# Tatatag: a semantic typing machine

https://tecling.com/textagram
Version: August 8, 2025: This version works with English and Spanish

Result for text extracleancorp/extra-clean-file-94.txt.tag

## Text without annotations

British historian and politician ( 1800-1859 ) For another person with the name , see Thomas Babington Macaulay ( Nigeria ) . " Baron Macaulay " redirects here . For the British Labour politician , see Donald Macaulay , Baron Macaulay of Bragar . " Thomas Macaulay " redirects here . For other uses , see Thomas Macaulay ( disambiguation ) . The Right Honourable The Lord Macaulay PC FRS FRSE Photogravure of Macaulay by Antoine Claudet Secretary at War In office 27 September 1839 - 30 August 1841 Monarch Victoria Prime Minister The Viscount Melbourne Preceded by Viscount Howick Succeeded by Sir Henry Hardinge Paymaster General In office 7 July 1846 - 8 May 1848 Monarch Victoria Prime Minister Lord John Russell Preceded by Hon . Bingham Baring Succeeded by The Earl Granville Personal details Born ( 1800-10-25) 25 October 1800 Rothley Temple , Leicestershire , England Died 28 December 1859( 1859-12-28 ) ( aged 59 ) London , England Political party Whig Parent(s ) Zachary Macaulay Selina Mills Alma mater Trinity College , Cambridge Occupation Politician Profession Historian , poet Signature Thomas Babington Macaulay , 1st Baron Macaulay , PC , FRS , FRSE ( /ˈbæbɪŋtən məˈkɔːli/ ; 25 October 1800 - 28 December 1859 ) was an English historian , poet , and Whig politician , who served as the Secretary at War between 1839 and 1841 , and as the Paymaster General between 1846 and 1848 . He is best known for his The History of England , a seminal example of Whig history which expressed Macaulay 's belief in the inevitability of sociopolitical progress and has been widely commended for its prose style . Macaulay also played a substantial role in determining India 's education policy , in which he was guided by his conviction that Western European culture was superior to that of India and the Middle East . Early life Macaulay was born at Rothley Temple in Leicestershire on 25 October 1800 , the son of Zachary Macaulay , a Scottish Highlander , who became a colonial governor and abolitionist , and Selina Mills of Bristol , a former pupil of Hannah More . They named their first child after his uncle Thomas Babington , a Leicestershire landowner and politician , who had married Zachary 's sister Jean . The young Macaulay was noted as a child prodigy ; as a toddler , gazing out of the window from his cot at the chimneys of a local factory , he is reputed to have asked his father whether the smoke came from the fires of hell . He was educated at a private school in Hertfordshire , and , subsequently , at Trinity College , Cambridge , where he won several prizes , including the Chancellor 's Gold Medal in June 1821 , and where he in 1825 published a prominent essay on Milton in the Edinburgh Review . Macaulay did not study classical literature while at Cambridge , though he subsequently did when he was in India . In his letters he describes his reading of the Aeneid whilst he was in Malvern in 1851 , and says he was moved to tears by Virgil 's poetry . He taught himself German , Dutch and Spanish , and was fluent in French . He studied law and in 1826 he was called to the bar , before he took more interest in a political career . Macaulay in the Edinburgh Review in 1827 , and in a series of anonymous letters to The Morning Chronicle , censured the analysis of indentured labour by the British Colonial Office expert Colonel Thomas Moody , Kt . Macaulay 's evangelical Whig father Zachary Macaulay , who desired a ' free black peasantry ' rather than equality for Africans , also censured , in the Anti-Slavery Reporter , Moody 's contentions . Macaulay , who did not marry nor have children , was rumoured to have fallen in love with Maria Kinnaird , who was the wealthy ward of Richard ' Conversation ' Sharp . Macaulay 's strongest emotional relationships were with his youngest sisters : Margaret , who died while he was in India , and Hannah , to whose daughter Margaret , whom he called ' Baba ' , he was also attached . India ( 1834-1838 ) Macaulay by John Partridge Macaulay in 1830 accepted the invitation of the Marquess of Lansdowne that he become Member of Parliament for the pocket borough of Calne . Macaulay 's maiden speech in Parliament advocated abolition of the civil disabilities of the Jews in the UK . Macaulay 's subsequent speeches in favour of parliamentary reform were commended . He became MP for Leeds subsequent to the 1833 enactment of the Reform Act 1832 , by which Calne 's representation was reduced from two MPs to one , and by which Leeds , which had not been represented before , had two MPs . Macaulay remained grateful to his former patron , Lansdowne , who remained his friend . Macaulay was Secretary to the Board of Control under Lord Grey from 1832 until he in 1833 required , as a consequence of the penury of his father , a more remunerative office , than that of the unremunerated office of an MP , from which he resigned after the passing of the Government of India Act 1833 to accept an appointment as first Law Member of the Governor-General 's Council . In 1834 Macaulay went to India , where he served on the Supreme Council between 1834 and 1838 . His Minute on Indian Education of February 1835 was primarily responsible for the introduction of Western institutional education to India . Macaulay recommended the introduction of the English language as the official language of secondary education instruction in all schools where there had been none before , and the training of English-speaking Indians as teachers . In his minute , he urged Lord William Bentinck , the then- Governor-General to reform secondary education on utilitarian lines to deliver " useful learning " , a phrase that to him was synonymous with Western culture . There was no tradition of secondary education in vernacular languages ; the institutions supported by the East India Company taught either in Sanskrit or Persian . Hence , he argued , " We have to educate a people who cannot at present be educated by means of their mother-tongue . We must teach them some foreign language . " Macaulay argued that Sanskrit and Persian were no more accessible than English to the speakers of the Indian vernacular languages and existing Sanskrit and Persian texts were of little use for " useful learning " . In one of the less scathing passages of the Minute he wrote : I have no knowledge of either Sanskrit or Arabic . But I have done what I could to form a correct estimate of their value . I have read translations of the most celebrated Arabic and Sanskrit works . I have conversed both here and at home with men distinguished by their proficiency in the Eastern tongues . I am quite ready to take the Oriental learning at the valuation of the Orientalists themselves . I have never found one among them who could deny that a single shelf of a good European library was worth the whole native literature of India and Arabia . He further argued : It will hardly be disputed , I suppose , that the department of literature in which the Eastern writers stand highest is poetry . And I certainly never met with any orientalist who ventured to maintain that the Arabic and Sanskrit poetry could be compared to that of the great European nations . But when we pass from works of imagination to works in which facts are recorded and general principles investigated , the superiority of the Europeans becomes absolutely immeasurable . It is , I believe , no exaggeration to say that all the historical information which has been collected from all the books written in the Sanskrit language is less valuable than what may be found in the most paltry abridgments used at preparatory schools in England . In every branch of physical or moral philosophy , the relative position of the two nations is nearly the same . Hence , from the sixth year of schooling onwards , instruction should be in European learning , with English as the medium of instruction . This would create a class of anglicised Indians who would serve as cultural intermediaries between the British and the Indians ; the creation of such a class was necessary before any reform of vernacular education . He stated : I feel with them that it is impossible for us , with our limited means , to attempt to educate the body of the people . We must at present do our best to form a class who may be interpreters between us and the millions whom we govern ; a class of persons Indian in blood and colour , but English in tastes , in opinions , in morals , and in intellect . To that class we may leave it to refine the vernacular dialects of the country , to enrich those dialects with terms of science borrowed from the Western nomenclature , and to render them by degrees fit vehicles for conveying knowledge to the great mass of the population . Macaulay 's largely coincided with Bentinck 's views and Bentinck 's English Education Act 1835 closely matched Macaulay 's recommendations ( in 1836 , a school named La Martinière , founded by Major General Claude Martin , had one of its houses named after him ) , but subsequent Governors-General took a more conciliatory approach to existing Indian education . His final years in India were devoted to the creation of a Penal Code , as the leading member of the Law Commission . In the aftermath of the Indian Mutiny of 1857 , Macaulay 's criminal law proposal was enacted . The Indian Penal Code in 1860 was followed by the Criminal Procedure Code in 1872 and the Civil Procedure Code in 1908 . The Indian Penal Code inspired counterparts in most other British colonies , and to date many of these laws are still in effect in places as far apart as Pakistan , Malaysia , Myanmar , Bangladesh , Sri Lanka , Nigeria and Zimbabwe , as well as in India itself . This includes Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code , which remains the basis for laws which criminalize homosexuality in several Commonwealth nations . In Indian culture , the term " Macaulay 's Children " is sometimes used to refer