# Tatatag: a semantic typing machine

https://tecling.com/textagram
Version: August 8, 2025: This version works with English and Spanish

Result for text extracleancorp/extra-clean-file-180.txt.tag

## Text without annotations

Founding Father of the United States ( 1744-1822 ) Pierce Butler United States Senator from South Carolina In office March 4 , 1789 - October 25 , 1796 Preceded by Inaugural holder Succeeded by John Hunter In office November 4 , 1802 - November 21 , 1804 Preceded by John E. Colhoun Succeeded by John Gaillard Delegate from South Carolina to the Congress of the Confederation In office May 25 , 1787 - September 17 , 1787 Personal details Born ( 1744-07-11) July 11 , 1744 Garryhundon , County Carlow , Kingdom of Ireland Died February 15 , 1822( 1822-02-15 ) ( aged 77 ) Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US Resting place Christ Episcopal Church and Churchyard , Philadelphia Political party Federalist , Democratic-Republican Spouse Mary Middleton Children 8 Parent(s ) Sir Richard Butler , 5th Baronet Henrietta Percy Profession Soldier , planter Military service Allegiance Great Britain United States * South Carolina Branch/service British Army South Carolina militia Rank Adjutant General Major ( combat rank ) Battles/wars * American Revolutionary War + Siege of Savannah Pierce Butler ( July 11 , 1744 - February 15 , 1822 ) was an Irish-born American politician who was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States . Born in the Kingdom of Ireland , Butler emigrated to the British North American colonies , where he fought in the American Revolutionary War . After the war , he served as a state legislator and was a member of the Congress of the Confederation . In 1787 , he served as a delegate to the 1787 Constitutional Convention , where Butler signed the Constitution of the United States ; he was also a member of the United States Senate . As one of the largest slaveholders in the United States , he frequently defended American slavery for both political and personal motives , even though he had private misgivings about the institution and particularly about the Atlantic slave trade . He introduced the Fugitive Slave Clause into a draft of the Constitution , which gave a federal guarantee to the property rights of slaveholders . Butler also supported counting the entire slave population in state totals for Congressional apportionment . The Constitution 's Three-fifths Compromise counted only three-fifths of the enslaved population in state totals but still led to white voters in Southern United States having disproportionate power in the United States Congress . Early life Butler was born on July 11 , 1744 , in Garryhundon , County Carlow , Ireland . He was born into the Anglo-Irish Protestant Ascendancy . He was an Anglican until after the American Revolution when he became a member of the Episcopal Church alongside many of America 's Founding Fathers . He was the third son of Sir Richard Butler , 5th Baronet , of Cloughgrenan ( 1699-1771 ) , and his wife , Henrietta Percy . He resigned from a commission in the British Army in 1773 and settled with his wife , Mary , in South Carolina . Revolutionary war soldier In early 1779 , Governor John Rutledge asked Butler to help reorganize South Carolina 's defenses . Butler assumed the post of the state 's adjutant general , a position that carried the rank of brigadier general . He preferred to be addressed as major , his highest combat rank . Meanwhile , the British were shifting their wartime strategy . By 1778 , King George III and his ministers faced a new military situation in the Thirteen Colonies . Their forces in the northern and middle colonies had reached a stalemate with Washington 's Continentals , more adequately supplied and better trained after the hard winter at Valley Forge . There was a risk that France would enter the war as a partner of the Americans . The British developed a " southern strategy . " They believed that the many Loyalists in the southern states ( with whom the British had an active trade through cotton , rice and tobacco ) would rally to the Crown if supported by regular troops . They planned a reconquest of the rebellious colonies one at a time , moving north from Georgia . They launched their new strategy by capturing Savannah in December 1778 . Butler joined to mobilize South Carolina 's militia to resist the British invasion . Later , he helped prepare the state units used in the counterattack which attempted to drive British forces from Georgia . Butler served as a volunteer aide to General Lachlan McIntosh during the operation , which climaxed with an attempted attack on Savannah . The hastily raised and poorly prepared militia troops could not compete with the well-trained British regulars , and the Patriots ' effort to relieve Savannah were defeated . In 1780 , the British captured Charleston , South Carolina , and with it most of the colony 's civil government and military forces . Butler escaped as part of a command group deliberately located outside the city . Over the next two years , he developed a counterstrategy to defeat the southern operations of . Refusing to surrender , allies in South Carolina and the occupied portions of Georgia and North Carolina organized guerrilla operations against the British . As adjutant general , Butler worked with former members of the militia and Continental Army veterans such as Francis Marion and Thomas Sumter to integrate the partisan efforts into a unified campaign . They united with the operations of the southern Army under the command of Horatio Gates and later Nathanael Greene . British forces repeatedly attempted to capture Butler due to his status as a former British Army officer . Several times he barely avoided capture . Throughout the closing phases of the southern campaign , he personally donated cash and supplies to help sustain the American forces and assisted in the administration of prisoner-of-war facilities . Politician Military operations in the final months of the Revolutionary War left Butler poor . Many of his plantations and ships were destroyed , and the international trade on which most of his income depended was in shambles . To secure loans and establish new markets , he traveled to Europe when the war ended . He enrolled his son Thomas in a London school run by Weeden Butler and engaged a new minister from among the British clergy for his Episcopal church in South Carolina . In late 1785 , Butler returned to the United States . He became an outspoken advocate of reconciliation with former Loyalists and of equal representation for the backcountry residents . Attesting to his growing political influence , the South Carolina legislature asked Butler to represent the state at the Constitutional Convention that met in Philadelphia in 1787 . At the convention , he urged that the president be given the power to initiate war but did not receive a second proponent for his motion , and all the other delegates overwhelmingly rejected his proposal . Butler 's experiences as a soldier and planter-legislator led to his forceful support for a strong union of the states . At the same time , he looked to the special interests of his region . He introduced the Fugitive Slave Clause ( Article 4 , Section 2 ) , which established protection for slavery in the Constitution . In addition , while privately criticizing the international trade in enslaved Africans , he supported the passage in the Constitution that prohibited regulation of the trade for 20 years . He advocated counting the entire slave population in the states ' totals for Congressional apportionment but compromised to count three-fifths of the enslaved people toward that end . It ensured that the Southern planter elite exerted a strong influence in national politics for decades . Butler displayed inconsistencies that troubled his associates . He favored ratification of the Constitution yet did not attend the South Carolina convention that ratified it . Later , he was elected by the South Carolina state legislature to three terms in the United States Senate — from 1789 to October 1796 , and from November 1802 to November 1804 — but changed his party allegiance : beginning as a Federalist , he switched to the Democratic-Republicans in 1795 . In 1804 , he declared himself a political independent . Between his tenures as a senator , Butler ran in South Carolina 's 2nd congressional district in 1798 , but overwhelmingly lost to incumbent John Rutledge Jr . After these successive changes , voters did not elect Butler again to national office . They elected him three more times to the state legislature as an easterner who spoke on behalf of the west . Vice President Aaron Burr was Butler 's guest at his St . Simons plantations in September 1804 . Burr was , at the time , lying low after shooting Alexander Hamilton in the July 1804 duel . The states of New York and New Jersey had each indicted Burr for murder in the duel 's wake . Burr had traveled during August to Butler 's plantation under the pseudonym Roswell King , Butler 's overseer 's name . During Burr 's stay in early September , one of the worst hurricanes in history hit the area , and Burr 's firsthand description documents both his stay and this event . Later years , post-politics Butler House ( demolished 1857 ) , NW corner 8th & Chestnut Sts . , Philadelphia Following his wife 's death in 1790 , Butler sold off the last of their South Carolina holdings and invested in Georgia Sea Island plantations . Butler hired Roswell King as the manager of his two plantations on St. Simon 's Island and Butler Island . They had some conflicts as Butler wanted more moderate treatment of the people he enslaved than was King 's style . King left in 1820 to operate a plantation near Darien . He also pursued plans in the 1830s to develop cotton mills in the Piedmont of Georgia , where he founded what became Roswell , Georgia , in 1839 . Butler retired from politics in 1805 and spent much of his time in Philadelphia , where he had previously established a summer home . Through his business ventures , he became one of the wealthiest men in the nation , with substantial land holdings in several states . Like other Founding Fathers from his region , Butler also continued to support the institution of slavery . But unlike Washington or Thomas Jefferson , for example , Butler never acknowledged the fundamental inconsistency in simultaneously defending the people 's freedom and supporting slavery . Associates called Butler " eccentric " and an " enigma . " He followed a path to produce the maximum liberty and respect for people he considered citizens . He wanted to maintain a strong central government but one that could never ride roughshod over the rights of the private citizen . He opposed the policies of the Federalists under Alexander Hamilton because he believed they had sacrificed the interests of westerners and had sought to force their policies on the opposition . He later split with Jefferson and the Democrats for the same reason . Butler emphasized his belief in the role of the ordinary person . Late in life , he summarized his view : " Our System is little better than matter of Experiment . ... much must depend on the morals and manners of the people at large . " Progeny and succession Coat of Arms of Pierce Butler In January 1771 , Butler married Mary Middleton ( c. 1750-1790 ) . She was the orphaned daughter of Thomas Middleton , a South Carolina planter and slave importer , and was heiress to a large fortune . The couple had eight children : * Anne Elizabeth Butler ( 1771-1845 ) , unmarried * Sarah Butler ( 1772-1831 ) , married 1800 , James Mease of Philadelphia * Frances Butler ( 1774-1836 ) , unmarried * Harriot Percy Butler ( 1775-1815 ) , unmarried * Pierce Butler Jr. ( 1777-1780 ) , died aged three * Thomas Butler ( 1778-1838 ) , married 1812 , Eliza de Mallevault of Paris= * 3rd son , died young * 4th son , died young Butler disinherited his only surviving son , Thomas Butler , along with his French-born wife and children . Four of Butler 's daughters reached adulthood , but only one of them , Sarah Mease , married or had children . Butler initially planned to leave his entire fortune to Sarah 's eldest son , Pierce Butler Mease , but the boy died in 1810 at age 9 . Butler told Sarah he would devise his estate in equal parts to her three surviving sons ( including one born that year ) , provided they irrevocably adopt " Butler " as their surname . Two of Sarah 's sons , John Mease and Pierce Butler Mease ( born in 1810 and named for the brother who died ) , duly changed their surnames to inherit portions of the estate . Until the grandsons came of age , Butler 's other surviving daughters , Frances and Anne Elizabeth ( " Eliza " ) , had use of the most productive lands . John A. Mease Butler John A. Mease Butler ( 1806-1847 ) inherited half of his grandfather 's plantations after adopting " Butler " as his surname in 1831 . He married Gabriella Morris , but they had no children . He served in the Mexican-American War , attaining the rank of captain , but died of dysentery in camp . He was survived by his wife , who continued to reside on his estates and experienced the effects of the American Civil War . U.S. forces occupied all the Butler plantations beginning in February 1862 . The January 1 , 1863 , Emancipation Proclamation freed all of Gabriella Morris Butler 's nearly 500 enslaved people . She died later that year . Pierce Mease Butler Pierce Mease Butler and Frances Butler , c.1855 Pierce Mease Butler ( 1810-1867 ) inherited the other half of his grandfather 's Butler Island and St. Simons Island plantations after adopting " Butler " as his surname . The English actress Fanny Kemble and her noted actor/manager father , Charles Kemble , made a two-year theatrical tour of the United States in 1832-34 . Pierce Mease Butler met her during the tour and married her on June 7 , 1834 . They lived in Philadelphia and had two daughters , Sarah and Frances . His wife kept a journal of their brief stay on one of their plantations . She expressed extreme horror at the state of life of enslaved people and deconstructed contemporary arguments attempting to justify slavery . Pierce Mease Butler took his family to Georgia for the winter of 1838-39 . Kemble was shocked at the enslaved people 's living and working conditions and complained to him about their overwork and the manager Roswell King Jr. 's treatment of them . She noted that King was known to have sired several mixed-race children with enslaved women , whom he sometimes took away from their husbands for periods . Kemble 's firsthand experiences of the winter residence contributed to her growing abolitionism . The couple had increasing tensions over this and their basic incompatibility . Butler threatened to deny Kemble access to their daughters if she published anything of her observations about the plantation conditions . When they divorced in 1849 , he retained custody of their daughters . Kemble waited until 1863 , after the start of the American Civil War and her daughters had come of age , to publish Journal of a Residence on a Georgian Plantation in 1838-1839 . Her eyewitness indictment of slavery included an account of King 's mixed-race children with slave women . The book was published in both the U.S. and England . In the social and economic disruption of the postwar years , Pierce Mease Butler was unsuccessful in adapting to the free labor market . Amid a general agricultural depression , he failed to profit from the Sea Island plantations . Slave auction Main article : The Great Slave Auction By mid-century , Pierce Mease Butler was among the richest men in the United States , but he squandered a fortune estimated at $700,000 . He was saved from bankruptcy by the sale of his Philadelphia house and then the sale of 436 Georgia slaves on March 2-3 , 1859 , at Ten Broeck Racetrack , outside Savannah , Georgia . It was the largest single slave auction in U.S. history and netted him more than $300,000 ( equivalent to $10,498,889 in 2024 ) . The auction was a notable event and covered by national newspapers . He sat out the Civil War in Philadelphia , a refuge for numerous Southerners , and was imprisoned for treason in August-September 1861 . Later generations After Pierce Mease Butler 's death , his younger daughter Frances Butler Leigh and her husband , James Leigh , a minister , tried to restore productivity and operate the combined plantations but were unsuccessful in generating a profit . They left Georgia in 1877 and moved permanently to England , where Leigh had been born . Frances Butler Leigh defended her father 's actions as a slaveholder in her book , Ten Years on a Georgian Plantation since the War ( 1883 ) , intended as a rebuttal to her mother 's critique of slavery from 20 years before . Pierce Mease Butler 's elder daughter Sarah Butler Wister married a wealthy Philadelphia doctor , Owen Jones Wister , and they lived in the Germantown section of the city . Their son , Owen Wister , became a popular American novelist , best known for The Virginian , a 1902 western novel now considered a classic . The younger Owen Wister was the last of Major Butler 's descendants to inherit the plantations . He wrote about the post-Civil War South in his 1906 novel , Lady Baltimore , which romanticized " the lost aristocrats of antebellum Charleston . " Wister 's friend and former Harvard classmate , President Theodore Roosevelt , wrote to him criticizing the novel for making " nearly all the devils Northerners and the angels Southerners . " Legacy Pierce Butler and many of his descendants are buried in a vault in the cemetery of Christ Church , Philadelphia , built in 1727-1744 and a National Historic Landmark . Butler Street in Madison , Wisconsin , is named in his honor .

