museum areas art culture art schools boston britain bromley house library cardiff chemnitz city country elvaston place england europe family home france gas jets graveside home homes house illustrated london news individualism italy lancet leicester leicestershire london london home london warehouse manchester maria theresa middle mundella mundella vault nation new zealand loan news north sea nottingham office papers place realm regard scotland sea sheffield library sheffield university library south kensington south kensington museum st nicholas st pancras station state intervention states switzerland trade union leadership trade unions union funds union reform unions united kingdom united states villa wales war office warehouse westminster windsor wood street world
ACT | achievements act acts arbitration arrival braking by laws character children act coal mines regulation act combination complexion conference contagious diseases acts crafts decoration criminal law amendment act education act elementary education act establishment esteem examining expansion experimentation factory act fall fascination freshwater fisheries act incarceration intention journal illustrations laws liquidation loans memorial menace mundella act mundella likenesses murders north sea fisheries act operation patents promotion protection re assessment reform act relaxation repeal reply representations resignation resolutions servant acts success successes support suspicion trade inquiry trade union act tribute tributes utterance voyage workmen act workshop act
EVENT | abomination ages attacks business businesses choice code conflict consideration contributions councillors court crowds death deaths departure detail difficulties elevation english factories factory fellow fool fruits group portraits hosiery business hosiery factory intake intercourse labour conflicts learning progress lengthy transcriptions life minimum ages morality mundella code necessity nine hours factory occasion passage passing pennies portraits progress prostitution recommendation recommendations research respect respects safety seat spectacle subject sympathy textile factories tiles understanding
INSTITUTION | association century society company director england school firm funeral service hosiery industry industry institution lace liability company mercantile agency company mundella grammar school national association national education association national society new zealand company normal school nottingham emmanuel school nottingham grammar school nottingham hosiery manufacturing company roland green school royal academy royal school royal society school service sheffield sheffield steel industry sunday school university university colleges
PERIOD | august breeding season century day days december february hours january july june march may months night nine hours november october office august office february partnership past period periods season shoulders time year years
AMOUNT | accusations candidate charge charges daylight education reform exchequer freight charges interest interests maritime reforms railway freight charges reduction reductions reform revolution strife strike strikes volumes wages
STATE | adversity benefit complexity countries crash cruelty debate desirability loyalty matter matters opposition peace rest state strictness vehement opposition welfare
ACTION | action attempt binding ceremony effort efforts endowments funeral manufacture motion painting proceedings publication trimmer violence
PROCESS | compulsory education conciliation dissolution education hand hands methods plaque process promoting religious education teacher training technical education training
GROUP | bricks control examination eyesight funds group hosiery making machinery inspection invasion liberal party machinery print cabinet card reform league
HUMAN GROUP | army committee council family labour movement movement parliament people sheffield town council treaties committee uk parliament
ACTIVITY | activities activity clothing dawning disputation employment everything meetings things undermanning work
ABSTRACT ENTITY | diary english heritage equivalent evidence installation labours nose older operators traction
PROPERTY | age health majority property railway property victorian age weekends yards
SET | clauses compulsory clauses dress national portrait gallery property qualification source trade unionism transfer
RESULT | destruction grave profits reproductions result sale stock three quarter length portrayal
CONDITION | advantage birth care circumstances conditions enthusiasm grief ignorance
SYSTEM | education system education systems railway railways school board system serfdom state education system system
FORM | capacity convention form forms returns sphere stress
QUALITY | absurdity devil inventiveness presence rogue serener heights weakness
ESTATE | bills class roots education bills estate park estate ports seaports
MONEY | cent money part paid pay raising rises
NUMBER | board boards career number school boards successor
SITUATION | department education department education portfolio fisheries department government departments labour department
NAME | coffin credit name parents pseudonym
INFORMATION | background great meeting baptismal register information liberal background registration
AGREEMENT | agreements improvement improvements school improvements themes
POWER | election elections general election influence power
SPEECH ACT | annual expertise labour gazette newspaper
OCCURRENCE | accidents fight outbreaks railway accidents
COLLECTION | archive catechism collections wealth
HUMAN ROLE | cabinet minister education minister minister trade minister
ENTITY | book bust railway companies sides
ORGANISATION | organisation organisations perception view
INSTANCE | audience compositions entry rent
TRUST | belief beliefs museums trust opinion
GARMENT | balance knit order stockings
EMOTION | confidence fear reading
VALUE | invention inventions value
QUANTITY | fault journal mass
MACHINE | machine machines stocking frame
RULE | education policy home rule rules
HEAD | chairman face head
CONCEPT | anglicanism funeral services services
RESOURCE | joint remedy spy
RELATION | labour relations reason relations
STYLE | inscription journalism styles
SEQUENCE | biography national biography post
CAUSE | cause causes comforts
POSITION | backbenches opposition backbenches position
PICTURE | photograph photographs portrait photograph
SERIES | ancestry series
FORCE | force security
DISPUTE | disputes hanley pottery dispute
DEFICIENCY | compulsion shortcomings
DOCUMENT PART | conspiracy kind
STATUS | education authorities entrance
FIRE | fire fires
ARTIFACT | interjection treaties
DECISION | appointment decision
EFFECT | effect effects
FISH | anglers fish
SPEECH | insults speech
BALL | field fields
REQUEST | demands request
SOUND | ballads distinction
MEASURE | measure section
ABILITY | effectiveness intelligence
COGNITIVE STATE | business experience experience
ELEMENT | attention stalemate
ROLE | opposition backbench role role
TERM | citizens term
STUDY | agriculture science
DOCUMENT | government grants literature
LENGTH | three quarter length
PLANT | liquor
ENERGY | energy
ANIMAL | nieces
LIQUID | oil
ARTICLE | article
GAME | commerce
BROADCAST | broadcast
GOVERNMENT | government
PHYSICAL OBJECT | despatch box
INCREASE | infections
TRAIN | train
SPACE | lobby
ARRANGEMENT | administrations
PERMISSION | move
REPUTATION | reputation
ARTWORK | art
LOCATION | location
ASSET | prevention
IMAGE | images
DIGNITY | dignity
NATURE | nature
PART | parts
WORD | words
STAGE | stage
SUBSTANCE | back
CHARACTERISTIC | essence
RESPONSIBILITY | responsibilities
TREND | downturn
PORTION | illiteracy
MATERIAL | textile
EXPLOSION | explosions
OPPORTUNITY | opportunity
COMPOUND | chemical
WOOD | partner
INVESTIGATION | investigation
ANYTHING | anything
ATTITUDE | duties
TREATMENT | treatment
FOOTWEAR | footwear
ABSENCE | absence
DEVICE | safety devices
TIME PERIOD | anniversary
UNIT | history
ROOM | workrooms
ROUTE | route
BODY | wreath
USE | use
RANK | introduction
LANGUAGE | approval
FIGURE | figure
CONCLUSION | conclusion
RATE | rates