to people born of Indian ancestry who adopt Western culture as a lifestyle , or display attitudes influenced by colonialism ( " Macaulayism " ) - expressions used disparagingly , and with the implication of disloyalty to one 's country and one 's heritage . In independent India , Macaulay 's idea of the civilising mission has been used by Dalitists , in particular by neo-liberalist Chandra Bhan Prasad , as a " creative appropriation for self-empowerment " , based on the view that the Dalit community was empowered by Macaulay 's deprecation of Hindu culture and support for Western-style education in India . Domenico Losurdo states that " Macaulay acknowledged that the English colonists in India behaved like Spartans confronting helots : we are dealing with 'a race of sovereign ' or a ' sovereign caste ' , wielding absolute power over its ' serfs ' . " Losurdo noted that this did not prompt any doubts from Macaulay over the right of Britain to administer its colonies in an autocratic fashion ; for example , while Macaulay described the administration of governor-general of India Warren Hastings as being so despotic that " all the injustice of former oppressors , Asiatic and European , appeared as a blessing " , he ( Hastings ) deserved " high admiration " and a rank among " the most remarkable men in our history " for " having saved England and civilisation " . Return to British public life ( 1838-1857 ) Macaulay by Sir Francis Grant Returning to Britain in 1838 , he became MP again in Edinburgh in the following year . He was made Secretary at War in 1839 by Lord Melbourne and was sworn of the Privy Council the same year . In 1841 Macaulay addressed the issue of copyright law . Macaulay 's position , slightly modified , became the basis of copyright law in the English-speaking world for many decades . Macaulay argued that copyright is a monopoly and as such has generally negative effects on society . After the fall of Melbourne 's government in 1841 Macaulay devoted more time to literary work , and returned to office as Paymaster General in 1846 in Lord John Russell 's administration . In the election of 1847 he lost his seat in Edinburgh . He attributed the loss to the anger of religious zealots over his speech in favour of expanding the annual government grant to Maynooth College in Ireland , which trained young men for the Catholic priesthood ; some observers also attributed his loss to his neglect of local issues . In 1849 he was elected Rector of the University of Glasgow , a position with no administrative duties , often awarded by the students to men of political or literary fame . He also received the freedom of the city . In 1852 , the voters of Edinburgh offered to re-elect him to Parliament . He accepted on the express condition that he need not campaign and would not pledge himself to a position on any political issue . Remarkably , he was elected on those terms . He seldom attended the House due to ill health . His weakness after suffering a heart attack caused him to postpone for several months making his speech of thanks to the Edinburgh voters . He resigned his seat in January 1856 . In 1857 he was raised to the peerage as Baron Macaulay , of Rothley in the County of Leicester , but seldom attended the House of Lords . Later life ( 1857-1859 ) The Funeral of Thomas Babington Macaulay , Baron Macaulay , by Sir George Scharf Macaulay sat on the committee to decide on the historical subjects to be painted in the new Palace of Westminster . The need to collect reliable portraits of notable figures from history for this project led to the foundation of the National Portrait Gallery , which was formally established on 2 December 1856 . Macaulay was amongst its founding trustees and is honoured with one of only three busts above the main entrance . During his later years his health made work increasingly difficult for him . He died of a heart attack on 28 December 1859 , aged 59 , leaving his major work , The History of England from the Accession of James the Second incomplete . On 9 January 1860 he was buried in Westminster Abbey , in Poets ' Corner , near a statue of Addison . As he had no children , his peerage became extinct on his death . Macaulay 's nephew , Sir George Trevelyan , Bt , wrote the " Life and Letters " of his uncle . His great-nephew was the Cambridge historian G. M. Trevelyan . Literary works As a young man he composed the ballads Ivry and The Armada , which he later included as part of Lays of Ancient Rome , a series of very popular poems about heroic episodes in Roman history which he began composing in India and continued in Rome , finally publishing in 1842 . The most famous of them , Horatius , concerns the heroism of Horatius Cocles . It contains the oft-quoted lines : Then out spake brave Horatius , The Captain of the Gate : " To every man upon this earth Death cometh soon or late . And how can man die better Than facing fearful odds , For the ashes of his fathers , And the temples of his gods ? " His essays , originally published in the Edinburgh Review , were collected as Critical and Historical Essays in 1843 . Historian During the 1840s , Macaulay undertook his most famous work , The History of England from the Accession of James the Second , publishing the first two volumes in 1848 . At first , he had planned to bring his history down to the reign of George III . After publication of his first two volumes , his hope was to complete his work with the death of Queen Anne in 1714 . The third and fourth volumes , bringing the history to the Peace of Ryswick , were published in 1855 . At his death in 1859 he was working on the fifth volume . This , bringing the History down to the death of William III , was prepared for publication by his sister , Lady Trevelyan , after his death . Political writing Macaulay 's political writings are famous for their ringing prose and for their confident , sometimes dogmatic , emphasis on a progressive model of British history , according to which the country threw off superstition , autocracy and confusion to create a balanced constitution and a forward-looking culture combined with freedom of belief and expression . This model of human progress has been called the Whig interpretation of history . This philosophy appears most clearly in the essays Macaulay wrote for the Edinburgh Review and other publications , which were collected in book form and a steady best-seller throughout the 19th century . But it is also reflected in History ; the most stirring passages in the work are those that describe the " Glorious Revolution " of 1688 . Macaulay 's approach has been criticised by later historians for its one-sidedness and its complacency . Karl Marx referred to him as a ' systematic falsifier of history ' . His tendency to see history as a drama led him to treat figures whose views he opposed as if they were villains , while characters he approved of were presented as heroes . Macaulay goes to considerable length , for example , to absolve his main hero William III of any responsibility for the Glencoe massacre . Winston Churchill devoted a four-volume biography of the Duke of Marlborough to rebutting Macaulay 's slights on his ancestor , expressing hope " to fasten the label ' Liar ' to his genteel coat-tails " . Later historians have also highlighted his views on non-European cultures and philosophies as explicitly racist , citing , for example , his remark that 'a single shelf of a good European library was worth the whole native literature of India and Arabia ' . Legacy as a historian The Liberal historian Lord Acton read Macaulay 's History of England four times and later described himself as " a raw English schoolboy , primed to the brim with Whig politics " but " not Whiggism only , but Macaulay in particular that I was so full of . " However , Acton would later find fault in Macaulay . In 1880 Acton classed Macaulay ( with Burke and Gladstone ) as one " of the three greatest Liberals " . In 1883 , he advised Mary Gladstone : he Essays are really flashy and superficial . He was not above par in literary criticism ; his Indian articles will not hold water ; and his two most famous reviews , on Bacon and Ranke , show his incompetence . The essays are only pleasant reading , and a key to half the prejudices of our age . It is the History ( with one or two speeches ) that is wonderful . He knew nothing respectably before the seventeenth century , he knew nothing of foreign history , of religion , philosophy , science , or art . His account of debates has been thrown into the shade by Ranke , his account of diplomatic affairs , by Klopp . He is , I am persuaded , grossly , basely unfair . Read him therefore to find out how it comes that the most unsympathetic of critics can think him very nearly the greatest of English writers … In 1885 , Acton asserted that : We must never judge the quality of a teaching by the quality of the Teacher , or allow the spots to shut out the sun . It would be unjust , and it would deprive us of nearly all that is great and good in this world . Let me remind you of Macaulay . He remains to me one of the greatest of all writers and masters , although I think him utterly base , contemptible and odious for certain reasons which you know . In 1888 , Acton wrote that Macaulay " had done more than any writer in the literature of the world for the propagation of the Liberal faith , and he was not only the greatest , but the most representative , Englishman then living " . W. S. Gilbert described Macaulay 's wit , " who wrote of Queen Anne " as part of Colonel Calverley 's Act I patter song in the libretto of the 1881 operetta Patience . ( This line may well have been a joke about the Colonel 's pseudo-intellectual bragging , as most educated Victorians knew that Macaulay did not write of Queen Anne ; the History encompasses only as far as the death of William III in 1702 , who was succeeded by Anne . ) Herbert Butterfield 's The Whig Interpretation of History ( 1931 ) attacked Whig history . The Dutch historian Pieter Geyl , writing in 1955 , considered Macaulay 's Essays as " exclusively and intolerantly English " . On 7 