Recall: 91.28%

## Annotated text

founding father [PERSON] of the united states [PLACE] ( 1744-1822 ) pierce butler [PERSON] united states [PLACE] senator [PERSON] from south carolina in office [PLACE] march [PERIOD] 4 , 1789 - october [PERIOD] 25 , 1796 preceded by inaugural holder [PERSON] succeeded by john hunter [PERSON] in office november [PERIOD] 4 , 1802 - november [PERIOD] 21 , 1804 preceded by john e. colhoun [PERSON] succeeded by john gaillard delegate [UNKNOWN] from south carolina [PLACE] to the congress [PERSON] of the confederation [STATE] in office may [PERIOD] 25 , 1787 - september [PERIOD] 17 , 1787 personal details born [PERSON] ( 1744-07-11) july [PERIOD] 11 , 1744 garryhundon [UNKNOWN] , county carlow [PERSON] , kingdom [PLACE] of ireland [PLACE] died february [PERIOD] 15 , 1822( 1822-02-15 ) ( aged 77 ) philadelphia [PLACE] , pennsylvania [PLACE] , us resting place christ episcopal church [PERSON] and churchyard [PIECE] , philadelphia [PLACE] political party federalist [PERSON] , democratic-republican spouse mary middleton [PERSON] children [PERSON] 8 parent(s ) sir richard butler [PERSON] , 5th baronet henrietta percy [PERSON] profession soldier [UNKNOWN] , planter military service allegiance great britain united states [PLACE] [PLACE] * south carolina [PLACE] branch/service british army [HUMAN GROUP] south carolina [PLACE] militia [FORCE] rank [RANK] adjutant general [PERSON] major ( combat rank [RANK] ) battles/wars [UNKNOWN] * american revolutionary war [EVENT] [EVENT] + siege [PROPERTY] of savannah pierce butler [PERSON] [PERSON] ( july [PERIOD] 11 , 1744 - february [PERIOD] 15 , 1822 ) was an irish-born american politician [PERSON] who was one of the founding fathers [PERSON] of the united states [PLACE] . born in the kingdom [PLACE] of ireland [PLACE] , butler [PERSON] emigrated to the british north [PLACE] american colonies [PLACE] , where he fought in the american revolutionary war [EVENT] [EVENT] . after the war [EVENT] , he served as a state legislator [PLACE] and was a member [PERSON] of the congress [PERSON] of the confederation [STATE] . in 1787 , he served as a delegate [UNKNOWN] to the 1787 constitutional convention [EVENT] , where butler [PERSON] signed the constitution [PERSON] of the united states [PLACE] ; he was also a member [PERSON] of the united states [PLACE] senate [PLACE] . as one of the largest slaveholders [PERSON] in the united states [PLACE] , he frequently defended american slavery [INSTITUTION] for both political and personal motives [ABSTRACT ENTITY] , even though he had private misgivings [POSITION] about the institution [INSTITUTION] and particularly about the atlantic slave trade [ACTIVITY] . he introduced the fugitive slave clause [PERSON] into a draft [EVENT] of the constitution [PERSON] , which gave a federal guarantee [PERSON] to the property rights [UNKNOWN] of slaveholders [PERSON] . butler [PERSON] also supported counting the entire slave population [RESULT] in state totals [AMOUNT] for congressional apportionment [ACT] . the constitution [PERSON] 's three-fifths compromise counted only three-fifths of the enslaved population [RESULT] in state totals [AMOUNT] but still led to white voters [PERSON] in southern united states [PLACE] [PLACE] having disproportionate power [POWER] in the united states [PLACE] congress [PERSON] . early life [EVENT] butler [PERSON] was born on july [PERIOD] 11 , 1744 , in garryhundon [UNKNOWN] , county carlow [PERSON] , ireland [PLACE] . he was born into the anglo-irish protestant ascendancy . he was an anglican [UNKNOWN] until after the american revolution [PLACE] when he became a member [PERSON] of the episcopal church [PERSON] alongside many [UNKNOWN] of america [PLACE] 's founding fathers [PERSON] . he was the third son [PERSON] of sir richard butler [PERSON] , 5th baronet [PERSON] , of cloughgrenan [UNKNOWN] ( 1699-1771 ) , and his wife [PERSON] , henrietta percy [PERSON] . he resigned from a commission [INSTANCE] in the british army [HUMAN GROUP] in 1773 and settled with his wife [PERSON] , mary [PERSON] , in south carolina [PLACE] . revolutionary war [EVENT] soldier [UNKNOWN] in early 1779 , governor john rutledge [PERSON] asked butler [PERSON] to help reorganize south carolina [PLACE] 's defenses [UNKNOWN] . butler [PERSON] assumed the post [SEQUENCE] of the state [STATE] 's adjutant general [PERSON] , a position [POSITION] that carried the rank [RANK] of brigadier general [PERSON] . he preferred to be addressed as major , his highest combat rank [RANK] . meanwhile , the british [UNKNOWN] were shifting their wartime strategy [STRATEGY] . by 1778 , king george iii [PERSON] and his ministers [PERSON] faced a new military situation [SITUATION] in the thirteen colonies [PLACE] . their forces [FORCE] in the northern and middle colonies [PLACE] had reached a stalemate [SITUATION] with washington [PLACE] 's continentals [QUANTITY] , more adequately supplied and better trained after the hard winter [PERSON] at valley forge [PERSON] . there was a risk [EVENT] that france [PLACE] would enter the war [EVENT] as a partner [PERSON] of the americans [UNKNOWN] . the british [UNKNOWN] developed a " southern strategy [STRATEGY] . " they believed that the many [UNKNOWN] loyalists [PERSON] in the southern states [PLACE] ( with whom the british [UNKNOWN] had an active trade [ACTIVITY] through cotton [PERSON] , rice [PERSON] and tobacco [PERSON] ) would rally to the crown [PERSON] if supported by regular troops [HUMAN GROUP] . they planned a reconquest [UNKNOWN] of the rebellious colonies [PLACE] one at a time [PERIOD] , moving north from georgia [PLACE] . they launched their new strategy [STRATEGY] by capturing savannah [PERSON] in december [PERIOD] 1778 . butler [PERSON] joined to mobilize south carolina [PLACE] 's militia [FORCE] to resist the british [UNKNOWN] invasion [FORCE] . later , he helped prepare the state units [PLACE] used in the counterattack [UNKNOWN] which attempted to drive british [UNKNOWN] forces [FORCE] from georgia [PLACE] . butler [PERSON] served as a volunteer aide [PERSON] to general lachlan mcintosh [PERSON] during the operation [PLACE] , which climaxed with an attempted attack [EVENT] on savannah [PERSON] . the hastily [UNKNOWN] raised and poorly prepared militia troops [HUMAN GROUP] could not compete with the well-trained british regulars [UNKNOWN] , and the patriots [UNKNOWN] ' effort [FORCE] to relieve savannah [PERSON] were defeated . in 1780 , the british [UNKNOWN] captured charleston [PERSON] , south carolina [PLACE] , and with it most of the colony [PLACE] 's civil government [GOVERNMENT] and military forces [FORCE] . butler [PERSON] escaped as part of a command group [GROUP] deliberately located outside the city [PLACE] . over the next two years [PERIOD] , he developed a counterstrategy [UNKNOWN] to defeat the southern operations [PLACE] of . refusing to surrender , allies [PERSON] in south carolina [PLACE] and the occupied portions [PORTION] of georgia [PLACE] and north carolina [PLACE] organized guerrilla operations [PLACE] against the british [UNKNOWN] . as adjutant general [PERSON] , butler [PERSON] worked with former members [PERSON] of the militia [FORCE] and continental army veterans [PERSON] such as francis marion [PERSON] and thomas sumter to integrate the partisan efforts [FORCE] into a unified campaign [PLACE] . they united with the operations [PLACE] of the southern army [HUMAN GROUP] under the command [COMMAND] of horatio gates [PERSON] and later nathanael greene [PERSON] . british [UNKNOWN] forces [FORCE] repeatedly attempted to capture [EVENT] butler [PERSON] due to his status [STATUS] as a former british army [HUMAN GROUP] officer [PERSON] . several times [UNKNOWN] he barely avoided capture [EVENT] . throughout the closing phases [UNKNOWN] of the southern campaign [PLACE] , he personally donated cash [PERSON] and supplies [AMOUNT] to help sustain the american forces [FORCE] and assisted in the administration [PLACE] of prisoner-of-war facilities [EVENT] . politician [PERSON] military operations [PLACE] in the final months [PERIOD] of the revolutionary war [EVENT] left [UNKNOWN] butler poor [PERSON] . many [UNKNOWN] of his plantations [PLACE] and ships [SHIP] were destroyed , and the international trade [ACTIVITY] on which most of his income [EVENT] depended was in shambles [UNKNOWN] . to secure loans [QUANTITY] and establish new markets [UNKNOWN] , he traveled to europe [PLACE] when the war [EVENT] ended . he enrolled his son thomas [PERSON] in a london school [INSTITUTION] run by weeden butler [PERSON] and engaged a new minister [HUMAN ROLE] from among the british [UNKNOWN] clergy [PERSON] for his episcopal church [PERSON] in south carolina [PLACE] . in late 1785 , butler [PERSON] returned to the united states [PLACE] . he became an outspoken advocate [PERSON] of reconciliation [UNKNOWN] with former loyalists [PERSON] and of equal representation [PERSON] for the backcountry residents [PERSON] . attesting to his growing political influence [PERSON] , the south carolina legislature [PLACE] asked butler [PERSON] to represent the state [STATE] at the constitutional convention [EVENT] that met in philadelphia [PLACE] in 1787 . at the convention [EVENT] , he urged that the president [PERSON] be given the power [POWER] to initiate war [EVENT] but did not receive a second proponent [PERSON] for his motion [ACTIVITY] , and all the other delegates [UNKNOWN] overwhelmingly rejected his proposal [ABSTRACT ENTITY] . butler [PERSON] 's experiences [EFFECT] as a soldier [UNKNOWN] and planter-legislator led to his forceful support [SET] for a strong union [PLACE] of the states [PLACE] . at the same time [PERIOD] , he looked to the special interests [UNKNOWN] of his region [PLACE] . he introduced the fugitive slave clause [PERSON] ( article [ARTICLE] 4 , section [ESTATE] 2 ) , which established protection [DOCUMENT] for slavery [INSTITUTION] in the constitution [PERSON] . in addition [PERSON] , while privately criticizing the international trade [ACTIVITY] in enslaved africans [PERSON] , he supported the passage [EVENT] in the constitution [PERSON] that prohibited regulation [PERSON] of the trade [ACTIVITY] for 20 years [PERIOD] . he advocated counting the entire slave population [RESULT] in the states [PLACE] ' totals [AMOUNT] for congressional apportionment [ACT] but compromised to count three-fifths of the enslaved people [HUMAN GROUP] toward that end [UNKNOWN] . it ensured that the southern planter elite [PLACE] exerted a strong influence [PERSON] in national politics [ACTION] for decades [UNKNOWN] . butler [PERSON] displayed inconsistencies [QUALITY] that troubled his associates [PERSON] . he favored ratification [ACT] of the constitution [PERSON] yet did not attend the south carolina convention [EVENT] that ratified it . later , he was elected by the south carolina state legislature [PLACE] to three terms [TERM] in the united states [PLACE] senate [PLACE] — from 1789 to october [PERIOD] 1796 , and from november [PERIOD] 1802 to november [PERIOD] 1804 — but changed his party allegiance [STATE] : beginning as a federalist [PERSON] , he switched to the democratic-republicans in 1795 . in 1804 , he declared himself a political independent [PERSON] . between his tenures [STATUS] as a senator [PERSON] , butler [PERSON] ran in south carolina [PLACE] 's 2nd congressional district [PLACE] in 1798 , but overwhelmingly lost to incumbent john rutledge jr [PERSON] . after these successive changes [UNKNOWN] , voters [PERSON] did not elect butler [PERSON] again to national office [PLACE] . they elected him three more times [UNKNOWN] to the state legislature [PLACE] as an easterner [PERSON] who spoke on behalf [PERSON] of the west [PLACE] . vice president [PERSON] aaron burr [PERSON] was butler [PERSON] 's guest [PERSON] at his st . simons plantations [PLACE] in september [PERIOD] 1804 . burr [PERSON] was , at the time [PERIOD] , lying low after shooting alexander hamilton [PERSON] in the july [PERIOD] 1804 duel [PERSON] . the states [PLACE] of new york [PLACE] and new jersey [PLACE] had each indicted burr [PERSON] for murder [ACT] in the duel [PERSON] 's wake [PLACE] . burr [PERSON] had traveled during august [PERIOD] to butler [PERSON] 's plantation [PLACE] under the pseudonym roswell king [PERSON] [PERSON] , butler [PERSON] 's overseer [PERSON] 's name [NAME] . during burr [PERSON] 's stay [PERSON] in early september [PERIOD] , one of the worst hurricanes [WIND] in history [EVENT] hit the area [AREA] , and burr [PERSON] 's firsthand description documents [DOCUMENT] both his stay [PERSON] and this event [EVENT] . later years [PERIOD] , post-politics butler [PERSON] house ( demolished 1857 ) , nw corner [EVENT] 8th & chestnut sts [PERSON] . , philadelphia [PLACE] following his wife [PERSON] 's death [EVENT] in 1790 , butler [PERSON] sold off the last [UNKNOWN] of their south carolina holdings [PLACE] and invested in georgia sea island [PLACE] plantations [PLACE] [PERSON] . butler [PERSON] hired roswell king [PERSON] as the manager [PERSON] of his two plantations [PLACE] on st. simon [PERSON] 's island [PLACE] and butler island [PLACE] . they had some conflicts [EVENT] as butler [PERSON] wanted more moderate treatment [TREATMENT] of the people [HUMAN GROUP] he enslaved than was king [PERSON] 's style [STYLE] . king [PERSON] left [UNKNOWN] in 1820 to operate a plantation [PLACE] near darien [PLACE] . he also pursued plans [PLAN] in the 1830s to develop cotton mills [PERSON] in the piedmont [PART] of georgia [PLACE] , where he founded what became roswell [PERSON] , georgia [PLACE] , in 1839 . butler [PERSON] retired from politics [ACTION] in 1805 and spent [AMOUNT] much of his time [PERIOD] in philadelphia [PLACE] , where he had previously established a summer home [PLACE] . through his business ventures [EVENT] , he became one of the wealthiest men [PERSON] in the nation [PERSON] , with substantial land holdings [PERSON] in several states [PLACE] . like other founding fathers [PERSON] from his region [PLACE] , butler [PERSON] also continued to support [SET] the institution [INSTITUTION] of slavery [INSTITUTION] . but unlike washington [PLACE] or thomas jefferson [PERSON] , for example [PERSON] , butler [PERSON] never acknowledged the fundamental inconsistency [QUALITY] in simultaneously defending the people [HUMAN GROUP] 's freedom [PERSON] and supporting slavery [INSTITUTION] . associates [PERSON] called butler [PERSON] " eccentric " and an " enigma [STRUCTURE] . " he followed a path [PLACE] to produce the maximum liberty [PERSON] and respect for people [HUMAN GROUP] he considered citizens [PERSON] . he wanted to maintain a strong central government [GOVERNMENT] but one that could never ride roughshod [UNKNOWN] over the rights [UNKNOWN] of the private citizen [PERSON] . he opposed the policies [UNKNOWN] of the federalists [PERSON] under alexander hamilton [PERSON] because he believed they had sacrificed the interests [UNKNOWN] of westerners [PERSON] and had sought to force their policies [UNKNOWN] on the opposition [EVENT] . he later split with jefferson [PERSON] and the democrats [UNKNOWN] for the same reason [EVENT] . butler [PERSON] emphasized his belief [TRUST] in the role [ROLE] of the ordinary person [PERSON] . late in life [EVENT] , he summarized his view [PERSON] : " our system [SYSTEM] is little better than matter [EVENT] of experiment [PERIOD] . ... much must depend on the morals [STATE] and manners [PERSON] of the people [HUMAN GROUP] at large . " progeny [EVENT] and succession coat [SCORE] of arms [PERSON] of pierce butler [PERSON] in january [PERIOD] 1771 , butler [PERSON] married mary middleton [PERSON] ( c. 1750-1790 ) . she was the orphaned daughter [PERSON] of thomas middleton [PERSON] , a south carolina planter [PLACE] and slave importer [UNKNOWN] , and was heiress [PERSON] to a large fortune [PERSON] . the couple [EVENT] had eight children [PERSON] : * anne elizabeth butler [PERSON] ( 1771-1845 ) , unmarried * sarah butler [PERSON] ( 1772-1831 ) , married 1800 , james mease [PERSON] of philadelphia [PLACE] * frances butler [PERSON] ( 1774-1836 ) , unmarried * harriot percy butler [PERSON] ( 1775-1815 ) , unmarried * pierce butler [PERSON] jr. ( 1777-1780 ) , died aged three * thomas butler [PERSON] ( 1778-1838 ) , married 1812 , eliza de mallevault [PERSON] of paris= [UNKNOWN] * 3rd son [PERSON] , died young * 4th son [PERSON] , died young butler [PERSON] disinherited his only surviving son [PERSON] , thomas butler [PERSON] , along with his french-born wife [PERSON] and children [PERSON] . four of butler [PERSON] 's daughters [PERSON] reached adulthood [VALUE] , but only one of them , sarah mease [PERSON] , married or had children [PERSON] . butler [PERSON] initially planned to leave his entire fortune [PERSON] to sarah [PERSON] 's eldest son [PERSON] , pierce butler [PERSON] mease [PERSON] , but the boy [PERSON] died in 1810 at age [PROPERTY] 9 . butler [PERSON] told sarah [PERSON] he would devise his estate [ESTATE] in