February 1954 , Lord Moran , doctor to the Prime Minister , Sir Winston Churchill , recorded in his diary : Randolph , who is writing a life of the late Lord Derby for Longman 's , brought to luncheon a young man of that name . His talk interested the P.M. ... Macaulay , Longman went on , was not read now ; there was no demand for his books . The P.M. grunted that he was very sorry to hear this . Macaulay had been a great influence in his young days . George Richard Potter , Professor and Head of the Department of History at the University of Sheffield from 1931 to 1965 , stated " In an age of long letters ... Macaulay 's hold their own with the best " . However Potter also stated : For all his linguistic abilities he seems never to have tried to enter into sympathetic mental contact with the classical world or with the Europe of his day . It was an insularity that was impregnable ... If his outlook was insular , however , it was surely British rather than English . With regards to Macaulay 's determination to inspect physically the places mentioned in his History , Potter said : Much of the success of the famous third chapter of the History which may be said to have introduced the study of social history , and even ... local history , was due to the intense local knowledge acquired on the spot . As a result it is a superb , living picture of Great Britain in the latter half of the seventeenth century ... No description of the relief of Londonderry in a major history of England existed before 1850 ; after his visit there and the narrative written round it no other account has been needed ... Scotland came fully into its own and from then until now it has been a commonplace that English history is incomprehensible without Scotland . Potter noted that Macaulay has had many critics , some of whom put forward some salient points about the deficiency of Macaulay 's History but added : " The severity and the minuteness of the criticism to which the History of England has been subjected is a measure of its permanent value . It is worth every ounce of powder and shot that is fired against it . " Potter concluded that " in the long roll of English historical writing from Clarendon to Trevelyan only Gibbon has surpassed him in security of reputation and certainty of immortality " . Piers Brendon wrote that Macaulay is " the only British rival to Gibbon . " In 1972 , J. R. Western wrote that : " Despite its age and blemishes , Macaulay 's History of England has still to be superseded by a full-scale modern history of the period . " In 1974 J. P. Kenyon stated that : " As is often the case , Macaulay had it exactly right . " W. A . Speck wrote in 1980 , that a reason Macaulay 's History of England " still commands respect is that it was based upon a prodigious amount of research " . Speck stated : Macaulay 's reputation as an historian has never fully recovered from the condemnation it implicitly received in Herbert Butterfield 's devastating attack on The Whig Interpretation of History . Though he was never cited by name , there can be no doubt that Macaulay answers to the charges brought against Whig historians , particularly that they study the past with reference to the present , class people in the past as those who furthered progress and those who hindered it , and judge them accordingly . According to Speck : denies the past has its own validity , treating it as being merely a prelude to his own age . This is especially noticeable in the third chapter of his History of England , when again and again he contrasts the backwardness of 1685 with the advances achieved by 1848 . Not only does this misuse the past , it also leads him to exaggerate the differences . On the other hand , Speck also wrote that Macaulay " took pains to present the virtues even of a rogue , and he painted the virtuous warts and all " , and that " he was never guilty of suppressing or distorting evidence to make it support a proposition which he knew to be untrue " . Speck concluded : What is in fact striking is the extent to which his History of England at least has survived subsequent research . Although it is often dismissed as inaccurate , it is hard to pinpoint a passage where he is categorically in error ... his account of events has stood up remarkably well ... His interpretation of the Glorious Revolution also remains the essential starting point for any discussion of that episode ... What has not survived , or has become subdued , is Macaulay 's confident belief in progress . It was a dominant creed in the era of the Great Exhibition . But Auschwitz and Hiroshima destroyed this century 's claim to moral superiority over its predecessors , while the exhaustion of natural resources raises serious doubts about the continuation even of material progress into the next . In 1981 , J. W. Burrow argued that Macaulay 's History of England : ... is not simply partisan ; a judgement , like that of Firth , that Macaulay was always the Whig politician could hardly be more inapposite . Of course Macaulay thought that the Whigs of the seventeenth century were correct in their fundamental ideas , but the hero of the History was William , who , as Macaulay says , was certainly no Whig ... If this was Whiggism it was so only , by the mid-nineteenth century , in the most extended and inclusive sense , requiring only an acceptance of parliamentary government and a sense of gravity of precedent . Butterfield says , rightly , that in the nineteenth century the Whig view of history became the English view . The chief agent of that transformation was surely Macaulay , aided , of course , by the receding relevance of seventeenth-century conflicts to contemporary politics , as the power of the crown waned further , and the civil disabilities of Catholics and Dissenters were removed by legislation . The History is much more than the vindication of a party ; it is an attempt to insinuate a view of politics , pragmatic , reverent , essentially Burkean , informed by a high , even tumid sense of the worth of public life , yet fully conscious of its interrelations with the wider progress of society ; it embodies what Hallam had merely asserted , a sense of the privileged possession by Englishmen of their history , as well as of the epic dignity of government by discussion . If this was sectarian it was hardly , in any useful contemporary sense , polemically Whig ; it is more like the sectarianism of English respectability . In 1982 , Gertrude Himmelfarb wrote : ost professional historians have long since given up reading Macaulay , as they have given up writing the kind of history he wrote and thinking about history as he did . Yet there was a time when anyone with any pretension to cultivation read Macaulay . Himmelfarb also laments that " the history of the History is a sad testimonial to the cultural regression of our times " . In the novel Marathon Man and its film adaptation , the protagonist was named ' Thomas Babington ' after Macaulay . In 2008 , Walter Olson argued for the pre-eminence of Macaulay as a British classical liberal . Works * Works by Thomas Babington Macaulay , 1st Baron Macaulay at Project Gutenberg * Lays of Ancient Rome originally published in the year 1842 . * The History of England from the Accession of James II . * 5 vols ( 1848 ) : Vol 1 , Vol 2 , Vol 3 , Vol 4 , Vol 5 at Internet Archive * 5 vols ( 1848 ) : Vol. 1 , Vol. 2 , Vol. 3 , Vol. 4 , Vol . 5 at Project Gutenberg * volumes 1-3 at LibriVox.org Critical and Historical Essays ( 1843 ) , 2 vols , edited by Alexander James Grieve . Vol. 1 , Vol . 2 " Social and Industrial Capacities of the Negroes " . Critical Historical and Miscellaneous Essays with a Memoir and Index . Vol . V. and VI . Mason , Baker & Pratt . 1873 . Lays of Ancient Rome : With Ivry , and The Armada . Longmans , Green , and Company . 1881 . William Pitt , Earl of Chatham : Second Essay ( Maynard , Merrill , & Company , 1892 , 110 pages ) The Miscellaneous Writings and Speeches of Lord Macaulay( 1860 ) , 4 vols Vol. 1 , Vol. 2 , Vol. 3 , Vol . 4 Machiavelli on Niccolò Machiavelli ( 1850 ) . The Letters of Thomas Babington Macaulay ( 1881 ) , 6 vols , edited by Thomas Pinney . The Journals of Thomas Babington Macaulay , 5 vols , edited by William Thomas . Macaulay index entry at Poets ' Corner Lays of Ancient Rome ( Complete ) at Poets ' Corner with an introduction by Bob Blair Works by Thomas Babington Macaulay at LibriVox ( public domain audiobooks ) Arms CAPTION : Coat of arms of Thomas Babington Macaulay Notes The arms , crest and motto allude to the heraldry of the MacAulays of Ardincaple ; however Thomas Babington Macaulay was not related to this clan at all . He was , instead , descended from the unrelated Macaulays of Lewis . Such adoptions were not uncommon at the time according to the Scottish heraldic historian Peter Drummond-Murray but usually made from ignorance rather than deceit . Crest Upon a rock a boot proper thereon a spur Or . Escutcheon Gules two arrows in saltire points downward argent surmounted by as many barrulets compony Or and azure between two buckles in pale of the third a bordure engrailed also of the third . Supporters Two herons proper . Motto Dulce periculum ( translation from Latin : " danger is sweet " ) .

Recall: 90.81%