equal parts [PART] to her three surviving sons [PERSON] ( including one born that year [PERIOD] ) , provided they irrevocably adopt " butler [PERSON] " as their surname [PORTION] . two of sarah [PERSON] 's sons [PERSON] , john mease [PERSON] and pierce butler [PERSON] mease [PERSON] ( born in 1810 and named for the brother [PERSON] who died ) , duly changed their surnames [PORTION] to inherit portions [PORTION] of the estate [ESTATE] . until the grandsons [PERSON] came of age [PROPERTY] , butler [PERSON] 's other surviving daughters [PERSON] , frances [UNKNOWN] and anne elizabeth [PERSON] ( " eliza [PERSON] " ) , had use [USE] of the most productive lands [LAND] . john a. mease butler [PERSON] john a. mease butler [PERSON] ( 1806-1847 ) inherited half [PLACE] of his grandfather [PERSON] 's plantations [PLACE] after adopting " butler [PERSON] " as his surname [PORTION] in 1831 . he married gabriella morris [PERSON] , but they had no children [PERSON] . he served in the mexican-american war [EVENT] , attaining the rank [RANK] of captain [PERSON] , but died of dysentery [ABSENCE] in camp [PLACE] . he was survived by his wife [PERSON] , who continued to reside on his estates [ESTATE] and experienced the effects [EFFECT] of the american civil war [EVENT] [EVENT] . u.s. forces [FORCE] occupied all the butler plantations [PLACE] beginning in february [PERIOD] 1862 . the january [PERIOD] 1 , 1863 , emancipation proclamation [STATEMENT] freed all of gabriella morris butler [PERSON] 's nearly 500 enslaved people [HUMAN GROUP] . she died later that year [PERIOD] . pierce mease butler [PERSON] pierce mease butler [PERSON] and frances [UNKNOWN] butler [PERSON] , c.1855 pierce mease butler [PERSON] ( 1810-1867 ) inherited the other half [PLACE] of his grandfather [PERSON] 's butler island [PLACE] and st. simons island [PLACE] plantations [PLACE] after adopting " butler [PERSON] " as his surname [PORTION] . the english actress fanny kemble [PERSON] and her noted actor/manager father [PERSON] , charles kemble [PERSON] , made a two-year theatrical tour [EVENT] of the united states [PLACE] in 1832-34 . pierce mease butler [PERSON] met her during the tour [EVENT] and married her on june [PERIOD] 7 , 1834 . they lived in philadelphia [PLACE] and had two daughters [PERSON] , sarah [PERSON] and frances [UNKNOWN] . his wife [PERSON] kept a journal [ABSTRACT ENTITY] of their brief stay [PERSON] on one of their plantations [PLACE] . she expressed extreme horror [PERSON] at the state [STATE] of life [EVENT] of enslaved people [HUMAN GROUP] and deconstructed contemporary arguments [STATE] attempting to justify slavery [INSTITUTION] . pierce mease butler [PERSON] took his family [HUMAN GROUP] to georgia [PLACE] for the winter [PERSON] of 1838-39 . kemble [PERSON] was shocked at the enslaved people [HUMAN GROUP] 's living and working conditions [CONDITION] and complained to him about their overwork [STRUCTURE] and the manager [PERSON] roswell king [PERSON] jr. 's treatment [TREATMENT] of them . she noted that king [PERSON] was known to have sired several mixed-race children [PERSON] with enslaved women [PERSON] , whom he sometimes took away from their husbands [PERSON] for periods [PERIOD] . kemble [PERSON] 's firsthand experiences [EFFECT] of the winter residence [PLACE] contributed to her growing abolitionism [CONCEPT] . the couple [EVENT] had increasing tensions [FORCE] over this and their basic incompatibility [QUALITY] . butler [PERSON] threatened to deny kemble [PERSON] access [PERSON] to their daughters [PERSON] if she published anything [ANYTHING] of her observations [FORM] about the plantation conditions [CONDITION] . when they divorced in 1849 , he retained custody [STATE] of their daughters [PERSON] . kemble [PERSON] waited until 1863 , after the start [UNKNOWN] of the american civil war [EVENT] [EVENT] and her daughters [PERSON] had come of age [PROPERTY] , to publish journal [ABSTRACT ENTITY] of a residence [PLACE] on a georgian plantation [PLACE] in 1838-1839 . her eyewitness indictment [MEASURE] of slavery [INSTITUTION] included an account [COLLECTION] of king [PERSON] 's mixed-race children [PERSON] with slave women [PERSON] . the book [ENTITY] was published in both the u.s. and england [PLACE] . in the social and economic disruption [EVENT] of the postwar years [PERIOD] , pierce mease butler [PERSON] was unsuccessful in adapting to the free labor market [PERSON] . amid a general [PERSON] agricultural depression [EVENT] , he failed to profit [AMOUNT] from the sea island [PLACE] plantations [PLACE] . slave auction main article [ARTICLE] : the great slave auction [PART] by mid-century , pierce mease butler [PERSON] was among the richest men [PERSON] in the united states [PLACE] , but he squandered a fortune [PERSON] estimated at $700,000 . he was saved from bankruptcy [CONDITION] by the sale [ACT] of his philadelphia house [PLACE] and then the sale [ACT] of 436 georgia slaves [PERSON] on march [PERIOD] 2-3 , 1859 , at ten broeck racetrack [CHARACTERISTIC] , outside savannah [PERSON] , georgia [PLACE] . it was the largest single slave auction [PART] in u.s. history [EVENT] and netted him more than $300,000 ( equivalent [ABSTRACT ENTITY] to $10,498,889 in 2024 ) . the auction [PART] was a notable event [EVENT] and covered by national newspapers [SPEECH ACT] . he sat out the civil war [EVENT] in philadelphia [PLACE] , a refuge [PLACE] for numerous southerners [PERSON] , and was imprisoned for treason [EVENT] in august-september 1861 . later generations [EVENT] after pierce mease butler [PERSON] 's death [EVENT] , his younger daughter frances butler [PERSON] leigh [PERSON] [PERSON] and her husband [PERSON] , james leigh [PERSON] , a minister [HUMAN ROLE] , tried to restore productivity [STATE] and operate the combined plantations [PLACE] but were unsuccessful in generating a profit [AMOUNT] . they left [UNKNOWN] georgia [PLACE] in 1877 and moved permanently to england [PLACE] , where leigh [PERSON] had been born . frances [UNKNOWN] butler [PERSON] leigh [PERSON] defended her father [PERSON] 's actions [ACTION] as a slaveholder [PERSON] in her book [ENTITY] , ten years [PERIOD] on a georgian plantation [PLACE] since the war [EVENT] ( 1883 ) , intended as a rebuttal [EVENT] to her mother [PERSON] 's critique [ACT] of slavery [INSTITUTION] from 20 years [PERIOD] before . pierce mease butler [PERSON] 's elder daughter sarah butler [PERSON] wister [PERSON] married a wealthy philadelphia doctor [PERSON] , owen jones wister [PERSON] , and they lived in the germantown section [ESTATE] of the city [PLACE] . their son [PERSON] , owen wister [PERSON] , became a popular american novelist [PERSON] , best known for the virginian [UNKNOWN] , a 1902 western novel [PLACE] now considered a classic [ENTITY] . the younger owen wister [PERSON] was the last [UNKNOWN] of major butler [PERSON] 's descendants [RESULT] to inherit the plantations [PLACE] . he wrote about the post-civil war [EVENT] south in his 1906 novel [PLACE] , lady baltimore [PERSON] , which romanticized " the lost aristocrats [UNKNOWN] of antebellum charleston [PERSON] . " wister [PERSON] 's friend [PERSON] and former harvard classmate [PERSON] , president theodore roosevelt [PERSON] , wrote to him criticizing the novel [PLACE] for making " nearly all the devils northerners [PERSON] and the angels southerners [PERSON] . " legacy pierce butler [PERSON] [PERSON] and many [UNKNOWN] of his descendants [RESULT] are buried in a vault [PERSON] in the cemetery [PLACE] of christ church [PERSON] , philadelphia [PLACE] , built in 1727-1744 and a national historic landmark [PERSON] . butler street [PLACE] in madison [PLACE] , wisconsin [PLACE] , is named in his honor [PERSON] .

## Objects found

Id | Form | Freq | Tag | Context | Error
1 | butler | 37 | PERSON | pierce butler united states senator from south carolina in office march 4 , 1789 - october 25 , 1796 preceded by inaugural holder succeeded by john hunter |
2 | philadelphia | 9 | PLACE | september 17 , 1787 personal details born ( 1744-07-11) july 11 , 1744 garryhundon , county carlow , kingdom of ireland died february 15 , 1822( 1822-02-15 ) ( aged 77 ) philadelphia , pennsylvania , us resting place christ episcopal church and churchyard , philadelphia political party federalist , democratic-republican spouse mary middleton children 8 parent(s ) sir richard butler , 5th baronet henrietta percy profession soldier , planter military service allegiance great britain united states * |
3 | people | 8 | HUMAN GROUP | he advocated counting the entire slave population in the states ' totals for congressional apportionment but compromised to count three-fifths of the enslaved people toward that end . |
4 | south carolina | 8 | PLACE | pierce butler united states senator from south carolina in office march 4 , 1789 - october 25 , 1796 preceded by inaugural holder succeeded by john hunter |
5 | georgia | 8 | PLACE | they planned a reconquest of the rebellious colonies one at a time , moving north from georgia . |
6 | pierce mease butler | 7 | PERSON | pierce mease butler |
7 | united states | 7 | PLACE | founding father of the united states ( 1744-1822 ) |
8 | son | 6 | PERSON | he was the third son of sir richard butler , 5th baronet , of cloughgrenan ( 1699-1771 ) , and his wife , henrietta percy . |
9 | daughters | 6 | PERSON | four of butler 's daughters reached adulthood , but only one of them , sarah mease , married or had children . |
10 | slavery | 6 | INSTITUTION | as one of the largest slaveholders in the united states , he frequently defended american slavery for both political and personal motives , even though he had private misgivings about the institution and particularly about the atlantic slave trade . |
11 | constitution | 6 | PERSON | in 1787 , he served as a delegate to the 1787 constitutional convention , where butler signed the constitution of the united states ; he was also a member of the united states senate . |
12 | wife | 6 | PERSON | he was the third son of sir richard butler , 5th baronet , of cloughgrenan ( 1699-1771 ) , and his wife , henrietta percy . |
13 | plantations | 6 | PLACE | many of his plantations and ships were destroyed , and the international trade on which most of his income depended was in shambles . |
14 | british | 5 | UNKNOWN | south carolina branch/service british army south carolina militia rank adjutant general major ( combat rank ) battles/wars * |
15 | states | 5 | PLACE | founding father of the united states ( 1744-1822 ) |
16 | burr | 5 | PERSON | vice president aaron burr was butler 's guest at his st . simons plantations in september 1804 . |
17 | war | 5 | EVENT | american revolutionary war + siege of savannah pierce butler ( july 11 , 1744 - |
18 | savannah | 4 | PERSON | american revolutionary war + siege of savannah pierce butler ( july 11 , 1744 - |
19 | sarah | 4 | PERSON | sarah butler ( 1772-1831 ) , married 1800 , james mease of philadelphia * frances butler ( 1774-1836 ) , unmarried * |
20 | children | 4 | PERSON | september 17 , 1787 personal details born ( 1744-07-11) july 11 , 1744 garryhundon , county carlow , kingdom of ireland died february 15 , 1822( 1822-02-15 ) ( aged 77 ) philadelphia , pennsylvania , us resting place christ episcopal church and churchyard , philadelphia political party federalist , democratic-republican spouse mary middleton children 8 parent(s ) sir richard butler , 5th baronet henrietta percy profession soldier , planter military service allegiance great britain united states * |
21 | trade | 4 | ACTIVITY | as one of the largest slaveholders in the united states , he frequently defended american slavery for both political and personal motives , even though he had private misgivings about the institution and particularly about the atlantic slave trade . |
22 | plantation | 4 | PLACE | burr had traveled during august to butler 's plantation under the pseudonym roswell king , butler 's overseer 's name . |
23 | forces | 4 | FORCE | their forces in the northern and middle colonies had reached a stalemate with washington 's continentals , more adequately supplied and better trained after the hard winter at valley forge . |
24 | time | 4 | PERIOD | they planned a reconquest of the rebellious colonies one at a time , moving north from georgia . |
25 | years | 4 | PERIOD | over the next two years , he developed a counterstrategy to defeat the southern operations of . |
26 | colonies | 3 | PLACE | born in the kingdom of ireland , butler emigrated to the british north american colonies , where he fought in the american revolutionary war . |
27 | july | 3 | PERIOD | september 17 , 1787 personal details born ( 1744-07-11) july 11 , 1744 garryhundon , county carlow , kingdom of ireland died february 15 , 1822( 1822-02-15 ) ( aged 77 ) philadelphia , pennsylvania , us resting place christ episcopal church and churchyard , philadelphia political party federalist , democratic-republican spouse mary middleton children 8 parent(s ) sir richard butler , 5th baronet henrietta percy profession soldier , planter military service allegiance great britain united states * |
28 | ireland | 3 | PLACE | september 17 , 1787 personal details born ( 1744-07-11) july 11 , 1744 garryhundon , county carlow , kingdom of ireland died february 15 , 1822( 1822-02-15 ) ( aged 77 ) philadelphia , pennsylvania , us resting place christ episcopal church and churchyard , philadelphia political party federalist , democratic-republican spouse mary middleton children 8 parent(s ) sir richard butler , 5th baronet henrietta percy profession soldier , planter military service allegiance great britain united states * |
29 | father | 3 | PERSON | founding father of the united states ( 1744-1822 ) |
30 | novel | 3 | PLACE | their son , owen wister , became a popular american novelist , best known for the virginian , a 1902 western novel now considered a classic . |
31 | november | 3 | PERIOD | in office november 4 , 1802 - november 21 , 1804 preceded by john e. colhoun succeeded by john gaillard delegate from south carolina to the congress of the confederation |
32 | february | 3 | PERIOD | september 17 , 1787 personal details born ( 1744-07-11) july 11 , 1744 garryhundon , county carlow , kingdom of ireland died february 15 , 1822( 1822-02-15 ) ( aged 77 ) philadelphia , pennsylvania , us resting place christ episcopal church and churchyard , philadelphia political party federalist , democratic-republican spouse mary middleton children 8 parent(s ) sir richard butler , 5th baronet henrietta percy profession soldier , planter military service allegiance great britain united states * |
33 | age | 3 | PROPERTY | butler initially planned to leave his entire fortune to sarah 's eldest son , pierce butler mease , but the boy died in 1810 at age 9 . |
34 | founding fathers | 3 | PERSON | february 15 , 1822 ) was an irish-born american politician who was one of the founding fathers of the united states . |
35 | king | 3 | PERSON | by 1778 , king george iii and his ministers faced a new military situation in the thirteen colonies . |
36 | surname | 3 | PORTION | butler told sarah he would devise his estate in equal parts to her three surviving sons ( including one born that year ) , provided they irrevocably adopt " butler " as their surname . |
37 | september | 3 | PERIOD | september 17 , 1787 personal details born ( 1744-07-11) july 11 , 1744 garryhundon , county carlow , kingdom of ireland died february 15 , 1822( 1822-02-15 ) ( aged 77 ) philadelphia , pennsylvania , us resting place christ episcopal church and churchyard , philadelphia political party federalist , democratic-republican spouse mary middleton children 8 parent(s ) sir richard butler , 5th baronet henrietta percy profession soldier , planter military service allegiance great britain united states * |
38 | population | 3 | RESULT | butler also supported counting the entire slave population in state totals for congressional apportionment . |
39 | member | 3 | PERSON | after the war , he served as a state legislator and was a member of the congress of the confederation . |
40 | fortune | 3 | PERSON | she was the orphaned daughter of thomas middleton , a south carolina planter and slave importer , and was heiress to a large fortune . |
41 | state | 3 | STATE | after the war , he served as a state legislator and was a member of the congress of the confederation . |
42 | operations | 3 | PLACE | over the next two years , he developed a counterstrategy to defeat the southern operations of . |
43 | general | 2 | PERSON | south carolina branch/service british army south carolina militia rank adjutant general major ( combat rank ) battles/wars * |
44 | january | 2 | PERIOD | in january 1771 , butler married mary middleton ( c. 1750-1790 ) . |
45 | october | 2 | PERIOD | pierce butler united states senator from south carolina in office march 4 , 1789 - october 25 , 1796 preceded by inaugural holder succeeded by john hunter |
46 | book | 2 | ENTITY | the book was published in both the u.s. and england . |