## Annotated text

british [UNKNOWN] historian [PERSON] and politician [PERSON] ( 1800-1859 ) for another person [PERSON] with the name [NAME] , see thomas babington macaulay [PERSON] ( nigeria [PLACE] ) . " baron macaulay [PERSON] " redirects here . for the british labour [PERSON] politician [PERSON] , see donald macaulay [PERSON] , baron macaulay [PERSON] of bragar [UNKNOWN] . " thomas macaulay [PERSON] " redirects here . for other uses [USE] , see thomas macaulay [PERSON] ( disambiguation [ACT] ) . the right honourable the lord [PERSON] macaulay [PERSON] pc frs [UNKNOWN] frse [PERSON] photogravure [PERSON] of macaulay [PERSON] by antoine claudet secretary [PERSON] at war [EVENT] in office [PLACE] 27 september 1839 - 30 august 1841 monarch victoria prime minister [HUMAN ROLE] the viscount melbourne [PERSON] preceded by viscount howick [PERSON] succeeded by sir henry hardinge paymaster general [PERSON] in office [PLACE] 7 july 1846 - 8 may 1848 monarch victoria prime minister [HUMAN ROLE] lord john russell [PERSON] preceded by hon [PERSON] . bingham baring [PERSON] succeeded by the earl granville personal details born [PERSON] ( 1800-10-25) 25 october [PERIOD] 1800 rothley temple [PLACE] , leicestershire [PLACE] , england [PLACE] died 28 december [PERIOD] 1859( 1859-12-28 ) ( aged 59 ) london [PLACE] , england [PLACE] political party [PERSON] whig [PERSON] parent(s ) zachary macaulay [PERSON] selina mills [PERSON] alma mater trinity college [INSTITUTION] , cambridge occupation politician [PERSON] profession historian [PERSON] , poet signature thomas babington macaulay [PERSON] [PERSON] , 1st baron macaulay [PERSON] , pc , frs [UNKNOWN] , frse [PERSON] ( /ˈbæbɪŋtən [UNKNOWN] məˈkɔːli/ ; 25 october [PERIOD] 1800 - 28 december [PERIOD] 1859 ) was an english [EVENT] historian [PERSON] , poet [PERSON] , and whig politician [PERSON] , who served as the secretary [PERSON] at war [EVENT] between 1839 and 1841 , and as the paymaster general [PERSON] between 1846 and 1848 . he is best known for his the history [INSTANCE] of england [PLACE] , a seminal example [ABSTRACT ENTITY] of whig history [INSTANCE] which expressed macaulay [PERSON] 's belief [TRUST] in the inevitability [ABSTRACT ENTITY] of sociopolitical progress [EVENT] and has [UNKNOWN] been widely commended for its prose [ABSTRACT ENTITY] style [STYLE] . macaulay [PERSON] also played a substantial role [ROLE] in determining india [PLACE] 's education policy [RULE] , in which he was guided by his conviction [ACT] that western [PLACE] european culture [PLACE] was superior to that of india [PLACE] and the middle east [PERSON] . early life [EVENT] macaulay [PERSON] was born at rothley temple [PLACE] in leicestershire [PLACE] on 25 october [PERIOD] 1800 , the son [PERSON] of zachary macaulay [PERSON] , a scottish highlander [PERSON] , who became a colonial governor [PERSON] and abolitionist , and selina mills [PERSON] of bristol [PLACE] , a former pupil [PERSON] of hannah more [PERSON] . they named their first child [PERSON] after his uncle thomas babington [PERSON] , a leicestershire [PLACE] landowner [PERSON] and politician [PERSON] , who had married zachary [PERSON] 's sister jean [PERSON] . the young macaulay [PERSON] was noted as a child prodigy [PERSON] ; as a toddler [PERSON] , gazing out of the window [VALUE] from his cot [STATE] at the chimneys [PERSON] of a local factory [QUANTITY] , he is reputed to have asked his father [PERSON] whether the smoke [PERSON] came from the fires [FIRE] of hell [PERSON] . he was educated at a private school [INSTITUTION] in hertfordshire [PLACE] , and , subsequently , at trinity college [INSTITUTION] , cambridge [PERSON] , where he won several prizes [ABSTRACT ENTITY] , including the chancellor [PERSON] 's gold medal [QUANTITY] in june [PERIOD] 1821 , and where he in 1825 published a prominent essay [PERSON] on milton [PERSON] in the edinburgh review [PLACE] . macaulay [PERSON] did not study [STUDY] classical literature [STATEMENT] while at cambridge [PERSON] , though he subsequently did when he was in india [PLACE] . in his letters [ABILITY] he describes his reading [PERSON] of the aeneid whilst [PERSON] he was in malvern [PERSON] in 1851 , and says he was moved to tears [PERSON] by virgil [PERSON] 's poetry [ABILITY] . he taught himself german , dutch [PERSON] and spanish [PLACE] , and was fluent in french [PLACE] . he studied law [PERSON] and in 1826 he was called to the bar [PLACE] , before he took more interest [ELEMENT] in a political career [STATE] . macaulay [PERSON] in the edinburgh review [PLACE] in 1827 , and in a series [SERIES] of anonymous letters [ABILITY] to the morning chronicle [PERSON] , censured the analysis [PROCESS] of indentured labour [PERSON] by the british colonial office [PLACE] expert colonel [PERSON] thomas moody [PERSON] , kt . macaulay [PERSON] 's evangelical whig father [PERSON] zachary macaulay [PERSON] [PERSON] , who desired a ' free black peasantry [WORD] ' rather than equality [EQUALITY] for africans [PERSON] , also censured , in the anti-slavery reporter , moody [PERSON] 's contentions [STATE] . macaulay [PERSON] , who did not marry nor have children [PERSON] , was rumoured to have fallen [PERSON] in love [PERSON] with maria kinnaird [PLACE] , who was the wealthy ward [PERSON] of richard [PERSON] ' conversation [EVENT] ' sharp . macaulay [PERSON] 's strongest emotional relationships [RELATIONSHIP] were with his youngest sisters [PERSON] : margaret [PERSON] , who died while he was in india [PLACE] , and hannah [PERSON] , to whose daughter margaret [PERSON] , whom he called ' baba ' , he was also attached . india [PLACE] ( 1834-1838 ) macaulay [PERSON] by john partridge macaulay [PERSON] in 1830 accepted the invitation [SPEECH ACT] of the marquess [PERSON] of lansdowne [PERSON] that he become member [PERSON] of parliament [HUMAN GROUP] for the pocket borough [EVENT] of calne [UNKNOWN] . macaulay [PERSON] 's maiden speech [SPEECH] in parliament [HUMAN GROUP] advocated abolition [QUALITY] of the civil disabilities [UNKNOWN] of the jews [PERSON] in the uk . macaulay [PERSON] 's subsequent speeches [SPEECH] in favour [PERSON] of parliamentary reform [AMOUNT] were commended . he became mp for leeds [PLACE] subsequent to the 1833 enactment [ACT] of the reform act [ACT] 1832 , by which calne [UNKNOWN] 's representation [ACT] was reduced from two mps [UNKNOWN] to one , and by which leeds [PLACE] , which had not been represented before , had two mps [UNKNOWN] . macaulay [PERSON] remained grateful [UNKNOWN] to his former patron [PERSON] , lansdowne [PERSON] , who remained his friend [PERSON] . macaulay [PERSON] was secretary [PERSON] to the board [BODY] of control [GROUP] under lord grey [PERSON] from 1832 until he in 1833 required , as a consequence [CONSEQUENCE] of the penury [DEFICIENCY] of his father [PERSON] , a more remunerative office [PLACE] , than that of the unremunerated office [PLACE] of an mp , from which he resigned after the passing [STATE] of the government [GOVERNMENT] of india [PLACE] act [ACT] 1833 to accept an appointment [PROCESS] as first law member [PERSON] of the governor-general 's council [HUMAN GROUP] . in 1834 macaulay [PERSON] went to india [PLACE] , where he served on the supreme council [HUMAN GROUP] between 1834 and 1838 . his minute [PERIOD] on indian education [PROCESS] of february [PERIOD] 1835 was primarily responsible for the introduction [ACT] of western [PLACE] institutional education [PROCESS] to india [PLACE] . macaulay [PERSON] recommended the introduction [ACT] of the english [EVENT] language [LANGUAGE] as the official language [LANGUAGE] of secondary education instruction [ACT] in all schools [UNKNOWN] where there had been none before , and the training [SOUND] of english-speaking indians [UNKNOWN] as teachers [PERSON] . in his minute [PERIOD] , he urged lord william [PERSON] bentinck [PERSON] , the then- governor-general to reform [AMOUNT] secondary education [PROCESS] on utilitarian lines [PERSON] to deliver " useful learning [PERSON] " , a phrase [PHRASE] that to him was synonymous with western [PLACE] culture [PLACE] . there was no tradition [STYLE] of secondary education [PROCESS] in vernacular languages [LANGUAGE] ; the institutions [INSTITUTION] supported by the east india [PLACE] company [INSTITUTION] taught either in sanskrit [UNKNOWN] or persian [PERSON] . hence , he argued , " we have to educate a people [HUMAN GROUP] who cannot at present [PERIOD] be educated by means [UNKNOWN] of their mother-tongue . we must teach them some foreign language [LANGUAGE] . " macaulay [PERSON] argued that sanskrit [UNKNOWN] and persian [PERSON] were no more accessible than english [EVENT] to the speakers [PROCESS] of the indian vernacular languages [LANGUAGE] and existing sanskrit [UNKNOWN] and persian texts [RANK] were of little use [USE] for " useful learning [PERSON] " . in one of the less scathing passages [EVENT] of the minute [PERIOD] he wrote : i have no knowledge [PERSON] of either sanskrit [UNKNOWN] or arabic [EVENT] . but i have done what i could to form a correct estimate [ACT] of their value [VALUE] . i have read translations [STATE] of the most celebrated arabic [EVENT] and sanskrit works [UNKNOWN] . i have conversed both here and at home [PLACE] with men [PERSON] distinguished by their proficiency [QUALITY] in the eastern tongues [PLACE] . i am quite ready to take the oriental learning [PERSON] at the valuation [AMOUNT] of the orientalists [PERSON] themselves . i have never found one among them who could deny that a single shelf [ABILITY] of a good european library [PLACE] was worth [PLACE] the whole native literature [STATEMENT] of india [PLACE] and arabia [PLACE] . he further argued : it will hardly be disputed , i suppose , that the department [PERSON] of literature [STATEMENT] in which the eastern writers [PLACE] stand highest is poetry [ABILITY] . and i certainly never met with any orientalist [PERSON] who ventured to maintain that the arabic [EVENT] and sanskrit poetry [ABILITY] could be compared to that of the great european nations [STATE] . but when we pass from works [UNKNOWN] of imagination [ABILITY] to works [UNKNOWN] in which facts [UNKNOWN] are recorded and general principles [PERSON] investigated , the superiority [STATE] of the europeans [UNKNOWN] becomes absolutely immeasurable . it is , i believe , no exaggeration [FIGURE] to say that all the historical information [INFORMATION] which has [UNKNOWN] been collected from all the books [BODY] written in the sanskrit language [LANGUAGE] is less valuable than what may be found in the most paltry abridgments [UNKNOWN] used at preparatory schools [UNKNOWN] in england [PLACE] . in every branch of physical or moral philosophy [GROUP] , the relative position [POSITION] of the two nations [STATE] is nearly the same . hence , from the sixth year [PERIOD] of schooling onwards [UNKNOWN] , instruction [ACT] should be in european learning [PERSON] , with english [EVENT] as the medium [MEDIUM] of instruction [ACT] . this would create a class [UNKNOWN] of anglicised