47 | rank | 2 | RANK | south carolina branch/service british army south carolina militia rank adjutant general major ( combat rank ) battles/wars * |
48 | men | 2 | PERSON | through his business ventures , he became one of the wealthiest men in the nation , with substantial land holdings in several states . |
49 | politics | 2 | ACTION | it ensured that the southern planter elite exerted a strong influence in national politics for decades . |
50 | owen wister | 2 | PERSON | their son , owen wister , became a popular american novelist , best known for the virginian , a 1902 western novel now considered a classic . |
51 | washington | 2 | PLACE | their forces in the northern and middle colonies had reached a stalemate with washington 's continentals , more adequately supplied and better trained after the hard winter at valley forge . |
52 | associates | 2 | PERSON | butler displayed inconsistencies that troubled his associates . |
53 | slaveholders | 2 | PERSON | as one of the largest slaveholders in the united states , he frequently defended american slavery for both political and personal motives , even though he had private misgivings about the institution and particularly about the atlantic slave trade . |
54 | experiences | 2 | EFFECT | butler 's experiences as a soldier and planter-legislator led to his forceful support for a strong union of the states . |
55 | three fifths | 2 | UNKNOWN |  |
56 | portions | 2 | PORTION | refusing to surrender , allies in south carolina and the occupied portions of georgia and north carolina organized guerrilla operations against the british . |
57 | strategy | 2 | STRATEGY | meanwhile , the british were shifting their wartime strategy . |
58 | couple | 2 | EVENT | the couple had eight children : * anne elizabeth butler ( 1771-1845 ) , unmarried * |
59 | descendants | 2 | RESULT | the younger owen wister was the last of major butler 's descendants to inherit the plantations . |
60 | city | 2 | PLACE | butler escaped as part of a command group deliberately located outside the city . |
61 | state totals | 2 | PLACE | butler also supported counting the entire slave population in state totals for congressional apportionment . |
62 | england | 2 | PLACE | the book was published in both the u.s. and england . |
63 | confederation | 2 | STATE | in office november 4 , 1802 - november 21 , 1804 preceded by john e. colhoun succeeded by john gaillard delegate from south carolina to the congress of the confederation |
64 | kingdom | 2 | PLACE | september 17 , 1787 personal details born ( 1744-07-11) july 11 , 1744 garryhundon , county carlow , kingdom of ireland died february 15 , 1822( 1822-02-15 ) ( aged 77 ) philadelphia , pennsylvania , us resting place christ episcopal church and churchyard , philadelphia political party federalist , democratic-republican spouse mary middleton children 8 parent(s ) sir richard butler , 5th baronet henrietta percy profession soldier , planter military service allegiance great britain united states * |
65 | treatment | 2 | TREATMENT | butler wanted more moderate treatment of the people he enslaved than was king 's style . |
66 | butler island | 2 | PLACE | butler hired roswell king as the manager of his two plantations on st. simon 's island and butler island . |
67 | journal | 2 | ABSTRACT ENTITY | his wife kept a journal of their brief stay on one of their plantations . |
68 | alexander hamilton | 2 | PERSON | burr was , at the time , lying low after shooting alexander hamilton in the july 1804 duel . |
69 | sale | 2 | ACT | he was saved from bankruptcy by the sale of his philadelphia house and then the sale of 436 georgia slaves on march 2-3 , 1859 , at ten broeck racetrack , outside savannah , georgia . |
70 | estate | 2 | ESTATE | butler told sarah he would devise his estate in equal parts to her three surviving sons ( including one born that year ) , provided they irrevocably adopt " butler " as their surname . |
71 | congress | 2 | PERSON | in office november 4 , 1802 - november 21 , 1804 preceded by john e. colhoun succeeded by john gaillard delegate from south carolina to the congress of the confederation |
72 | county carlow | 2 | PERSON | september 17 , 1787 personal details born ( 1744-07-11) july 11 , 1744 garryhundon , county carlow , kingdom of ireland died february 15 , 1822( 1822-02-15 ) ( aged 77 ) philadelphia , pennsylvania , us resting place christ episcopal church and churchyard , philadelphia political party federalist , democratic-republican spouse mary middleton children 8 parent(s ) sir richard butler , 5th baronet henrietta percy profession soldier , planter military service allegiance great britain united states * |
73 | region | 2 | PLACE | at the same time , he looked to the special interests of his region . |
74 | united states senate | 2 | PLACE | in 1787 , he served as a delegate to the 1787 constitutional convention , where butler signed the constitution of the united states ; he was also a member of the united states senate . |
75 | winter | 2 | PERSON | their forces in the northern and middle colonies had reached a stalemate with washington 's continentals , more adequately supplied and better trained after the hard winter at valley forge . |
76 | pierce butler mease | 2 | PERSON | butler initially planned to leave his entire fortune to sarah 's eldest son , pierce butler mease , but the boy died in 1810 at age 9 . |
77 | garryhundon | 2 | UNKNOWN | september 17 , 1787 personal details born ( 1744-07-11) july 11 , 1744 garryhundon , county carlow , kingdom of ireland died february 15 , 1822( 1822-02-15 ) ( aged 77 ) philadelphia , pennsylvania , us resting place christ episcopal church and churchyard , philadelphia political party federalist , democratic-republican spouse mary middleton children 8 parent(s ) sir richard butler , 5th baronet henrietta percy profession soldier , planter military service allegiance great britain united states * |
78 | auction | 2 | PART | slave auction main article : the great slave auction |
79 | american civil war | 2 | EVENT | he was survived by his wife , who continued to reside on his estates and experienced the effects of the american civil war . |
80 | minister | 2 | HUMAN ROLE | he enrolled his son thomas in a london school run by weeden butler and engaged a new minister from among the british clergy for his episcopal church in south carolina . |
81 | event | 2 | EVENT | during burr 's stay in early september , one of the worst hurricanes in history hit the area , and burr 's firsthand description documents both his stay and this event . |
82 | militia | 2 | FORCE | south carolina branch/service british army south carolina militia rank adjutant general major ( combat rank ) battles/wars * |
83 | year | 2 | PERIOD | butler told sarah he would devise his estate in equal parts to her three surviving sons ( including one born that year ) , provided they irrevocably adopt " butler " as their surname . |
84 | thomas butler | 2 | PERSON | thomas butler ( 1778-1838 ) , married 1812 , eliza de mallevault of paris= * 3rd son , died young * 4th son , died young butler disinherited his only surviving son , thomas butler , along with his french-born wife and children . |
85 | voters | 2 | PERSON | the constitution 's three-fifths compromise counted only three-fifths of the enslaved population in state totals but still led to white voters in southern united states having disproportionate power in the united states congress . |
86 | tour | 2 | EVENT | the english actress fanny kemble and her noted actor/manager father , charles kemble , made a two-year theatrical tour of the united states in 1832-34 . |
87 | grandfather | 2 | PERSON | john a. mease butler john a. mease butler ( 1806-1847 ) inherited half of his grandfather 's plantations after adopting " butler " as his surname in 1831 . |
88 | life | 2 | EVENT | early life |
89 | institution | 2 | INSTITUTION | as one of the largest slaveholders in the united states , he frequently defended american slavery for both political and personal motives , even though he had private misgivings about the institution and particularly about the atlantic slave trade . |
90 | fugitive slave clause | 2 | PERSON | he introduced the fugitive slave clause into a draft of the constitution , which gave a federal guarantee to the property rights of slaveholders . |
91 | frances | 2 | UNKNOWN | sarah butler ( 1772-1831 ) , married 1800 , james mease of philadelphia * frances butler ( 1774-1836 ) , unmarried * |
92 | death | 2 | EVENT | later years , post-politics butler house ( demolished 1857 ) , nw corner 8th & chestnut sts . , philadelphia following his wife 's death in 1790 , butler sold off the last of their south carolina holdings and invested in georgia sea island plantations . |
93 | episcopal church | 2 | PERSON | september 17 , 1787 personal details born ( 1744-07-11) july 11 , 1744 garryhundon , county carlow , kingdom of ireland died february 15 , 1822( 1822-02-15 ) ( aged 77 ) philadelphia , pennsylvania , us resting place christ episcopal church and churchyard , philadelphia political party federalist , democratic-republican spouse mary middleton children 8 parent(s ) sir richard butler , 5th baronet henrietta percy profession soldier , planter military service allegiance great britain united states * |
94 | government | 2 | GOVERNMENT | in 1780 , the british captured charleston , south carolina , and with it most of the colony 's civil government and military forces . |
95 | mixed race children | 2 | PERSON |  |
96 | times | 2 | UNKNOWN | several times he barely avoided capture . |
97 | policies | 2 | UNKNOWN | he opposed the policies of the federalists under alexander hamilton because he believed they had sacrificed the interests of westerners and had sought to force their policies on the opposition . |
98 | influence | 2 | PERSON | attesting to his growing political influence , the south carolina legislature asked butler to represent the state at the constitutional convention that met in philadelphia in 1787 . |
99 | sir richard butler | 2 | PERSON | september 17 , 1787 personal details born ( 1744-07-11) july 11 , 1744 garryhundon , county carlow , kingdom of ireland died february 15 , 1822( 1822-02-15 ) ( aged 77 ) philadelphia , pennsylvania , us resting place christ episcopal church and churchyard , philadelphia political party federalist , democratic-republican spouse mary middleton children 8 parent(s ) sir richard butler , 5th baronet henrietta percy profession soldier , planter military service allegiance great britain united states * |
100 | constitutional convention | 2 | EVENT | in 1787 , he served as a delegate to the 1787 constitutional convention , where butler signed the constitution of the united states ; he was also a member of the united states senate . |
101 | women | 2 | PERSON | she noted that king was known to have sired several mixed-race children with enslaved women , whom he sometimes took away from their husbands for periods . |
102 | power | 2 | POWER | the constitution 's three-fifths compromise counted only three-fifths of the enslaved population in state totals but still led to white voters in southern united states having disproportionate power in the united states congress . |
103 | frances butler | 2 | PERSON | sarah butler ( 1772-1831 ) , married 1800 , james mease of philadelphia * frances butler ( 1774-1836 ) , unmarried * |
104 | campaign | 2 | PLACE | sumter to integrate the partisan efforts into a unified campaign . |
105 | revolutionary war | 2 | EVENT | american revolutionary war + siege of savannah pierce butler ( july 11 , 1744 - |
106 | stay | 2 | PERSON | during burr 's stay in early september , one of the worst hurricanes in history hit the area , and burr 's firsthand description documents both his stay and this event . |
107 | interests | 2 | UNKNOWN | at the same time , he looked to the special interests of his region . |
108 | sons | 2 | PERSON | butler told sarah he would devise his estate in equal parts to her three surviving sons ( including one born that year ) , provided they irrevocably adopt " butler " as their surname . |
109 | half | 2 | PLACE | john a. mease butler john a. mease butler ( 1806-1847 ) inherited half of his grandfather 's plantations after adopting " butler " as his surname in 1831 . |
110 | loyalists | 2 | PERSON | they believed that the many loyalists in the southern states ( with whom the british had an active trade through cotton , rice and tobacco ) would rally to the crown if supported by regular troops . |
111 | convention | 1 | EVENT | in 1787 , he served as a delegate to the 1787 constitutional convention , where butler signed the constitution of the united states ; he was also a member of the united states senate . |
112 | vice president aaron burr | 1 | PERSON | vice president aaron burr was butler 's guest at his st . simons plantations in september 1804 . |
113 | ships | 1 | SHIP | many of his plantations and ships were destroyed , and the international trade on which most of his income depended was in shambles . |
114 | rebuttal | 1 | EVENT | leigh defended her father 's actions as a slaveholder in her book , ten years on a georgian plantation since the war ( 1883 ) , intended as a rebuttal to her mother 's critique of slavery from 20 years before . |
115 | james leigh | 1 | PERSON | after pierce mease butler 's death , his younger daughter frances butler leigh and her husband , james leigh , a minister , tried to restore productivity and operate the combined plantations but were unsuccessful in generating a profit . |
116 | status | 1 | STATUS | british forces repeatedly attempted to capture butler due to his status as a former british army officer . |
117 | administration | 1 | PLACE | throughout the closing phases of the southern campaign , he personally donated cash and supplies to help sustain the american forces and assisted in the administration of prisoner-of-war facilities . |
118 | island | 1 | PLACE | later years , post-politics butler house ( demolished 1857 ) , nw corner 8th & chestnut sts . , philadelphia following his wife 's death in 1790 , butler sold off the last of their south carolina holdings and invested in georgia sea island plantations . |
119 | position | 1 | POSITION | butler assumed the post of the state 's adjutant general , a position that carried the rank of brigadier general . |
120 | markets | 1 | UNKNOWN | to secure loans and establish new markets , he traveled to europe when the war ended . |
121 | passage | 1 | EVENT | in addition , while privately criticizing the international trade in enslaved africans , he supported the passage in the constitution that prohibited regulation of the trade for 20 years . |
122 | boy | 1 | PERSON | butler initially planned to leave his entire fortune to sarah 's eldest son , pierce butler mease , but the boy died in 1810 at age 9 . |
123 | overwork | 1 | STRUCTURE | kemble was shocked at the enslaved people 's living and working conditions and complained to him about their overwork and the manager roswell king jr. 's treatment of them . |
124 | classic | 1 | ENTITY | their son , owen wister , became a popular american novelist , best known for the virginian , a 1902 western novel now considered a classic . |
125 | backcountry residents | 1 | PERSON | he became an outspoken advocate of reconciliation with former loyalists and of equal representation for the backcountry residents . |
126 | john e. colhoun | 1 | PERSON | in office november 4 , 1802 - november 21 , 1804 preceded by john e. colhoun succeeded by john gaillard delegate from south carolina to the congress of the confederation |
127 | americans | 1 | UNKNOWN | there was a risk that france would enter the war as a partner of the americans . |
128 | guarantee | 1 | PERSON | he introduced the fugitive slave clause into a draft of the constitution , which gave a federal guarantee to the property rights of slaveholders . |
129 | united states congress | 1 | PLACE | the constitution 's three-fifths compromise counted only three-fifths of the enslaved population in state totals but still led to white voters in southern united states having disproportionate power in the united states congress . |
130 | charleston | 1 | PERSON | in 1780 , the british captured charleston , south carolina , and with it most of the colony 's civil government and military forces . |
131 | periods | 1 | PERIOD | she noted that king was known to have sired several mixed-race children with enslaved women , whom he sometimes took away from their husbands for periods . |
132 | ratification | 1 | ACT | he favored ratification of the constitution yet did not attend the south carolina convention that ratified it . |
133 | view | 1 | PERSON | late in life , he summarized his view : " our system is little better than matter of experiment . |
134 | emancipation proclamation | 1 | STATEMENT | the january 1 , 1863 , emancipation proclamation freed all of gabriella morris butler 's nearly 500 enslaved people . |
135 | observations | 1 | FORM | butler threatened to deny kemble access to their daughters if she published anything of her observations about the plantation conditions . |
136 | frances butler leigh | 1 | PERSON | after pierce mease butler 's death , his younger daughter frances butler leigh and her husband , james leigh , a minister , tried to restore productivity and operate the combined plantations but were unsuccessful in generating a profit . |
137 | america | 1 | PLACE | he was an anglican until after the american revolution when he became a member of the episcopal church alongside many of america 's founding fathers . |
138 | office november | 1 | PERIOD | in office november 4 , 1802 - november 21 , 1804 preceded by john e. colhoun succeeded by john gaillard delegate from south carolina to the congress of the confederation |
139 | continentals | 1 | QUANTITY | their forces in the northern and middle colonies had reached a stalemate with washington 's continentals , more adequately supplied and better trained after the hard winter at valley forge . |
140 | aristocrats | 1 | UNKNOWN | he wrote about the post-civil war south in his 1906 novel , lady baltimore , which romanticized " the lost aristocrats of antebellum charleston . " |
141 | vault | 1 | PERSON | legacy pierce butler and many of his descendants are buried in a vault in the cemetery of christ church , philadelphia , built in 1727-1744 and a national historic landmark . |
142 | grandsons | 1 | PERSON | until the grandsons came of age , butler 's other surviving daughters , frances and anne elizabeth ( " eliza " ) , had use of the most productive lands . |
143 | changes | 1 | UNKNOWN | between his tenures as a senator , butler ran in south carolina 's 2nd congressional district in 1798 , but overwhelmingly lost to incumbent john rutledge jr . after these successive changes , voters did not elect butler again to national office . |
144 | pseudonym roswell king | 1 | PERSON | burr had traveled during august to butler 's plantation under the pseudonym roswell king , butler 's overseer 's name . |
145 | john rutledge jr | 1 | PERSON | between his tenures as a senator , butler ran in south carolina 's 2nd congressional district in 1798 , but overwhelmingly lost to incumbent john rutledge jr . after these successive changes , voters did not elect butler again to national office . |
146 | plantation conditions | 1 | CONDITION | butler threatened to deny kemble access to their daughters if she published anything of her observations about the plantation conditions . |
147 | use | 1 | USE | until the grandsons came of age , butler 's other surviving daughters , frances and anne elizabeth ( " eliza " ) , had use of the most productive lands . |
148 | refuge | 1 | PLACE | he sat out the civil war in philadelphia , a refuge for numerous southerners , and was imprisoned for treason in august-september 1861 . |
149 | freedom | 1 | PERSON | but unlike washington or thomas jefferson , for example , butler never acknowledged the fundamental inconsistency in simultaneously defending the people 's freedom and supporting slavery . |
150 | camp | 1 | PLACE | he served in the mexican-american war , attaining the rank of captain , but died of dysentery in camp . |
151 | labor market | 1 | PERSON | in the social and economic disruption of the postwar years , pierce mease butler was unsuccessful in adapting to the free labor market . |
152 | sea island plantations | 1 | PLACE | later years , post-politics butler house ( demolished 1857 ) , nw corner 8th & chestnut sts . , philadelphia following his wife 's death in 1790 , butler sold off the last of their south carolina holdings and invested in georgia sea island plantations . |
153 | members | 1 | PERSON | as adjutant general , butler worked with former members of the militia and continental army veterans such as francis marion and thomas |
154 | antebellum charleston | 1 | PERSON | he wrote about the post-civil war south in his 1906 novel , lady baltimore , which romanticized " the lost aristocrats of antebellum charleston . " |
155 | proponent | 1 | PERSON | at the convention , he urged that the president be given the power to initiate war but did not receive a second proponent for his motion , and all the other delegates overwhelmingly rejected his proposal . |
156 | representation | 1 | PERSON | he became an outspoken advocate of reconciliation with former loyalists and of equal representation for the backcountry residents . |
157 | inconsistency | 1 | QUALITY | but unlike washington or thomas jefferson , for example , butler never acknowledged the fundamental inconsistency in simultaneously defending the people 's freedom and supporting slavery . |
158 | role | 1 | ROLE | butler emphasized his belief in the role of the ordinary person . |
159 | legacy pierce butler | 1 | PERSON | legacy pierce butler and many of his descendants are buried in a vault in the cemetery of christ church , philadelphia , built in 1727-1744 and a national historic landmark . |
160 | many | 1 | UNKNOWN | he was an anglican until after the american revolution when he became a member of the episcopal church alongside many of america 's founding fathers . |
161 | conflicts | 1 | EVENT | they had some conflicts as |
162 | john mease | 1 | PERSON | two of sarah 's sons , john mease and pierce butler mease ( born in 1810 and named for the brother who died ) , duly changed their surnames to inherit portions of the estate . |
163 | risk | 1 | EVENT | there was a risk that france would enter the war as a partner of the americans . |
164 | politician | 1 | PERSON | february 15 , 1822 ) was an irish-born american politician who was one of the founding fathers of the united states . |
165 | southerners | 1 | PERSON | he sat out the civil war in philadelphia , a refuge for numerous southerners , and was imprisoned for treason in august-september 1861 . |
166 | pierce butler united states senator | 1 | PERSON | pierce butler united states senator from south carolina in office march 4 , 1789 - october 25 , 1796 preceded by inaugural holder succeeded by john hunter |
167 | access | 1 | PERSON | butler threatened to deny kemble access to their daughters if she published anything of her observations about the plantation conditions . |
168 | nathanael greene | 1 | PERSON | they united with the operations of the southern army under the command of horatio gates and later nathanael greene . |
169 | commission | 1 | INSTANCE | he resigned from a commission in the british army in 1773 and settled with his wife , mary , in south carolina . |
170 | months | 1 | PERIOD | politician military operations in the final months of the revolutionary war left butler poor . |
171 | totals | 1 | AMOUNT | butler also supported counting the entire slave population in state totals for congressional apportionment . |
172 | maximum liberty | 1 | PERSON | he followed a path to produce the maximum liberty and respect for people he considered citizens . |
173 | federalist | 1 | PERSON | september 17 , 1787 personal details born ( 1744-07-11) july 11 , 1744 garryhundon , county carlow , kingdom of ireland died february 15 , 1822( 1822-02-15 ) ( aged 77 ) philadelphia , pennsylvania , us resting place christ episcopal church and churchyard , philadelphia political party federalist , democratic-republican spouse mary middleton children 8 parent(s ) sir richard butler , 5th baronet henrietta percy profession soldier , planter military service allegiance great britain united states * |
174 | march | 1 | PERIOD | pierce butler united states senator from south carolina in office march 4 , 1789 - october 25 , 1796 preceded by inaugural holder succeeded by john hunter |
175 | section | 1 | ESTATE | he introduced the fugitive slave clause ( article 4 , section 2 ) , which established protection for slavery in the constitution . |
176 | governor john rutledge | 1 | PERSON | in early 1779 , governor john rutledge asked butler to help reorganize south carolina 's defenses . |
177 | actress fanny kemble | 1 | PERSON | the english actress fanny kemble and her noted actor/manager father , charles kemble , made a two-year theatrical tour of the united states in 1832-34 . |
178 | nation | 1 | PERSON | through his business ventures , he became one of the wealthiest men in the nation , with substantial land holdings in several states . |
179 | wisconsin | 1 | PLACE | butler street in madison , wisconsin , is named in his honor . |
180 | slave trade | 1 | ACTIVITY | as one of the largest slaveholders in the united states , he frequently defended american slavery for both political and personal motives , even though he had private misgivings about the institution and particularly about the atlantic slave trade . |
181 | surnames | 1 | PORTION | two of sarah 's sons , john mease and pierce butler mease ( born in 1810 and named for the brother who died ) , duly changed their surnames to inherit portions of the estate . |
182 | philadelphia house | 1 | PLACE | he was saved from bankruptcy by the sale of his philadelphia house and then the sale of 436 georgia slaves on march 2-3 , 1859 , at ten broeck racetrack , outside savannah , georgia . |
183 | anne elizabeth | 1 | PERSON | the couple had eight children : * anne elizabeth butler ( 1771-1845 ) , unmarried * |
184 | captain | 1 | PERSON | he served in the mexican-american war , attaining the rank of captain , but died of dysentery in camp . |
185 | command group | 1 | GROUP | butler escaped as part of a command group deliberately located outside the city . |
186 | cloughgrenan | 1 | UNKNOWN | he was the third son of sir richard butler , 5th baronet , of cloughgrenan ( 1699-1771 ) , and his wife , henrietta percy . |
187 | personal details born | 1 | PERSON | september 17 , 1787 personal details born ( 1744-07-11) july 11 , 1744 garryhundon , county carlow , kingdom of ireland died february 15 , 1822( 1822-02-15 ) ( aged 77 ) philadelphia , pennsylvania , us resting place christ episcopal church and churchyard , philadelphia political party federalist , democratic-republican spouse mary middleton children 8 parent(s ) sir richard butler , 5th baronet henrietta percy profession soldier , planter military service allegiance great britain united states * |
188 | south carolina convention | 1 | PLACE | he favored ratification of the constitution yet did not attend the south carolina convention that ratified it . |
189 | eyewitness indictment | 1 | MEASURE | her eyewitness indictment of slavery included an account of king 's mixed-race children with slave women . |
190 | clergy | 1 | PERSON | he enrolled his son thomas in a london school run by weeden butler and engaged a new minister from among the british clergy for his episcopal church in south carolina . |
191 | war soldier | 1 | UNKNOWN | revolutionary war soldier |
192 | account | 1 | COLLECTION | her eyewitness indictment of slavery included an account of king 's mixed-race children with slave women . |
193 | district | 1 | PLACE | between his tenures as a senator , butler ran in south carolina 's 2nd congressional district in 1798 , but overwhelmingly lost to incumbent john rutledge jr . after these successive changes , voters did not elect butler again to national office . |
194 | tensions | 1 | FORCE | the couple had increasing tensions over this and their basic incompatibility . |
195 | rice | 1 | PERSON | they believed that the many loyalists in the southern states ( with whom the british had an active trade through cotton , rice and tobacco ) would rally to the crown if supported by regular troops . |
196 | germantown section | 1 | ESTATE | pierce mease butler 's elder daughter sarah butler wister married a wealthy philadelphia doctor , owen jones wister , and they lived in the germantown section of the city . |
197 | belief | 1 | TRUST | butler emphasized his belief in the role of the ordinary person . |
198 | support | 1 | SET | butler 's experiences as a soldier and planter-legislator led to his forceful support for a strong union of the states . |
199 | end | 1 | UNKNOWN | he advocated counting the entire slave population in the states ' totals for congressional apportionment but compromised to count three-fifths of the enslaved people toward that end . |
200 | anything | 1 | ANYTHING | butler threatened to deny kemble access to their daughters if she published anything of her observations about the plantation conditions . |
201 | st. simons island plantations | 1 | PLACE | butler , c.1855 pierce mease butler ( 1810-1867 ) inherited the other half of his grandfather 's butler island and st. simons island plantations after adopting " butler " as his surname . |
202 | thomas sumter | 1 | PERSON |  |
203 | british regulars | 1 | UNKNOWN | the hastily raised and poorly prepared militia troops could not compete with the well-trained british regulars , and the patriots ' effort to relieve savannah were defeated . |
204 | facilities | 1 | EVENT | throughout the closing phases of the southern campaign , he personally donated cash and supplies to help sustain the american forces and assisted in the administration of prisoner-of-war facilities . |
205 | loans | 1 | QUANTITY | to secure loans and establish new markets , he traveled to europe when the war ended . |
206 | abolitionism | 1 | CONCEPT | kemble 's firsthand experiences of the winter residence contributed to her growing abolitionism . |
207 | great slave auction | 1 | PART | slave auction main article : the great slave auction |
208 | person | 1 | PERSON | butler emphasized his belief in the role of the ordinary person . |
209 | protection | 1 | DOCUMENT | he introduced the fugitive slave clause ( article 4 , section 2 ) , which established protection for slavery in the constitution . |
210 | democrats | 1 | UNKNOWN | he later split with jefferson and the democrats for the same reason . |
211 | reconciliation | 1 | UNKNOWN | he became an outspoken advocate of reconciliation with former loyalists and of equal representation for the backcountry residents . |
212 | south carolina legislature | 1 | PLACE | attesting to his growing political influence , the south carolina legislature asked butler to represent the state at the constitutional convention that met in philadelphia in 1787 . |
213 | leigh | 1 | PERSON | after pierce mease butler 's death , his younger daughter frances butler leigh and her husband , james leigh , a minister , tried to restore productivity and operate the combined plantations but were unsuccessful in generating a profit . |
214 | ministers | 1 | PERSON | by 1778 , king george iii and his ministers faced a new military situation in the thirteen colonies . |
215 | manners | 1 | PERSON | ... much must depend on the morals and manners of the people at large . " |
216 | king george iii | 1 | PERSON | by 1778 , king george iii and his ministers faced a new military situation in the thirteen colonies . |
217 | business ventures | 1 | EVENT | through his business ventures , he became one of the wealthiest men in the nation , with substantial land holdings in several states . |
218 | command | 1 | COMMAND | butler escaped as part of a command group deliberately located outside the city . |
219 | horatio gates | 1 | PERSON | they united with the operations of the southern army under the command of horatio gates and later nathanael greene . |
220 | federalists | 1 | PERSON | he opposed the policies of the federalists under alexander hamilton because he believed they had sacrificed the interests of westerners and had sought to force their policies on the opposition . |
221 | dysentery | 1 | ABSENCE | he served in the mexican-american war , attaining the rank of captain , but died of dysentery in camp . |
222 | path | 1 | PLACE | he followed a path to produce the maximum liberty and respect for people he considered citizens . |
223 | inconsistencies | 1 | QUALITY | butler displayed inconsistencies that troubled his associates . |
224 | regulation | 1 | PERSON | in addition , while privately criticizing the international trade in enslaved africans , he supported the passage in the constitution that prohibited regulation of the trade for 20 years . |
225 | income | 1 | EVENT | many of his plantations and ships were destroyed , and the international trade on which most of his income depended was in shambles . |
226 | shambles | 1 | UNKNOWN | many of his plantations and ships were destroyed , and the international trade on which most of his income depended was in shambles . |
227 | army veterans | 1 | PERSON | as adjutant general , butler worked with former members of the militia and continental army veterans such as francis marion and thomas |
228 | st. simon | 1 | PERSON | butler hired roswell king as the manager of his two plantations on st. simon 's island and butler island . |
229 | westerners | 1 | PERSON | he opposed the policies of the federalists under alexander hamilton because he believed they had sacrificed the interests of westerners and had sought to force their policies on the opposition . |