indians [UNKNOWN] who would serve as cultural intermediaries [PERSON] between the british [UNKNOWN] and the indians [UNKNOWN] ; the creation [EVENT] of such a class [UNKNOWN] was necessary before any reform [AMOUNT] of vernacular education [PROCESS] . he stated : i feel with them that it is impossible for us , with our limited means [UNKNOWN] , to attempt [ACTION] to educate the body [BODY] of the people [HUMAN GROUP] . we must at present [PERIOD] do our best to form a class [UNKNOWN] who may be interpreters [PERSON] between us and the millions [UNKNOWN] whom we govern ; a class [UNKNOWN] of persons [PERSON] indian in blood [STATE] and colour [COLOUR] , but english [EVENT] in tastes [EVENT] , in opinions [AMOUNT] , in morals [STATE] , and in intellect [FORM] . to that class [UNKNOWN] we may leave it to refine the vernacular dialects [LANGUAGE] of the country [PLACE] , to enrich those dialects [LANGUAGE] with terms [TERM] of science [STUDY] borrowed from the western nomenclature [PLACE] , and to render them by degrees fit vehicles [VEHICLE] for conveying knowledge [PERSON] to the great mass [MATERIAL] of the population [PERSON] . macaulay [PERSON] 's largely coincided with bentinck [PERSON] 's views [PERSON] and bentinck [PERSON] 's english education [PROCESS] act [ACT] 1835 closely matched macaulay [PERSON] 's recommendations [SUGGESTION] ( in 1836 , a school [INSTITUTION] named la martinière [PLACE] , founded by major general claude martin [PERSON] , had one of its houses [UNKNOWN] named after him ) , but subsequent governors-general took a more conciliatory approach [ACT] to existing indian education [PROCESS] . his final years [PERIOD] in india [PLACE] were devoted to the creation [EVENT] of a penal code [EVENT] , as the leading member [PERSON] of the law commission [INSTANCE] . in the aftermath [PLACE] of the indian mutiny [GOVERNMENT] of 1857 , macaulay [PERSON] 's criminal law proposal [ABSTRACT ENTITY] was enacted . the indian penal code [EVENT] in 1860 was followed by the criminal procedure code [EVENT] in 1872 and the civil procedure code [PERSON] in 1908 . the indian penal code [EVENT] inspired counterparts [FORM] in most other british [UNKNOWN] colonies [SEQUENCE] , and to date many of these laws [PERSON] are still in effect [EFFECT] in places [PLACE] as far apart as pakistan [PLACE] , malaysia [PLACE] , myanmar [PLACE] , bangladesh [PLACE] , sri lanka [PERSON] , nigeria [PLACE] and zimbabwe [PLACE] , as well as in india [PLACE] itself . this includes section [RANK] 377 of the indian penal code [EVENT] , which remains the basis [GROUP] for laws [PERSON] which criminalize homosexuality [STATE] in several commonwealth nations [STATE] . in indian culture [PLACE] , the term [TERM] " macaulay [PERSON] 's children [PERSON] " is sometimes used to refer to people [HUMAN GROUP] born of indian ancestry [SERIES] who adopt western [PLACE] culture [PLACE] as a lifestyle [PARTICLE] , or display attitudes [ATTITUDE] influenced by colonialism [WORD] ( " macaulayism [CONCEPT] " ) - expressions [UNKNOWN] used disparagingly , and with the implication [PERSON] of disloyalty [ACT] to one 's country [PLACE] and one 's heritage [UNKNOWN] . in independent india [PLACE] , macaulay [PERSON] 's idea [RESULT] of the civilising mission [PERSON] has [UNKNOWN] been used by dalitists [PERSON] , in particular by neo-liberalist chandra bhan prasad [PERSON] , as a " creative appropriation [PERSON] for self-empowerment " , based on the view [PERSON] that the dalit community [PERSON] was empowered by macaulay [PERSON] 's deprecation [STATE] of hindu culture [PLACE] and support [SET] for western-style education [PROCESS] in india [PLACE] . domenico losurdo [PERSON] states that " macaulay [PERSON] acknowledged that the english [EVENT] colonists [PART] in india [PLACE] behaved like spartans [UNKNOWN] confronting helots [UNKNOWN] : we are dealing with 'a race [RACE] of sovereign [PERSON] ' or a ' sovereign caste [PERSON] ' , wielding absolute power [POWER] over its ' serfs [RESOURCE] ' . " losurdo [PERSON] noted that this did not prompt any doubts [STATE] from macaulay [PERSON] over the right [PERSON] of britain [PLACE] to administer its colonies [SEQUENCE] in an autocratic fashion [TENDENCY] ; for example [ABSTRACT ENTITY] , while macaulay [PERSON] described the administration [PLACE] of governor-general of india warren hastings [PERSON] as being so despotic that " all the injustice [POWER] of former oppressors [PERSON] , asiatic and european , appeared as a blessing [PERSON] " , he ( hastings [PERSON] ) deserved " high admiration [EVENT] " and a rank [RANK] among " the most remarkable men [PERSON] in our history [INSTANCE] " for " having saved england [PLACE] and civilisation [UNKNOWN] " . return to british [UNKNOWN] public life [EVENT] ( 1838-1857 ) macaulay [PERSON] by sir francis grant [PERSON] returning to britain [PLACE] in 1838 , he became mp again in edinburgh [PLACE] in the following year [PERIOD] . he was made secretary [PERSON] at war [EVENT] in 1839 by lord melbourne [PERSON] and was sworn of the privy council [HUMAN GROUP] the same year [PERIOD] . in 1841 macaulay [PERSON] addressed the issue [EVENT] of copyright law [PERSON] . macaulay [PERSON] 's position [POSITION] , slightly modified , became the basis [GROUP] of copyright law [PERSON] in the english-speaking world [PLACE] for many decades [UNKNOWN] . macaulay [PERSON] argued that copyright [PERSON] is a monopoly [SYSTEM] and as such has [UNKNOWN] generally negative effects [EFFECT] on society [INSTITUTION] . after the fall [PERSON] of melbourne [PERSON] 's government [GOVERNMENT] in 1841 macaulay [PERSON] devoted more time [PERIOD] to literary work [ACTIVITY] , and returned to office [PLACE] as paymaster general [PERSON] in 1846 in lord john russell [PERSON] 's administration [PLACE] . in the election [POWER] of 1847 he lost his seat [PROPERTY] in edinburgh [PLACE] . he attributed the loss [PERSON] to the anger [PERSON] of religious zealots [PERSON] over his speech [SPEECH] in favour [PERSON] of expanding the annual government grant [PERSON] to maynooth college [INSTITUTION] in ireland [PLACE] , which trained young men [PERSON] for the catholic priesthood [STATUS] ; some observers [PLACE] also attributed his loss [PERSON] to his neglect [ACT] of local issues [EVENT] . in 1849 he was elected rector [PERSON] of the university [INSTITUTION] of glasgow [INSTITUTION] , a position [POSITION] with no administrative duties [QUALITY] , often awarded by the students [PERSON] to men [PERSON] of political or literary fame [REPUTATION] . he also received the freedom [PERSON] of the city [PLACE] . in 1852 , the voters [PERSON] of edinburgh [PLACE] offered to re-elect him to parliament [HUMAN GROUP] . he accepted on the express condition [CONDITION] that he need [UNKNOWN] not campaign [SERIES] and would not pledge himself to a position [POSITION] on any political issue [EVENT] . remarkably , he was elected on those terms [TERM] . he seldom attended the house [PLACE] due to ill health [PROPERTY] . his weakness [QUALITY] after suffering a heart attack [EVENT] caused him to postpone [UNKNOWN] for several months [PERIOD] making his speech [SPEECH] of thanks [EVENT] to the edinburgh voters [PERSON] . he resigned his seat [PROPERTY] in january [PERIOD] 1856 . in 1857 he was raised to the peerage [COLLECTION] as baron macaulay [PERSON] , of rothley [PLACE] in the county [PLACE] of leicester [PLACE] , but seldom attended the house [PLACE] of lords [PERSON] . later life [EVENT] ( 1857-1859 ) the funeral [ACTION] of thomas babington macaulay [PERSON] , baron macaulay [PERSON] , by sir george scharf macaulay [PERSON] sat on the committee [HUMAN GROUP] to decide on the historical subjects [EVENT] to be painted in the new palace [PERSON] of westminster [PERSON] . the need [UNKNOWN] to collect reliable portraits [EVENT] of notable figures [FIGURE] from history [INSTANCE] for this project [PERSON] led to the foundation [EVENT] of the national portrait gallery [ACT] , which was formally established on 2 december [PERIOD] 1856 . macaulay [PERSON] was amongst its founding trustees [PERSON] and is honoured with one of only three busts [PERSON] above the main entrance [STATUS] . during his later years [PERIOD] his health [PROPERTY] made work [ACTIVITY] increasingly difficult for him . he died of a heart attack [EVENT] on 28 december [PERIOD] 1859 , aged 59 , leaving his major work [ACTIVITY] , the history [INSTANCE] of england [PLACE] from the accession [GROUP] of james [PERSON] the second incomplete [ABSTRACT ENTITY] . on 9 january [PERIOD] 1860 he was buried in westminster abbey [PERSON] , in poets [PERSON] ' corner [STATE] , near a statue [PERSON] of addison [PERSON] . as he had no children [PERSON] , his peerage [COLLECTION] became extinct on his death [EVENT] . macaulay [PERSON] 's nephew [PERSON] , sir george trevelyan [PERSON] , bt , wrote the " life [EVENT] and letters [ABILITY] " of his uncle [PERSON] . his great-nephew was the cambridge historian [PERSON] g. m. trevelyan [PERSON] . literary works [UNKNOWN] as a young man [PERSON] he composed the ballads ivry [PERSON] and the armada [NUMBER] , which he later included as part of lays [UNKNOWN] of ancient rome [PERSON] , a series [SERIES] of very popular poems [PERSON] about heroic episodes [EVENT] in roman history [INSTANCE] which he began composing in india [PLACE] and continued in rome [PERSON] , finally publishing in 1842 . the most famous of them , horatius [PERSON] , concerns the heroism [CHARACTERISTIC] of horatius cocles [PERSON] . it contains the oft-quoted lines [PERSON] : then out spake brave horatius [PERSON] , the captain [PERSON] of the gate [PERSON] : " to every man [PERSON] upon this earth death cometh soon [PERSON] or late [PERIOD] . and how can man [PERSON] die better than facing fearful odds [UNKNOWN] , for the ashes [HEAD] of his fathers [PERSON] , and the temples [BUILDING] of his gods [PERSON] ? " his essays [UNKNOWN] , originally published in the edinburgh review [PLACE] , were collected as critical [ACTION] and historical essays [UNKNOWN] in 1843 . historian [PERSON] during the 1840s , macaulay [PERSON] undertook his most famous work [ACTIVITY] , the history [INSTANCE] of england [PLACE] from the accession [GROUP] of james [PERSON] the second , publishing the first two volumes [PERSON] in 1848 . at first , he had planned to bring his history [INSTANCE] down to the reign [PLACE] of george iii [PERSON] . after publication [ACTION] of his first two volumes [PERSON] , his hope [EVENT] was to complete [UNKNOWN] his work [ACTIVITY] with the death [EVENT] of queen anne [PERSON] in 1714 . the third [RESULT] and fourth volumes [PERSON] , bringing the history [INSTANCE] to the peace [EVENT] of ryswick [PLACE] , were published in 1855 . at his death [EVENT] in 1859 he was working on the fifth volume [PERSON] . this , bringing the history [INSTANCE] down to the death [EVENT] of william iii [PERSON] , was prepared for publication [ACTION] by his sister [PERSON] , lady trevelyan [PERSON] , after his death [EVENT] . political writing macaulay [PERSON] 's political writings [EVENT] are famous for their ringing prose [ABSTRACT ENTITY] and for their confident [UNKNOWN] , sometimes dogmatic , emphasis on a progressive model [SYSTEM] of british [UNKNOWN] history [INSTANCE] , according to which the country [PLACE] threw off superstition [TRUST] , autocracy [FORM] and confusion [DEFICIENCY] to create a balanced constitution [PERSON] and a forward-looking culture [PLACE] combined with freedom [PERSON] of belief [TRUST] and expression [UNKNOWN] . this model [SYSTEM] of human progress [EVENT] has [UNKNOWN] been called the whig interpretation [EVENT] of history [INSTANCE] . this philosophy [GROUP] appears most clearly in the essays [UNKNOWN] macaulay [PERSON] wrote for the edinburgh review [PLACE] and other publications [ACTION] , which were collected in book form [FORM] and a steady best-seller throughout the 19th century [PERIOD] . but it is also reflected in history [INSTANCE] ; the most stirring passages [EVENT] in the work [ACTIVITY] are those that describe the " glorious revolution [STUDY] " of 1688 . macaulay [PERSON] 's approach [ACT] has [UNKNOWN] been criticised by later historians [PERSON] for its one-sidedness and its complacency [EMOTION] . karl marx [PERSON] referred to him as a ' systematic falsifier [UNKNOWN] of history [INSTANCE] ' . his tendency [TENDENCY] to see history [INSTANCE] as a drama [STATE] led him to treat figures [FIGURE] whose views [PERSON] he opposed as if they were villains [PERSON] , while characters [EVENT] he approved of were presented as heroes [UNKNOWN] . macaulay [PERSON] goes to considerable length [LENGTH] , for example [ABSTRACT ENTITY] , to absolve his main hero william iii [PERSON] of any responsibility [RESPONSIBILITY] for the glencoe massacre [PERSON] . winston churchill [PERSON] devoted a four-volume biography [SEQUENCE] of the duke [PERSON] of marlborough to rebutting macaulay [PERSON] 's slights [ACT] on his ancestor [GROUP] , expressing hope [EVENT] " to fasten the label [LAND] ' liar [PROCESS] ' to his genteel coat-tails " . later historians [PERSON] have also highlighted his views [PERSON] on non-european cultures [PERSON] and philosophies [GROUP] as explicitly racist [PERSON] , citing , for example [ABSTRACT ENTITY] , his remark [LANGUAGE] that 'a single shelf [ABILITY] of a good european library [PLACE] was worth [PLACE] the whole native literature [STATEMENT] of india [PLACE] and arabia [PLACE] ' . legacy as a historian [PERSON] the liberal historian [PERSON] lord [PERSON] acton [PERSON] read macaulay [PERSON] 's history [INSTANCE] of england [PLACE] four times [UNKNOWN] and later described himself as " a raw english [EVENT] schoolboy [PLACE] , primed to the brim [PERSON] with whig politics [ACT] " but " not whiggism [CONCEPT] only , but macaulay [PERSON] in particular that i was so full of . " however , acton [PERSON] would later find fault [STATE] in macaulay [PERSON] . in 1880 acton [PERSON] classed macaulay [PERSON] ( with burke [PERSON] and gladstone [PERSON] ) as one " of the three greatest [UNKNOWN] liberals [PERSON] " . in 1883 , he advised mary gladstone [PERSON] : he essays [UNKNOWN] are really flashy and superficial . he was not above par in literary criticism [ACT] ; his indian articles [ARTICLE] will not hold water [WATER] ; and his two most famous reviews [ACT] , on bacon [PERSON] and ranke [PERSON] , show his incompetence [DEFICIENCY] . the essays [UNKNOWN] are only pleasant reading [PERSON] , and a key [PERSON] to half [PLACE] the prejudices [COGNITIVE STATE] of our age [PROPERTY] . it is the history [INSTANCE] ( with one or two speeches [SPEECH] ) that is wonderful . he knew nothing [PERSON] respectably before the seventeenth century [PERIOD] , he knew nothing [PERSON] of foreign history [INSTANCE] , of religion [UNKNOWN] , philosophy [GROUP] , science [STUDY] , or art [ARTWORK] . his account [QUALITY] of debates [STATE] has [UNKNOWN] been thrown into the shade [PERSON] by ranke [PERSON] , his account [QUALITY] of diplomatic affairs [PERSON] , by klopp [PERSON] . he is , i am persuaded , grossly , basely unfair . read him therefore to find out how it comes that the most unsympathetic of critics [ACT] can think him very nearly the greatest [UNKNOWN] of english [EVENT] writers [PLACE] … in 1885 , acton [PERSON] asserted that : we must never judge the quality [QUALITY] of a teaching [ACT] by the quality [QUALITY] of the teacher [PERSON] , or allow the spots [SPEECH ACT] to shut out the sun [PERSON] . it would be unjust , and it would deprive us of nearly all that is great and good in this world [PLACE] . let me remind you of macaulay [PERSON] . he remains to me one of the greatest [UNKNOWN] of all writers [PLACE] and masters [PERSON] , although i think him utterly base , contemptible and odious for certain reasons [EVENT] which you know . in 1888 , acton [PERSON] wrote that macaulay [PERSON] " had done more than any writer [PLACE] in the literature [STATEMENT] of the world [PLACE] for the propagation [ACT] of the liberal [PERSON] faith [PERSON] , and he was not only the greatest [UNKNOWN] , but the most representative , englishman [UNKNOWN] then living " . w. s. gilbert [PERSON] described macaulay [PERSON] 's wit [PERSON] , " who wrote of queen anne [PERSON] " as part of colonel calverley [PERSON] 's act [ACT] i patter song [ARTWORK] in the libretto [STYLE] of the 1881 operetta patience [EVENT] . ( this line [PERSON] may well have been a joke [PERSON] about the colonel [PERSON] 's pseudo-intellectual bragging [UNKNOWN] , as most educated victorians [UNKNOWN] knew that macaulay [PERSON] did not write of queen anne [PERSON] ; the history [INSTANCE] encompasses only as far as the death [EVENT] of william iii [PERSON] in 1702 , who was succeeded by anne [PERSON] . ) herbert butterfield [PERSON] 's the whig interpretation [EVENT] of history [INSTANCE] ( 1931 ) attacked whig history [INSTANCE] . the dutch historian [PERSON] pieter geyl [PERSON] , writing in 1955 , considered macaulay [PERSON] 's essays [UNKNOWN] as " exclusively and intolerantly english [EVENT] " . on 7 february [PERIOD] 1954 , lord moran [PERSON] , doctor [PERSON] to the prime minister [HUMAN ROLE] , sir winston churchill [PERSON] , recorded in his diary [ABSTRACT ENTITY] : randolph , who is writing a life [EVENT] of the late [PERIOD] lord derby [PERSON] for longman [PERSON] 's , brought to luncheon a young man [PERSON] of that name [NAME] . his talk [EVENT] interested the p.m. ... macaulay [PERSON] , longman [PERSON] went on , was not read now ; there was no demand [VALUE] for his books [BODY] . the p.m. grunted that he was very sorry to hear this . macaulay [PERSON] had been a great influence [POWER] in his young days [PERIOD] . george richard [PERSON] potter [EVENT] , professor [PERSON] and head of the department [PERSON] of history [INSTANCE] at the university [INSTITUTION] of sheffield [INSTITUTION] from 1931 to 1965 , stated " in an age [PROPERTY] of long letters [ABILITY] ... macaulay [PERSON] 's hold their own with the best " . however potter [EVENT] also stated : for all his linguistic abilities [ABILITY] he seems never to have tried to enter into sympathetic mental contact [QUANTITY] with the classical world [PLACE] or with the europe [PLACE] of his day [PERIOD] . it was an insularity [PROPERTY] that was impregnable ... if his outlook [GROUP] was insular , however , it was surely british [UNKNOWN] rather than english [EVENT] . with regards [EVENT] to macaulay [PERSON] 's determination [ACT] to inspect physically the places [PLACE] mentioned in his history [INSTANCE] , potter [EVENT] said : much of the success [STATE] of the famous third [RESULT] chapter [RANK] of the history [INSTANCE] which may be said to have introduced the study [STUDY] of social history [INSTANCE] , and even ... local history [INSTANCE] , was due to the intense local knowledge [PERSON] acquired on the spot [SPEECH ACT] . as a result [RESULT] it is a superb [UNKNOWN] , living picture [PICTURE] of great britain [PLACE] in the latter half [PLACE] of the seventeenth century [PERIOD] ... no description [ACT] of the relief [EVENT] of londonderry [PLACE] in a major history [INSTANCE] of england [PLACE] existed before 1850 ; after his visit [EVENT] there and the narrative written round [PERMISSION] it no other account [QUALITY] has [UNKNOWN] been needed ... scotland [PLACE] came fully into its own and from then until now it has [UNKNOWN] been a commonplace [PERSON] that english history [INSTANCE] is incomprehensible without scotland [PLACE] . potter [EVENT] noted that macaulay [PERSON] has [UNKNOWN] had many critics [ACT] , some of whom put forward some salient points [UNKNOWN] about the deficiency [DEFICIENCY] of macaulay [PERSON] 's history [INSTANCE] but added : " the severity [STATE] and the minuteness [PROPERTY] of the criticism [ACT] to which the history [INSTANCE] of england [PLACE] has [UNKNOWN] been subjected is a measure [MEASURE] of its permanent value [VALUE] . it is worth [PLACE] every ounce [AMOUNT] of powder [RESULT] and shot [ACT] that is fired against it . " potter [EVENT] concluded that " in the long roll [PERSON] of english [EVENT] historical writing from clarendon [PERSON] to trevelyan [PERSON] only gibbon [PERSON] has [UNKNOWN] surpassed him