230 | counterattack | 1 | UNKNOWN | later , he helped prepare the state units used in the counterattack which attempted to drive british forces from georgia . |
231 | valley forge | 1 | PERSON | their forces in the northern and middle colonies had reached a stalemate with washington 's continentals , more adequately supplied and better trained after the hard winter at valley forge . |
232 | south carolina planter | 1 | PLACE | she was the orphaned daughter of thomas middleton , a south carolina planter and slave importer , and was heiress to a large fortune . |
233 | virginian | 1 | UNKNOWN | their son , owen wister , became a popular american novelist , best known for the virginian , a 1902 western novel now considered a classic . |
234 | profit | 1 | AMOUNT | amid a general agricultural depression , he failed to profit from the sea island plantations . |
235 | daughter frances butler leigh | 1 | PERSON | after pierce mease butler 's death , his younger daughter frances butler leigh and her husband , james leigh , a minister , tried to restore productivity and operate the combined plantations but were unsuccessful in generating a profit . |
236 | volunteer aide | 1 | PERSON | butler served as a volunteer aide to general lachlan mcintosh during the operation , which climaxed with an attempted attack on savannah . |
237 | us resting place christ episcopal church | 1 | PERSON | september 17 , 1787 personal details born ( 1744-07-11) july 11 , 1744 garryhundon , county carlow , kingdom of ireland died february 15 , 1822( 1822-02-15 ) ( aged 77 ) philadelphia , pennsylvania , us resting place christ episcopal church and churchyard , philadelphia political party federalist , democratic-republican spouse mary middleton children 8 parent(s ) sir richard butler , 5th baronet henrietta percy profession soldier , planter military service allegiance great britain united states * |
238 | duel | 1 | PERSON | burr was , at the time , lying low after shooting alexander hamilton in the july 1804 duel . |
239 | madison | 1 | PLACE | butler street in madison , wisconsin , is named in his honor . |
240 | north carolina | 1 | PLACE | refusing to surrender , allies in south carolina and the occupied portions of georgia and north carolina organized guerrilla operations against the british . |
241 | jefferson | 1 | PERSON | but unlike washington or thomas jefferson , for example , butler never acknowledged the fundamental inconsistency in simultaneously defending the people 's freedom and supporting slavery . |
242 | actions | 1 | ACTION | leigh defended her father 's actions as a slaveholder in her book , ten years on a georgian plantation since the war ( 1883 ) , intended as a rebuttal to her mother 's critique of slavery from 20 years before . |
243 | combat rank | 1 | RANK | south carolina branch/service british army south carolina militia rank adjutant general major ( combat rank ) battles/wars * |
244 | u.s. history | 1 | EVENT | it was the largest single slave auction in u.s. history and netted him more than $300,000 ( equivalent to $10,498,889 in 2024 ) . |
245 | state legislator | 1 | PLACE | after the war , he served as a state legislator and was a member of the congress of the confederation . |
246 | roswell king | 1 | PERSON | burr had traveled during august to butler 's plantation under the pseudonym roswell king , butler 's overseer 's name . |
247 | major butler | 1 | PERSON | the younger owen wister was the last of major butler 's descendants to inherit the plantations . |
248 | crown | 1 | PERSON | they believed that the many loyalists in the southern states ( with whom the british had an active trade through cotton , rice and tobacco ) would rally to the crown if supported by regular troops . |
249 | churchyard | 1 | PIECE | september 17 , 1787 personal details born ( 1744-07-11) july 11 , 1744 garryhundon , county carlow , kingdom of ireland died february 15 , 1822( 1822-02-15 ) ( aged 77 ) philadelphia , pennsylvania , us resting place christ episcopal church and churchyard , philadelphia political party federalist , democratic-republican spouse mary middleton children 8 parent(s ) sir richard butler , 5th baronet henrietta percy profession soldier , planter military service allegiance great britain united states * |
250 | defenses | 1 | UNKNOWN | in early 1779 , governor john rutledge asked butler to help reorganize south carolina 's defenses . |
251 | citizens | 1 | PERSON | he followed a path to produce the maximum liberty and respect for people he considered citizens . |
252 | mexican american war | 1 | EVENT |  |
253 | productivity | 1 | STATE | after pierce mease butler 's death , his younger daughter frances butler leigh and her husband , james leigh , a minister , tried to restore productivity and operate the combined plantations but were unsuccessful in generating a profit . |
254 | succession coat | 1 | SCORE | progeny and succession coat of arms of pierce butler |
255 | harvard classmate | 1 | PERSON | wister 's friend and former harvard classmate , president theodore roosevelt , wrote to him criticizing the novel for making " nearly all the devils northerners and the angels southerners . " |
256 | british army | 1 | HUMAN GROUP | south carolina branch/service british army south carolina militia rank adjutant general major ( combat rank ) battles/wars * |
257 | critique | 1 | ACT | leigh defended her father 's actions as a slaveholder in her book , ten years on a georgian plantation since the war ( 1883 ) , intended as a rebuttal to her mother 's critique of slavery from 20 years before . |
258 | planter military service allegiance great britain united states | 1 | PLACE | september 17 , 1787 personal details born ( 1744-07-11) july 11 , 1744 garryhundon , county carlow , kingdom of ireland died february 15 , 1822( 1822-02-15 ) ( aged 77 ) philadelphia , pennsylvania , us resting place christ episcopal church and churchyard , philadelphia political party federalist , democratic-republican spouse mary middleton children 8 parent(s ) sir richard butler , 5th baronet henrietta percy profession soldier , planter military service allegiance great britain united states * |
259 | mid century | 1 | PERIOD |  |
260 | christ church | 1 | PERSON | legacy pierce butler and many of his descendants are buried in a vault in the cemetery of christ church , philadelphia , built in 1727-1744 and a national historic landmark . |
261 | charles kemble | 1 | PERSON | the english actress fanny kemble and her noted actor/manager father , charles kemble , made a two-year theatrical tour of the united states in 1832-34 . |
262 | darien | 1 | PLACE | king left in 1820 to operate a plantation near darien . |
263 | matter | 1 | EVENT | late in life , he summarized his view : " our system is little better than matter of experiment . |
264 | weeden butler | 1 | PERSON | he enrolled his son thomas in a london school run by weeden butler and engaged a new minister from among the british clergy for his episcopal church in south carolina . |
265 | son thomas | 1 | PERSON | he enrolled his son thomas in a london school run by weeden butler and engaged a new minister from among the british clergy for his episcopal church in south carolina . |
266 | husbands | 1 | PERSON | she noted that king was known to have sired several mixed-race children with enslaved women , whom he sometimes took away from their husbands for periods . |
267 | conditions | 1 | CONDITION | kemble was shocked at the enslaved people 's living and working conditions and complained to him about their overwork and the manager roswell king jr. 's treatment of them . |
268 | american revolution | 1 | PLACE | he was an anglican until after the american revolution when he became a member of the episcopal church alongside many of america 's founding fathers . |
269 | democratic republican spouse mary middleton children parent s | 1 | PERSON |  |
270 | eliza de mallevault | 1 | PERSON | thomas butler ( 1778-1838 ) , married 1812 , eliza de mallevault of paris= * 3rd son , died young * 4th son , died young butler disinherited his only surviving son , thomas butler , along with his french-born wife and children . |
271 | cotton mills | 1 | PERSON | he also pursued plans in the 1830s to develop cotton mills in the piedmont of georgia , where he founded what became roswell , georgia , in 1839 . |
272 | wister | 1 | PERSON | pierce mease butler 's elder daughter sarah butler wister married a wealthy philadelphia doctor , owen jones wister , and they lived in the germantown section of the city . |
273 | delegate | 1 | UNKNOWN | in office november 4 , 1802 - november 21 , 1804 preceded by john e. colhoun succeeded by john gaillard delegate from south carolina to the congress of the confederation |
274 | anglican | 1 | UNKNOWN | he was an anglican until after the american revolution when he became a member of the episcopal church alongside many of america 's founding fathers . |
275 | capture | 1 | EVENT | british forces repeatedly attempted to capture butler due to his status as a former british army officer . |
276 | thomas middleton | 1 | PERSON | she was the orphaned daughter of thomas middleton , a south carolina planter and slave importer , and was heiress to a large fortune . |
277 | henrietta percy | 1 | PERSON | september 17 , 1787 personal details born ( 1744-07-11) july 11 , 1744 garryhundon , county carlow , kingdom of ireland died february 15 , 1822( 1822-02-15 ) ( aged 77 ) philadelphia , pennsylvania , us resting place christ episcopal church and churchyard , philadelphia political party federalist , democratic-republican spouse mary middleton children 8 parent(s ) sir richard butler , 5th baronet henrietta percy profession soldier , planter military service allegiance great britain united states * |
278 | property rights | 1 | UNKNOWN | he introduced the fugitive slave clause into a draft of the constitution , which gave a federal guarantee to the property rights of slaveholders . |
279 | bankruptcy | 1 | CONDITION | he was saved from bankruptcy by the sale of his philadelphia house and then the sale of 436 georgia slaves on march 2-3 , 1859 , at ten broeck racetrack , outside savannah , georgia . |
280 | misgivings | 1 | POSITION | as one of the largest slaveholders in the united states , he frequently defended american slavery for both political and personal motives , even though he had private misgivings about the institution and particularly about the atlantic slave trade . |
281 | gabriella morris | 1 | PERSON | he married gabriella morris , but they had no children . |
282 | enigma | 1 | STRUCTURE | associates called butler " eccentric " and an " enigma . " |
283 | effects | 1 | EFFECT | he was survived by his wife , who continued to reside on his estates and experienced the effects of the american civil war . |
284 | efforts | 1 | FORCE | sumter to integrate the partisan efforts into a unified campaign . |
285 | france | 1 | PLACE | there was a risk that france would enter the war as a partner of the americans . |
286 | partner | 1 | PERSON | there was a risk that france would enter the war as a partner of the americans . |
287 | depression | 1 | EVENT | amid a general agricultural depression , he failed to profit from the sea island plantations . |
288 | british army officer | 1 | PERSON | british forces repeatedly attempted to capture butler due to his status as a former british army officer . |
289 | colony | 1 | PLACE | in 1780 , the british captured charleston , south carolina , and with it most of the colony 's civil government and military forces . |
290 | owen jones wister | 1 | PERSON | pierce mease butler 's elder daughter sarah butler wister married a wealthy philadelphia doctor , owen jones wister , and they lived in the germantown section of the city . |
291 | allies | 1 | PERSON | refusing to surrender , allies in south carolina and the occupied portions of georgia and north carolina organized guerrilla operations against the british . |
292 | morals | 1 | STATE | ... much must depend on the morals and manners of the people at large . " |
293 | west | 1 | PLACE | they elected him three more times to the state legislature as an easterner who spoke on behalf of the west . |
294 | thirteen colonies | 1 | PLACE | by 1778 , king george iii and his ministers faced a new military situation in the thirteen colonies . |
295 | experiment | 1 | PERIOD | late in life , he summarized his view : " our system is little better than matter of experiment . |
296 | party federalist | 1 | PERSON | september 17 , 1787 personal details born ( 1744-07-11) july 11 , 1744 garryhundon , county carlow , kingdom of ireland died february 15 , 1822( 1822-02-15 ) ( aged 77 ) philadelphia , pennsylvania , us resting place christ episcopal church and churchyard , philadelphia political party federalist , democratic-republican spouse mary middleton children 8 parent(s ) sir richard butler , 5th baronet henrietta percy profession soldier , planter military service allegiance great britain united states * |
297 | importer | 1 | UNKNOWN | she was the orphaned daughter of thomas middleton , a south carolina planter and slave importer , and was heiress to a large fortune . |
298 | brigadier general | 1 | PERSON | butler assumed the post of the state 's adjutant general , a position that carried the rank of brigadier general . |
299 | anne elizabeth butler | 1 | PERSON | the couple had eight children : * anne elizabeth butler ( 1771-1845 ) , unmarried * |
300 | office | 1 | PLACE | pierce butler united states senator from south carolina in office march 4 , 1789 - october 25 , 1796 preceded by inaugural holder succeeded by john hunter |
301 | pennsylvania | 1 | PLACE | september 17 , 1787 personal details born ( 1744-07-11) july 11 , 1744 garryhundon , county carlow , kingdom of ireland died february 15 , 1822( 1822-02-15 ) ( aged 77 ) philadelphia , pennsylvania , us resting place christ episcopal church and churchyard , philadelphia political party federalist , democratic-republican spouse mary middleton children 8 parent(s ) sir richard butler , 5th baronet henrietta percy profession soldier , planter military service allegiance great britain united states * |
302 | heiress | 1 | PERSON | she was the orphaned daughter of thomas middleton , a south carolina planter and slave importer , and was heiress to a large fortune . |
303 | reconquest | 1 | UNKNOWN | they planned a reconquest of the rebellious colonies one at a time , moving north from georgia . |
304 | roswell | 1 | PERSON | burr had traveled during august to butler 's plantation under the pseudonym roswell king , butler 's overseer 's name . |
305 | congressional apportionment | 1 | ACT | butler also supported counting the entire slave population in state totals for congressional apportionment . |
306 | spent | 1 | AMOUNT | butler retired from politics in 1805 and spent much of his time in philadelphia , where he had previously established a summer home . |
307 | guest | 1 | PERSON | vice president aaron burr was butler 's guest at his st . simons plantations in september 1804 . |
308 | union | 1 | PLACE | butler 's experiences as a soldier and planter-legislator led to his forceful support for a strong union of the states . |
309 | proposal | 1 | ABSTRACT ENTITY | at the convention , he urged that the president be given the power to initiate war but did not receive a second proponent for his motion , and all the other delegates overwhelmingly rejected his proposal . |
310 | daughter | 1 | PERSON | she was the orphaned daughter of thomas middleton , a south carolina planter and slave importer , and was heiress to a large fortune . |
311 | parts | 1 | PART | butler told sarah he would devise his estate in equal parts to her three surviving sons ( including one born that year ) , provided they irrevocably adopt " butler " as their surname . |
312 | example | 1 | PERSON | but unlike washington or thomas jefferson , for example , butler never acknowledged the fundamental inconsistency in simultaneously defending the people 's freedom and supporting slavery . |
313 | pierce butler | 1 | PERSON | pierce butler united states senator from south carolina in office march 4 , 1789 - october 25 , 1796 preceded by inaugural holder succeeded by john hunter |
314 | invasion | 1 | FORCE | butler joined to mobilize south carolina 's militia to resist the british invasion . |
315 | john a. mease butler john a. mease butler | 1 | PERSON | john a. mease butler john a. mease butler ( 1806-1847 ) inherited half of his grandfather 's plantations after adopting " butler " as his surname in 1831 . |
316 | soldier | 1 | UNKNOWN | september 17 , 1787 personal details born ( 1744-07-11) july 11 , 1744 garryhundon , county carlow , kingdom of ireland died february 15 , 1822( 1822-02-15 ) ( aged 77 ) philadelphia , pennsylvania , us resting place christ episcopal church and churchyard , philadelphia political party federalist , democratic-republican spouse mary middleton children 8 parent(s ) sir richard butler , 5th baronet henrietta percy profession soldier , planter military service allegiance great britain united states * |
317 | patriots | 1 | UNKNOWN | the hastily raised and poorly prepared militia troops could not compete with the well-trained british regulars , and the patriots ' effort to relieve savannah were defeated . |
318 | area | 1 | AREA | during burr 's stay in early september , one of the worst hurricanes in history hit the area , and burr 's firsthand description documents both his stay and this event . |
319 | brother | 1 | PERSON | two of sarah 's sons , john mease and pierce butler mease ( born in 1810 and named for the brother who died ) , duly changed their surnames to inherit portions of the estate . |
320 | planter legislator | 1 | PERSON |  |
321 | democratic republicans | 1 | PLACE |  |
322 | postwar years | 1 | PERIOD | in the social and economic disruption of the postwar years , pierce mease butler was unsuccessful in adapting to the free labor market . |
323 | august september | 1 | PERIOD |  |
324 | article | 1 | ARTICLE | he introduced the fugitive slave clause ( article 4 , section 2 ) , which established protection for slavery in the constitution . |
325 | nw corner | 1 | EVENT | later years , post-politics butler house ( demolished 1857 ) , nw corner 8th & chestnut sts . , philadelphia following his wife 's death in 1790 , butler sold off the last of their south carolina holdings and invested in georgia sea island plantations . |
326 | state units | 1 | PLACE | later , he helped prepare the state units used in the counterattack which attempted to drive british forces from georgia . |
327 | manager | 1 | PERSON | butler hired roswell king as the manager of his two plantations on st. simon 's island and butler island . |
328 | south carolina in office march | 1 | PERIOD | pierce butler united states senator from south carolina in office march 4 , 1789 - october 25 , 1796 preceded by inaugural holder succeeded by john hunter |
329 | system | 1 | SYSTEM | late in life , he summarized his view : " our system is little better than matter of experiment . |
330 | paris= | 1 | UNKNOWN | thomas butler ( 1778-1838 ) , married 1812 , eliza de mallevault of paris= * 3rd son , died young * 4th son , died young butler disinherited his only surviving son , thomas butler , along with his french-born wife and children . |
331 | easterner | 1 | PERSON | they elected him three more times to the state legislature as an easterner who spoke on behalf of the west . |
332 | american revolutionary war | 1 | EVENT | american revolutionary war + siege of savannah pierce butler ( july 11 , 1744 - |
333 | start | 1 | UNKNOWN | kemble waited until 1863 , after the start of the american civil war and her daughters had come of age , to publish journal of a residence on a georgian plantation in 1838-1839 . |
334 | daughter sarah butler wister | 1 | PERSON | pierce mease butler 's elder daughter sarah butler wister married a wealthy philadelphia doctor , owen jones wister , and they lived in the germantown section of the city . |
335 | john gaillard delegate | 1 | PERSON | in office november 4 , 1802 - november 21 , 1804 preceded by john e. colhoun succeeded by john gaillard delegate from south carolina to the congress of the confederation |
336 | lands | 1 | LAND | until the grandsons came of age , butler 's other surviving daughters , frances and anne elizabeth ( " eliza " ) , had use of the most productive lands . |
337 | president | 1 | PERSON | at the convention , he urged that the president be given the power to initiate war but did not receive a second proponent for his motion , and all the other delegates overwhelmingly rejected his proposal . |
338 | left | 1 | UNKNOWN | politician military operations in the final months of the revolutionary war left butler poor . |
339 | eliza | 1 | PERSON | thomas butler ( 1778-1838 ) , married 1812 , eliza de mallevault of paris= * 3rd son , died young * 4th son , died young butler disinherited his only surviving son , thomas butler , along with his french-born wife and children . |
340 | gabriella morris butler | 1 | PERSON | the january 1 , 1863 , emancipation proclamation freed all of gabriella morris butler 's nearly 500 enslaved people . |
341 | lady baltimore | 1 | PERSON | he wrote about the post-civil war south in his 1906 novel , lady baltimore , which romanticized " the lost aristocrats of antebellum charleston . " |
342 | apportionment | 1 | ACT | butler also supported counting the entire slave population in state totals for congressional apportionment . |
343 | cemetery | 1 | PLACE | legacy pierce butler and many of his descendants are buried in a vault in the cemetery of christ church , philadelphia , built in 1727-1744 and a national historic landmark . |
344 | africans | 1 | PERSON | in addition , while privately criticizing the international trade in enslaved africans , he supported the passage in the constitution that prohibited regulation of the trade for 20 years . |
345 | residence | 1 | PLACE | kemble 's firsthand experiences of the winter residence contributed to her growing abolitionism . |
346 | army | 1 | HUMAN GROUP | south carolina branch/service british army south carolina militia rank adjutant general major ( combat rank ) battles/wars * |
347 | london school | 1 | INSTITUTION | he enrolled his son thomas in a london school run by weeden butler and engaged a new minister from among the british clergy for his episcopal church in south carolina . |
348 | description documents | 1 | DOCUMENT | during burr 's stay in early september , one of the worst hurricanes in history hit the area , and burr 's firsthand description documents both his stay and this event . |
349 | national historic landmark | 1 | PERSON | legacy pierce butler and many of his descendants are buried in a vault in the cemetery of christ church , philadelphia , built in 1727-1744 and a national historic landmark . |
350 | disruption | 1 | EVENT | in the social and economic disruption of the postwar years , pierce mease butler was unsuccessful in adapting to the free labor market . |
351 | supplies | 1 | AMOUNT | throughout the closing phases of the southern campaign , he personally donated cash and supplies to help sustain the american forces and assisted in the administration of prisoner-of-war facilities . |
352 | motion | 1 | ACTIVITY | at the convention , he urged that the president be given the power to initiate war but did not receive a second proponent for his motion , and all the other delegates overwhelmingly rejected his proposal . |
353 | attack | 1 | EVENT | butler served as a volunteer aide to general lachlan mcintosh during the operation , which climaxed with an attempted attack on savannah . |
354 | terms | 1 | TERM | later , he was elected by the south carolina state legislature to three terms in the united states senate — from 1789 to october 1796 , and from november 1802 to november 1804 — but changed his party allegiance : beginning as a federalist , he switched to the democratic-republicans in 1795 . |
355 | post politics butler house | 1 | PLACE |  |
356 | party allegiance | 1 | STATE | later , he was elected by the south carolina state legislature to three terms in the united states senate — from 1789 to october 1796 , and from november 1802 to november 1804 — but changed his party allegiance : beginning as a federalist , he switched to the democratic-republicans in 1795 . |
357 | effort | 1 | FORCE | the hastily raised and poorly prepared militia troops could not compete with the well-trained british regulars , and the patriots ' effort to relieve savannah were defeated . |
358 | motives | 1 | ABSTRACT ENTITY | as one of the largest slaveholders in the united states , he frequently defended american slavery for both political and personal motives , even though he had private misgivings about the institution and particularly about the atlantic slave trade . |
359 | adulthood | 1 | VALUE | four of butler 's daughters reached adulthood , but only one of them , sarah mease , married or had children . |
360 | pierce mease butler pierce mease butler | 1 | PERSON |  |
361 | estates | 1 | ESTATE | he was survived by his wife , who continued to reside on his estates and experienced the effects of the american civil war . |
362 | generations | 1 | EVENT | later generations |
363 | addition | 1 | PERSON | in addition , while privately criticizing the international trade in enslaved africans , he supported the passage in the constitution that prohibited regulation of the trade for 20 years . |
364 | custody | 1 | STATE | when they divorced in 1849 , he retained custody of their daughters . |
365 | europe | 1 | PLACE | to secure loans and establish new markets , he traveled to europe when the war ended . |
366 | office may | 1 | PERIOD | in office may 25 , 1787 - |
367 | behalf | 1 | PERSON | they elected him three more times to the state legislature as an easterner who spoke on behalf of the west . |
368 | georgia sea island plantations | 1 | PERSON | later years , post-politics butler house ( demolished 1857 ) , nw corner 8th & chestnut sts . , philadelphia following his wife 's death in 1790 , butler sold off the last of their south carolina holdings and invested in georgia sea island plantations . |
369 | post civil war south | 1 | PLACE |  |
370 | john hunter | 1 | PERSON | pierce butler united states senator from south carolina in office march 4 , 1789 - october 25 , 1796 preceded by inaugural holder succeeded by john hunter |
371 | mother | 1 | PERSON | leigh defended her father 's actions as a slaveholder in her book , ten years on a georgian plantation since the war ( 1883 ) , intended as a rebuttal to her mother 's critique of slavery from 20 years before . |
372 | hurricanes | 1 | WIND | during burr 's stay in early september , one of the worst hurricanes in history hit the area , and burr 's firsthand description documents both his stay and this event . |
373 | family | 1 | HUMAN GROUP | pierce mease butler took his family to georgia for the winter of 1838-39 . |
374 | overseer | 1 | PERSON | burr had traveled during august to butler 's plantation under the pseudonym roswell king , butler 's overseer 's name . |
375 | piedmont | 1 | PART | he also pursued plans in the 1830s to develop cotton mills in the piedmont of georgia , where he founded what became roswell , georgia , in 1839 . |
376 | francis marion | 1 | PERSON | as adjutant general , butler worked with former members of the militia and continental army veterans such as francis marion and thomas |
377 | new jersey | 1 | PLACE | the states of new york and new jersey had each indicted burr for murder in the duel 's wake . |
378 | delegates | 1 | UNKNOWN | at the convention , he urged that the president be given the power to initiate war but did not receive a second proponent for his motion , and all the other delegates overwhelmingly rejected his proposal . |
379 | cash | 1 | PERSON | throughout the closing phases of the southern campaign , he personally donated cash and supplies to help sustain the american forces and assisted in the administration of prisoner-of-war facilities . |
380 | opposition | 1 | EVENT | he opposed the policies of the federalists under alexander hamilton because he believed they had sacrificed the interests of westerners and had sought to force their policies on the opposition . |
381 | savannah pierce butler | 1 | PERSON | american revolutionary war + siege of savannah pierce butler ( july 11 , 1744 - |
382 | honor | 1 | PERSON | butler street in madison , wisconsin , is named in his honor . |
383 | sarah butler | 1 | PERSON | sarah butler ( 1772-1831 ) , married 1800 , james mease of philadelphia * frances butler ( 1774-1836 ) , unmarried * |
384 | james mease | 1 | PERSON | sarah butler ( 1772-1831 ) , married 1800 , james mease of philadelphia * frances butler ( 1774-1836 ) , unmarried * |
385 | name | 1 | NAME | burr had traveled during august to butler 's plantation under the pseudonym roswell king , butler 's overseer 's name . |
386 | butler poor | 1 | PERSON | politician military operations in the final months of the revolutionary war left butler poor . |
387 | auction main article | 1 | ARTICLE | slave auction main article : the great slave auction |
388 | three fifths compromise | 1 | AGREEMENT |  |
389 | winter residence | 1 | PLACE | kemble 's firsthand experiences of the winter residence contributed to her growing abolitionism . |
390 | militia troops | 1 | HUMAN GROUP | the hastily raised and poorly prepared militia troops could not compete with the well-trained british regulars , and the patriots ' effort to relieve savannah were defeated . |
391 | philadelphia doctor | 1 | PERSON | pierce mease butler 's elder daughter sarah butler wister married a wealthy philadelphia doctor , owen jones wister , and they lived in the germantown section of the city . |
392 | kemble | 1 | PERSON | the english actress fanny kemble and her noted actor/manager father , charles kemble , made a two-year theatrical tour of the united states in 1832-34 . |
393 | wartime strategy | 1 | STRATEGY | meanwhile , the british were shifting their wartime strategy . |
394 | new york | 1 | PLACE | the states of new york and new jersey had each indicted burr for murder in the duel 's wake . |
395 | tenures | 1 | STATUS | between his tenures as a senator , butler ran in south carolina 's 2nd congressional district in 1798 , but overwhelmingly lost to incumbent john rutledge jr . after these successive changes , voters did not elect butler again to national office . |
396 | roughshod | 1 | UNKNOWN | he wanted to maintain a strong central government but one that could never ride roughshod over the rights of the private citizen . |
397 | stalemate | 1 | SITUATION | their forces in the northern and middle colonies had reached a stalemate with washington 's continentals , more adequately supplied and better trained after the hard winter at valley forge . |
398 | anglo irish protestant ascendancy | 1 | PERSON |  |
399 | arms | 1 | PERSON | progeny and succession coat of arms of pierce butler |
400 | newspapers | 1 | SPEECH ACT | the auction was a notable event and covered by national newspapers . |
401 | ten years | 1 | PERIOD | leigh defended her father 's actions as a slaveholder in her book , ten years on a georgian plantation since the war ( 1883 ) , intended as a rebuttal to her mother 's critique of slavery from 20 years before . |
402 | december | 1 | PERIOD | they launched their new strategy by capturing savannah in december 1778 . |
403 | citizen | 1 | PERSON | he wanted to maintain a strong central government but one that could never ride roughshod over the rights of the private citizen . |
404 | murder | 1 | ACT | the states of new york and new jersey had each indicted burr for murder in the duel 's wake . |
405 | simons plantations | 1 | PERSON | vice president aaron burr was butler 's guest at his st . simons plantations in september 1804 . |
406 | treason | 1 | EVENT | he sat out the civil war in philadelphia , a refuge for numerous southerners , and was imprisoned for treason in august-september 1861 . |
407 | draft | 1 | EVENT | he introduced the fugitive slave clause into a draft of the constitution , which gave a federal guarantee to the property rights of slaveholders . |
408 | siege | 1 | PROPERTY | american revolutionary war + siege of savannah pierce butler ( july 11 , 1744 - |
409 | independent | 1 | PERSON | in 1804 , he declared himself a political independent . |
410 | butler street | 1 | PLACE | butler street in madison , wisconsin , is named in his honor . |
411 | troops | 1 | HUMAN GROUP | they believed that the many loyalists in the southern states ( with whom the british had an active trade through cotton , rice and tobacco ) would rally to the crown if supported by regular troops . |
412 | devils northerners | 1 | PERSON | wister 's friend and former harvard classmate , president theodore roosevelt , wrote to him criticizing the novel for making " nearly all the devils northerners and the angels southerners . " |
413 | southern united states | 1 | PLACE | the constitution 's three-fifths compromise counted only three-fifths of the enslaved population in state totals but still led to white voters in southern united states having disproportionate power in the united states congress . |
414 | husband | 1 | PERSON | after pierce mease butler 's death , his younger daughter frances butler leigh and her husband , james leigh , a minister , tried to restore productivity and operate the combined plantations but were unsuccessful in generating a profit . |
415 | wake | 1 | PLACE | the states of new york and new jersey had each indicted burr for murder in the duel 's wake . |
416 | situation | 1 | SITUATION | by 1778 , king george iii and his ministers faced a new military situation in the thirteen colonies . |
417 | july duel | 1 | PERSON |  |