in security [ACT] of reputation [REPUTATION] and certainty [STATE] of immortality [CONDITION] " . piers brendon [PERSON] wrote that macaulay [PERSON] is " the only british rival [PERSON] to gibbon [PERSON] . " in 1972 , j. r. western [PLACE] wrote that : " despite its age [PROPERTY] and blemishes [BLEMISH] , macaulay [PERSON] 's history [INSTANCE] of england [PLACE] has [UNKNOWN] still to be superseded by a full-scale modern history [INSTANCE] of the period [PERIOD] . " in 1974 j. p. kenyon [PERSON] stated that : " as is often the case [RANK] , macaulay [PERSON] had it exactly right [PERSON] . " w. a . speck [AMOUNT] wrote in 1980 , that a reason macaulay [PERSON] 's history [INSTANCE] of england [PLACE] " still commands respect [EVENT] is that it was based upon a prodigious amount [AMOUNT] of research [EVENT] " . speck [AMOUNT] stated : macaulay [PERSON] 's reputation [REPUTATION] as an historian [PERSON] has [UNKNOWN] never fully recovered from the condemnation [ACT] it implicitly received in herbert butterfield [PERSON] 's devastating attack [EVENT] on the whig interpretation [EVENT] of history [INSTANCE] . though he was never cited by name [NAME] , there can be no doubt [STATE] that macaulay answers [PERSON] to the charges [AMOUNT] brought against whig historians [PERSON] , particularly that they study [STUDY] the past [PERIOD] with reference [NUMBER] to the present [PERIOD] , class people [HUMAN GROUP] in the past [PERIOD] as those who furthered progress [EVENT] and those who hindered it , and judge them accordingly . according to speck [AMOUNT] : denies the past [PERIOD] has [UNKNOWN] its own validity [EVENT] , treating it as being merely a prelude [NUMBER] to his own age [PROPERTY] . this is especially noticeable in the third [RESULT] chapter [RANK] of his history [INSTANCE] of england [PLACE] , when again and again he contrasts the backwardness [PROPERTY] of 1685 with the advances [UNKNOWN] achieved by 1848 . not only does this misuse the past [PERIOD] , it also leads him to exaggerate the differences [AMOUNT] . on the other hand [PROCESS] , speck [AMOUNT] also wrote that macaulay [PERSON] " took pains [CONDITION] to present [PERIOD] the virtues [PERSON] even of a rogue [TENDENCY] , and he painted the virtuous warts [INCREASE] and all " , and that " he was never guilty [DECISION] of suppressing or distorting evidence [BODY] to make it support [SET] a proposition [PROPOSITION] which he knew to be untrue " . speck [AMOUNT] concluded : what is in fact striking [ACT] is the extent [SPACE] to which his history [INSTANCE] of england [PLACE] at least has [UNKNOWN] survived subsequent research [EVENT] . although it is often dismissed as inaccurate , it is hard to pinpoint a passage [EVENT] where he is categorically in error [RESULT] ... his account [QUALITY] of events [EVENT] has [UNKNOWN] stood up remarkably well ... his interpretation [EVENT] of the glorious revolution [STUDY] also remains the essential starting point [PLACE] for any discussion [EVENT] of that episode [EVENT] ... what has [UNKNOWN] not survived , or has [UNKNOWN] become subdued , is macaulay [PERSON] 's confident [UNKNOWN] belief [TRUST] in progress [EVENT] . it was a dominant [LANGUAGE] creed in the era [ABSTRACT ENTITY] of the great exhibition [QUALITY] . but auschwitz [PLACE] and hiroshima [PLACE] destroyed this century [PERIOD] 's claim [AMOUNT] to moral superiority [STATE] over its predecessors [PERSON] , while the exhaustion [PROCESS] of natural resources [RESOURCE] raises serious doubts [STATE] about the continuation [ABILITY] even of material progress [EVENT] into the next . in 1981 , j. w. burrow [PERSON] argued that macaulay [PERSON] 's history [INSTANCE] of england [PLACE] : ... is not simply partisan ; a judgement [UNKNOWN] , like that of firth [PERSON] , that macaulay [PERSON] was always the whig politician [PERSON] could hardly be more inapposite . of course macaulay [PERSON] thought that the whigs [LIQUID] of the seventeenth century [PERIOD] were correct in their fundamental ideas [RESULT] , but the hero [PERSON] of the history [INSTANCE] was william [PERSON] , who , as macaulay [PERSON] says , was certainly no whig [PERSON] ... if this was whiggism [CONCEPT] it was so only , by the mid-nineteenth century [PERIOD] , in the most extended and inclusive sense [UNKNOWN] , requiring only an acceptance [PURPOSE] of parliamentary government [GOVERNMENT] and a sense [UNKNOWN] of gravity [PERSON] of precedent [EVENT] . butterfield [PERSON] says , rightly , that in the nineteenth century [PERIOD] the whig view [PERSON] of history [INSTANCE] became the english [EVENT] view [PERSON] . the chief agent [TERM] of that transformation [PERSON] was surely macaulay [PERSON] , aided , of course [PERSON] , by the receding relevance [PROPERTY] of seventeenth-century conflicts [EVENT] to contemporary politics [ACT] , as the power [POWER] of the crown [PERSON] waned further , and the civil disabilities [UNKNOWN] of catholics [UNKNOWN] and dissenters [UNKNOWN] were removed by legislation [PERSON] . the history [INSTANCE] is much more than the vindication [ABSTRACT ENTITY] of a party [PERSON] ; it is an attempt [ACTION] to insinuate a view [PERSON] of politics [ACT] , pragmatic , reverent [UNKNOWN] , essentially burkean [UNKNOWN] , informed by a high , even tumid sense [UNKNOWN] of the worth [PLACE] of public life [EVENT] , yet fully conscious of its interrelations [RELATION] with the wider progress [EVENT] of society [INSTITUTION] ; it embodies what hallam [PERSON] had merely asserted , a sense [UNKNOWN] of the privileged possession [CONDITION] by englishmen [UNKNOWN] of their history [INSTANCE] , as well as of the epic dignity [DIGNITY] of government [GOVERNMENT] by discussion [EVENT] . if this was sectarian it was hardly , in any useful contemporary sense [UNKNOWN] , polemically whig [PERSON] ; it is more like the sectarianism [SYSTEM] of english [EVENT] respectability [QUALITY] . in 1982 , gertrude himmelfarb [PERSON] wrote : ost professional historians [PERSON] have long since given up reading [PERSON] macaulay [PERSON] , as they have given up writing the kind [INSTANCE] of history [INSTANCE] he wrote and thinking about history [INSTANCE] as he did . yet there was a time [PERIOD] when anyone [UNKNOWN] with any pretension [QUALITY] to cultivation read macaulay [PERSON] . himmelfarb [PERSON] also laments that " the history [INSTANCE] of the history [INSTANCE] is a sad testimonial [QUANTITY] to the cultural regression [ACT] of our times [UNKNOWN] " . in the novel marathon man [PERSON] and its film adaptation [ADAPTATION] , the protagonist [PERSON] was named ' thomas babington [PERSON] ' after macaulay [PERSON] . in 2008 , walter olson [PERSON] argued for the pre-eminence of macaulay [PERSON] as a british [UNKNOWN] classical liberal [PERSON] . works [UNKNOWN] * works [UNKNOWN] by thomas babington macaulay [PERSON] , 1st baron macaulay [PERSON] at project gutenberg [PERSON] * lays [UNKNOWN] of ancient rome [PERSON] originally published in the year [PERIOD] 1842 . * the history [INSTANCE] of england [PLACE] from the accession [GROUP] of james ii [PERSON] . * 5 vols [UNKNOWN] ( 1848 ) : vol [SYMBOL] 1 , vol [SYMBOL] 2 , vol [SYMBOL] 3 , vol [SYMBOL] 4 , vol [SYMBOL] 5 at internet archive [COLLECTION] * 5 vols [UNKNOWN] ( 1848 ) : vol. 1 , vol. 2 , vol. 3 , vol. 4 , vol [SYMBOL] . 5 at project gutenberg [PERSON] * volumes [PERSON] 1-3 at librivox.org critical [ACTION] and historical essays [UNKNOWN] ( 1843 ) , 2 vols [UNKNOWN] , edited by alexander james [PERSON] grieve [PERSON] . vol. 1 , vol [SYMBOL] . 2 " social and industrial capacities [ARTIFACT] of the negroes [UNKNOWN] " . critical historical [UNKNOWN] and miscellaneous essays [UNKNOWN] with a memoir [ABSTRACT ENTITY] and index [PERSON] . vol [SYMBOL] . v. and vi . mason [PERSON] , baker [PERSON] & pratt [PERSON] . 1873 . lays [UNKNOWN] of ancient rome [PERSON] : with ivry [PERSON] , and the armada [NUMBER] . longmans [UNKNOWN] , green [PERSON] , and company [INSTITUTION] . 1881 . william pitt [PERSON] , earl [PERSON] of chatham [PERSON] : second essay [PERSON] ( maynard [PERSON] , merrill [PERSON] , & company [INSTITUTION] , 1892 , 110 pages [INSTANCE] ) the miscellaneous writings [EVENT] and speeches [SPEECH] of lord [PERSON] macaulay( 1860 ) , 4 vols [UNKNOWN] vol. 1 , vol. 2 , vol. 3 , vol [SYMBOL] . 4 machiavelli [PERSON] on niccolò machiavelli [PERSON] ( 1850 ) . the letters [ABILITY] of thomas babington macaulay [PERSON] ( 1881 ) , 6 vols [UNKNOWN] , edited by thomas pinney [PERSON] . the journals [UNKNOWN] of thomas babington macaulay [PERSON] , 5 vols [UNKNOWN] , edited by william thomas [PERSON] . macaulay [PERSON] index [PERSON] entry [INSTANCE] at poets [PERSON] ' corner lays [UNKNOWN] of ancient rome [PERSON] ( complete [UNKNOWN] ) at poets [PERSON] ' corner [STATE] with an introduction [ACT] by bob blair works [UNKNOWN] by thomas babington macaulay [PERSON] at librivox [UNKNOWN] ( public domain audiobooks [EVENT] ) arms caption [CONDITION] : coat [ABSTRACT ENTITY] of arms [PERSON] of thomas babington macaulay [PERSON] notes [PERSON] the arms [PERSON] , crest [PERSON] and motto allude to the heraldry [ACT] of the macaulays [UNKNOWN] of ardincaple [UNKNOWN] ; however thomas babington macaulay [PERSON] was not related to this clan [GROUP] at all . he was , instead , descended from the unrelated macaulays [UNKNOWN] of lewis [PERSON] . such adoptions [ACT] were not uncommon at the time [PERIOD] according to the scottish heraldic historian [PERSON] peter drummond-murray but usually made from ignorance [CONDITION] rather than deceit [ACT] . crest [PERSON] upon a rock [PLACE] a boot [PERSON] proper thereon [PERSON] a spur [NUMBER] or . escutcheon gules [UNKNOWN] two arrows [PHYSICAL OBJECT] in saltire [UNKNOWN] points [UNKNOWN] downward argent [PERSON] surmounted by as many barrulets compony [UNKNOWN] or and azure between two buckles [INSTANCE] in pale [CONDITION] of the third [RESULT] a bordure [UNKNOWN] engrailed also of the third [RESULT] . supporters [PERSON] two herons [BIRD] proper . motto dulce periculum [PERSON] ( translation [STATE] from latin [UNKNOWN] : " danger [PERSON] is sweet " ) .