418 | august | 1 | PERIOD | burr had traveled during august to butler 's plantation under the pseudonym roswell king , butler 's overseer 's name . |
419 | civil war | 1 | EVENT | he was survived by his wife , who continued to reside on his estates and experienced the effects of the american civil war . |
420 | friend | 1 | PERSON | wister 's friend and former harvard classmate , president theodore roosevelt , wrote to him criticizing the novel for making " nearly all the devils northerners and the angels southerners . " |
421 | south carolina state legislature | 1 | PLACE | later , he was elected by the south carolina state legislature to three terms in the united states senate — from 1789 to october 1796 , and from november 1802 to november 1804 — but changed his party allegiance : beginning as a federalist , he switched to the democratic-republicans in 1795 . |
422 | decades | 1 | UNKNOWN | it ensured that the southern planter elite exerted a strong influence in national politics for decades . |
423 | novelist | 1 | PERSON | their son , owen wister , became a popular american novelist , best known for the virginian , a 1902 western novel now considered a classic . |
424 | angels southerners | 1 | PERSON | wister 's friend and former harvard classmate , president theodore roosevelt , wrote to him criticizing the novel for making " nearly all the devils northerners and the angels southerners . " |
425 | equivalent | 1 | ABSTRACT ENTITY | it was the largest single slave auction in u.s. history and netted him more than $300,000 ( equivalent to $10,498,889 in 2024 ) . |
426 | life butler | 1 | PERSON |  |
427 | last | 1 | UNKNOWN | later years , post-politics butler house ( demolished 1857 ) , nw corner 8th & chestnut sts . , philadelphia following his wife 's death in 1790 , butler sold off the last of their south carolina holdings and invested in georgia sea island plantations . |
428 | butler plantations | 1 | PERSON | forces occupied all the butler plantations beginning in february 1862 . |
429 | history | 1 | EVENT | during burr 's stay in early september , one of the worst hurricanes in history hit the area , and burr 's firsthand description documents both his stay and this event . |
430 | general lachlan mcintosh | 1 | PERSON | butler served as a volunteer aide to general lachlan mcintosh during the operation , which climaxed with an attempted attack on savannah . |
431 | georgia slaves | 1 | PERSON | he was saved from bankruptcy by the sale of his philadelphia house and then the sale of 436 georgia slaves on march 2-3 , 1859 , at ten broeck racetrack , outside savannah , georgia . |
432 | baronet henrietta percy profession soldier | 1 | PERSON | september 17 , 1787 personal details born ( 1744-07-11) july 11 , 1744 garryhundon , county carlow , kingdom of ireland died february 15 , 1822( 1822-02-15 ) ( aged 77 ) philadelphia , pennsylvania , us resting place christ episcopal church and churchyard , philadelphia political party federalist , democratic-republican spouse mary middleton children 8 parent(s ) sir richard butler , 5th baronet henrietta percy profession soldier , planter military service allegiance great britain united states * |
433 | holder | 1 | PERSON | pierce butler united states senator from south carolina in office march 4 , 1789 - october 25 , 1796 preceded by inaugural holder succeeded by john hunter |
434 | june | 1 | PERIOD | pierce mease butler met her during the tour and married her on june 7 , 1834 . |
435 | guerrilla operations | 1 | FORCE | refusing to surrender , allies in south carolina and the occupied portions of georgia and north carolina organized guerrilla operations against the british . |
436 | sarah mease | 1 | PERSON | four of butler 's daughters reached adulthood , but only one of them , sarah mease , married or had children . |
437 | plans | 1 | PLAN | he also pursued plans in the 1830s to develop cotton mills in the piedmont of georgia , where he founded what became roswell , georgia , in 1839 . |
438 | mary | 1 | PERSON | september 17 , 1787 personal details born ( 1744-07-11) july 11 , 1744 garryhundon , county carlow , kingdom of ireland died february 15 , 1822( 1822-02-15 ) ( aged 77 ) philadelphia , pennsylvania , us resting place christ episcopal church and churchyard , philadelphia political party federalist , democratic-republican spouse mary middleton children 8 parent(s ) sir richard butler , 5th baronet henrietta percy profession soldier , planter military service allegiance great britain united states * |
439 | south carolina holdings | 1 | PLACE | later years , post-politics butler house ( demolished 1857 ) , nw corner 8th & chestnut sts . , philadelphia following his wife 's death in 1790 , butler sold off the last of their south carolina holdings and invested in georgia sea island plantations . |
440 | operation | 1 | PLACE | butler served as a volunteer aide to general lachlan mcintosh during the operation , which climaxed with an attempted attack on savannah . |
441 | counterstrategy | 1 | UNKNOWN | over the next two years , he developed a counterstrategy to defeat the southern operations of . |
442 | baronet | 1 | PERSON | september 17 , 1787 personal details born ( 1744-07-11) july 11 , 1744 garryhundon , county carlow , kingdom of ireland died february 15 , 1822( 1822-02-15 ) ( aged 77 ) philadelphia , pennsylvania , us resting place christ episcopal church and churchyard , philadelphia political party federalist , democratic-republican spouse mary middleton children 8 parent(s ) sir richard butler , 5th baronet henrietta percy profession soldier , planter military service allegiance great britain united states * |
443 | horror | 1 | PERSON | she expressed extreme horror at the state of life of enslaved people and deconstructed contemporary arguments attempting to justify slavery . |
444 | summer home | 1 | PLACE | butler retired from politics in 1805 and spent much of his time in philadelphia , where he had previously established a summer home . |
445 | incompatibility | 1 | QUALITY | the couple had increasing tensions over this and their basic incompatibility . |
446 | ten broeck racetrack | 1 | CHARACTERISTIC | he was saved from bankruptcy by the sale of his philadelphia house and then the sale of 436 georgia slaves on march 2-3 , 1859 , at ten broeck racetrack , outside savannah , georgia . |
447 | harriot percy butler | 1 | PERSON | harriot percy butler ( 1775-1815 ) , unmarried * |
448 | state legislature | 1 | PLACE | later , he was elected by the south carolina state legislature to three terms in the united states senate — from 1789 to october 1796 , and from november 1802 to november 1804 — but changed his party allegiance : beginning as a federalist , he switched to the democratic-republicans in 1795 . |
449 | land holdings | 1 | PERSON | through his business ventures , he became one of the wealthiest men in the nation , with substantial land holdings in several states . |
450 | rights | 1 | UNKNOWN | he introduced the fugitive slave clause into a draft of the constitution , which gave a federal guarantee to the property rights of slaveholders . |
451 | president theodore roosevelt | 1 | PERSON | wister 's friend and former harvard classmate , president theodore roosevelt , wrote to him criticizing the novel for making " nearly all the devils northerners and the angels southerners . " |
452 | thomas jefferson | 1 | PERSON | but unlike washington or thomas jefferson , for example , butler never acknowledged the fundamental inconsistency in simultaneously defending the people 's freedom and supporting slavery . |
453 | mary middleton | 1 | PERSON | september 17 , 1787 personal details born ( 1744-07-11) july 11 , 1744 garryhundon , county carlow , kingdom of ireland died february 15 , 1822( 1822-02-15 ) ( aged 77 ) philadelphia , pennsylvania , us resting place christ episcopal church and churchyard , philadelphia political party federalist , democratic-republican spouse mary middleton children 8 parent(s ) sir richard butler , 5th baronet henrietta percy profession soldier , planter military service allegiance great britain united states * |
454 | battles/wars | 1 | UNKNOWN | south carolina branch/service british army south carolina militia rank adjutant general major ( combat rank ) battles/wars * |
455 | slaveholder | 1 | PERSON | leigh defended her father 's actions as a slaveholder in her book , ten years on a georgian plantation since the war ( 1883 ) , intended as a rebuttal to her mother 's critique of slavery from 20 years before . |
456 | planter elite | 1 | PLACE | it ensured that the southern planter elite exerted a strong influence in national politics for decades . |
457 | phases | 1 | UNKNOWN | throughout the closing phases of the southern campaign , he personally donated cash and supplies to help sustain the american forces and assisted in the administration of prisoner-of-war facilities . |
458 | advocate | 1 | PERSON | he became an outspoken advocate of reconciliation with former loyalists and of equal representation for the backcountry residents . |
459 | post | 1 | SEQUENCE | butler assumed the post of the state 's adjutant general , a position that carried the rank of brigadier general . |
460 | u.s. forces | 1 | FORCE |  |
461 | progeny | 1 | EVENT | progeny and succession coat of arms of pierce butler |
462 | style | 1 | STYLE | butler wanted more moderate treatment of the people he enslaved than was king 's style . |
463 | british north | 1 | PLACE | born in the kingdom of ireland , butler emigrated to the british north american colonies , where he fought in the american revolutionary war . |
464 | chestnut sts | 1 | PERSON | later years , post-politics butler house ( demolished 1857 ) , nw corner 8th & chestnut sts . , philadelphia following his wife 's death in 1790 , butler sold off the last of their south carolina holdings and invested in georgia sea island plantations . |
465 | hastily | 1 | UNKNOWN | the hastily raised and poorly prepared militia troops could not compete with the well-trained british regulars , and the patriots ' effort to relieve savannah were defeated . |
466 | arguments | 1 | STATE | she expressed extreme horror at the state of life of enslaved people and deconstructed contemporary arguments attempting to justify slavery . |
467 | cotton | 1 | PERSON | they believed that the many loyalists in the southern states ( with whom the british had an active trade through cotton , rice and tobacco ) would rally to the crown if supported by regular troops . |
468 | reason | 1 | EVENT | he later split with jefferson and the democrats for the same reason . |
469 | senator | 1 | PERSON | pierce butler united states senator from south carolina in office march 4 , 1789 - october 25 , 1796 preceded by inaugural holder succeeded by john hunter |
470 | tobacco | 1 | PERSON | they believed that the many loyalists in the southern states ( with whom the british had an active trade through cotton , rice and tobacco ) would rally to the crown if supported by regular troops . |

## Objects sorted by category

Categoría | Objetos
PERSON | access actress fanny kemble addition advocate africans alexander hamilton allies angels southerners anglo irish protestant ascendancy anne elizabeth anne elizabeth butler antebellum charleston arms army veterans associates backcountry residents baronet baronet henrietta percy profession soldier behalf boy brigadier general british army officer brother burr butler butler plantations butler poor captain cash charles kemble charleston chestnut sts children christ church citizen citizens clergy congress constitution cotton cotton mills county carlow crown daughter daughter frances butler leigh daughter sarah butler wister daughters democratic republican spouse mary middleton children parent s devils northerners duel easterner eliza eliza de mallevault episcopal church example father federalist federalists fortune founding fathers frances butler frances butler leigh francis marion freedom friend fugitive slave clause gabriella morris gabriella morris butler general general lachlan mcintosh georgia sea island plantations georgia slaves governor john rutledge grandfather grandsons guarantee guest harriot percy butler harvard classmate heiress henrietta percy holder honor horatio gates horror husband husbands independent influence james leigh james mease jefferson john a. mease butler john a. mease butler john e. colhoun john gaillard delegate john hunter john mease john rutledge jr july duel kemble king king george iii labor market lady baltimore land holdings legacy pierce butler leigh life butler loyalists major butler manager manners mary mary middleton maximum liberty member members men ministers mixed race children mother nathanael greene nation national historic landmark novelist overseer owen jones wister owen wister partner party federalist person personal details born philadelphia doctor pierce butler pierce butler mease pierce butler united states senator pierce mease butler pierce mease butler pierce mease butler planter legislator politician president president theodore roosevelt proponent pseudonym roswell king regulation representation rice roswell roswell king sarah sarah butler sarah mease savannah savannah pierce butler senator simons plantations sir richard butler slaveholder slaveholders son son thomas sons southerners st. simon stay thomas butler thomas jefferson thomas middleton thomas sumter tobacco us resting place christ episcopal church valley forge vault vice president aaron burr view volunteer aide voters weeden butler westerners wife winter wister women
PLACE | administration america american revolution british north butler island butler street camp campaign cemetery city colonies colony darien democratic republicans district england europe france georgia half ireland island kingdom madison new jersey new york north carolina novel office operation operations path pennsylvania philadelphia philadelphia house plantation plantations planter elite planter military service allegiance great britain united states post civil war south post politics butler house refuge region residence sea island plantations south carolina south carolina convention south carolina holdings south carolina legislature south carolina planter south carolina state legislature southern united states st. simons island plantations state legislator state legislature state totals state units states summer home thirteen colonies union united states united states congress united states senate wake washington west winter residence wisconsin
EVENT | american civil war american revolutionary war attack business ventures capture civil war conflicts constitutional convention convention couple death depression disruption draft event facilities generations history income life matter mexican american war nw corner opposition passage progeny reason rebuttal revolutionary war risk tour treason u.s. history war
PERIOD | august august september december experiment february january july june march mid century months november october office may office november periods postwar years september south carolina in office march ten years time year years
FORCE | effort efforts forces guerrilla operations invasion militia tensions u.s. forces
STATE | arguments confederation custody morals party allegiance productivity state
HUMAN GROUP | army british army family militia troops people troops
ACT | apportionment congressional apportionment critique murder ratification sale
PART | auction great slave auction parts piedmont
ABSTRACT ENTITY | equivalent journal motives proposal
AMOUNT | profit spent supplies totals
ESTATE | estate estates germantown section section
PORTION | portions surname surnames
QUALITY | incompatibility inconsistencies inconsistency
ACTIVITY | motion slave trade trade
INSTITUTION | institution london school slavery
CONDITION | bankruptcy conditions plantation conditions
QUANTITY | continentals loans
PROPERTY | age siege
ARTICLE | article auction main article
EFFECT | effects experiences
RESULT | descendants population
STATUS | status tenures
ENTITY | book classic
SITUATION | situation stalemate
DOCUMENT | description documents protection
STRATEGY | strategy wartime strategy
ACTION | actions politics
STRUCTURE | enigma overwork
RANK | combat rank rank
POSITION | misgivings position
SET | support
FORM | observations
GOVERNMENT | government
SPEECH ACT | newspapers
VALUE | adulthood
SCORE | succession coat
SHIP | ships
STATEMENT | emancipation proclamation
PIECE | churchyard
AREA | area
PLAN | plans
CHARACTERISTIC | ten broeck racetrack
COLLECTION | account
CONCEPT | abolitionism
SEQUENCE | post
ABSENCE | dysentery
MEASURE | eyewitness indictment
TREATMENT | treatment
ANYTHING | anything
HUMAN ROLE | minister
STYLE | style
NAME | name
TERM | terms
COMMAND | command
ROLE | role
SYSTEM | system
TRUST | belief
GROUP | command group
INSTANCE | commission
LAND | lands
USE | use
POWER | power
WIND | hurricanes
AGREEMENT | three fifths compromise