## Objects found

Id | Form | Freq | Tag | Context | Error
1 | macaulay | 66 | PERSON | for another person with the name , see thomas babington macaulay ( nigeria ) . |
2 | history | 43 | INSTANCE | he is best known for his the history of england , a seminal example of whig history which expressed macaulay 's belief in the inevitability of sociopolitical progress and has been widely commended for its prose style . |
3 | england | 16 | PLACE | bingham baring succeeded by the earl granville personal details born ( 1800-10-25) 25 october 1800 rothley temple , leicestershire , england died 28 december 1859( 1859-12-28 ) ( aged 59 ) london , england political party whig parent(s ) |
4 | india | 16 | PLACE | macaulay also played a substantial role in determining india 's education policy , in which he was guided by his conviction that western european culture was superior to that of india and the middle east . |
5 | vol | 9 | SYMBOL | vol 1 , vol 2 , vol 3 , vol 4 , vol 5 at internet archive * 5 vols ( 1848 ) : |
6 | century | 7 | PERIOD | macaulay wrote for the edinburgh review and other publications , which were collected in book form and a steady best-seller throughout the 19th century . |
7 | thomas babington macaulay | 7 | PERSON | for another person with the name , see thomas babington macaulay ( nigeria ) . |
8 | baron macaulay | 6 | PERSON | " baron macaulay " redirects here . |
9 | work | 6 | ACTIVITY | after the fall of melbourne 's government in 1841 macaulay devoted more time to literary work , and returned to office as paymaster general in 1846 in lord john russell 's administration . |
10 | english | 6 | EVENT | zachary macaulay selina mills alma mater trinity college , cambridge occupation politician profession historian , poet signature thomas babington macaulay , 1st baron macaulay , pc , frs , frse ( /ˈbæbɪŋtən məˈkɔːli/ ; 25 october 1800 - 28 december 1859 ) was an english historian , poet , and whig politician , who served as the secretary at war between 1839 and 1841 , and as the paymaster general between 1846 and 1848 . |
11 | death | 6 | EVENT | as he had no children , his peerage became extinct on his death . |
12 | speck | 5 | AMOUNT | speck wrote in 1980 , that a reason macaulay 's history of england " still commands respect is that it was based upon a prodigious amount of research " . |
13 | class | 5 | UNKNOWN | this would create a class of anglicised indians who would serve as cultural intermediaries between the british and the indians ; the creation of such a class was necessary before any reform of vernacular education . |
14 | works | 5 | UNKNOWN | i have read translations of the most celebrated arabic and sanskrit works . |
15 | sense | 5 | UNKNOWN | whiggism it was so only , by the mid-nineteenth century , in the most extended and inclusive sense , requiring only an acceptance of parliamentary government and a sense of gravity of precedent . |
16 | letters | 5 | ABILITY | in his letters he describes his reading of the aeneid whilst he was in malvern in 1851 , and says he was moved to tears by virgil 's poetry . |
17 | vols | 5 | UNKNOWN | * the history of england from the accession of james ii . * 5 vols ( 1848 ) : |
18 | progress | 5 | EVENT | he is best known for his the history of england , a seminal example of whig history which expressed macaulay 's belief in the inevitability of sociopolitical progress and has been widely commended for its prose style . |
19 | literature | 5 | STATEMENT | macaulay did not study classical literature while at cambridge , though he subsequently did when he was in india . |
20 | culture | 5 | PLACE | macaulay also played a substantial role in determining india 's education policy , in which he was guided by his conviction that western european culture was superior to that of india and the middle east . |
21 | life | 5 | EVENT | early life |
22 | education | 5 | PROCESS | macaulay also played a substantial role in determining india 's education policy , in which he was guided by his conviction that western european culture was superior to that of india and the middle east . |
23 | age | 4 | PROPERTY | the essays are only pleasant reading , and a key to half the prejudices of our age . |
24 | learning | 4 | PERSON | in his minute , he urged lord william bentinck , the then- governor-general to reform secondary education on utilitarian lines to deliver " useful learning " , a phrase that to him was synonymous with western culture . |
25 | acton | 4 | PERSON | the liberal historian lord acton read macaulay 's |
26 | potter | 4 | EVENT | george richard potter , professor and head of the department of history at the university of sheffield from 1931 to 1965 , stated " in an age of long letters ... |
27 | past | 4 | PERIOD | though he was never cited by name , there can be no doubt that macaulay answers to the charges brought against whig historians , particularly that they study the past with reference to the present , class people in the past as those who furthered progress and those who hindered it , and judge them accordingly . |
28 | sanskrit | 4 | UNKNOWN | there was no tradition of secondary education in vernacular languages ; the institutions supported by the east india company taught either in sanskrit or persian . hence , he argued , " we have to educate a people who cannot at present be educated by means of their mother-tongue . |
29 | december | 4 | PERIOD | bingham baring succeeded by the earl granville personal details born ( 1800-10-25) 25 october 1800 rothley temple , leicestershire , england died 28 december 1859( 1859-12-28 ) ( aged 59 ) london , england political party whig parent(s ) |
30 | man | 4 | PERSON | as a young man he composed the ballads ivry and the armada , which he later included as part of lays of ancient rome , a series of very popular poems about heroic episodes in roman history which he began composing in india and continued in rome , finally publishing in 1842 . |
31 | edinburgh review | 4 | PLACE | he was educated at a private school in hertfordshire , and , subsequently , at trinity college , cambridge , where he won several prizes , including the chancellor 's gold medal in june 1821 , and where he in 1825 published a prominent essay on milton in the edinburgh review . |
32 | government | 4 | GOVERNMENT | macaulay was secretary to the board of control under lord grey from 1832 until he in 1833 required , as a consequence of the penury of his father , a more remunerative office , than that of the unremunerated office of an mp , from which he resigned after the passing of the government of india |
33 | historian | 4 | PERSON | british historian and politician ( 1800-1859 ) |
34 | account | 4 | QUALITY | his account of debates has been thrown into the shade by ranke , his account of diplomatic affairs , by klopp . |
35 | men | 4 | PERSON | i have conversed both here and at home with men distinguished by their proficiency in the eastern tongues . |
36 | position | 4 | POSITION | in every branch of physical or moral philosophy , the relative position of the two nations is nearly the same . |
37 | essays | 4 | UNKNOWN | his essays , originally published in the edinburgh review , were collected as critical and historical essays in 1843 . |
38 | ancient rome | 4 | PERSON | as a young man he composed the ballads ivry and the armada , which he later included as part of lays of ancient rome , a series of very popular poems about heroic episodes in roman history which he began composing in india and continued in rome , finally publishing in 1842 . |
39 | example | 4 | ABSTRACT ENTITY | he is best known for his the history of england , a seminal example of whig history which expressed macaulay 's belief in the inevitability of sociopolitical progress and has been widely commended for its prose style . |
40 | world | 4 | PLACE | macaulay 's position , slightly modified , became the basis of copyright law in the english-speaking world for many decades . |
41 | year | 4 | PERIOD | hence , from the sixth year of schooling onwards , instruction should be in european learning , with english as the medium of instruction . |
42 | views | 3 | PERSON | macaulay 's largely coincided with bentinck 's views and bentinck 's english education act 1835 closely matched macaulay 's recommendations ( in 1836 , a school named la martinière , founded by major general claude martin , had one of its houses named after him ) , but subsequent governors-general took a more conciliatory approach to existing indian education . |
43 | edinburgh | 3 | PLACE | he was educated at a private school in hertfordshire , and , subsequently , at trinity college , cambridge , where he won several prizes , including the chancellor 's gold medal in june 1821 , and where he in 1825 published a prominent essay on milton in the edinburgh review . |
44 | poets | 3 | PERSON | on 9 january 1860 he was buried in westminster abbey , in poets ' |
45 | introduction | 3 | ACT | his minute on indian education of february 1835 was primarily responsible for the introduction of western institutional education to india . macaulay recommended the introduction of the english language as the official language of secondary education instruction in all schools where there had been none before , and the training of english-speaking indians as teachers . |
46 | people | 3 | HUMAN GROUP | there was no tradition of secondary education in vernacular languages ; the institutions supported by the east india company taught either in sanskrit or persian . hence , he argued , " we have to educate a people who cannot at present be educated by means of their mother-tongue . |
47 | language | 3 | LANGUAGE | his minute on indian education of february 1835 was primarily responsible for the introduction of western institutional education to india . macaulay recommended the introduction of the english language as the official language of secondary education instruction in all schools where there had been none before , and the training of english-speaking indians as teachers . |
48 | indian penal code | 3 | EVENT | the indian penal code in 1860 was followed by the criminal procedure code in 1872 and the civil procedure code in 1908 . |
49 | lays | 3 | UNKNOWN | as a young man he composed the ballads ivry and the armada , which he later included as part of lays of ancient rome , a series of very popular poems about heroic episodes in roman history which he began composing in india and continued in rome , finally publishing in 1842 . |
50 | minute | 3 | PERIOD | his minute on indian education of february 1835 was primarily responsible for the introduction of western institutional education to india . macaulay recommended the introduction of the english language as the official language of secondary education instruction in all schools where there had been none before , and the training of english-speaking indians as teachers . |
51 | children | 3 | PERSON | macaulay , who did not marry nor have children , was rumoured to have fallen in love with maria kinnaird , who was the wealthy ward of richard ' conversation ' sharp . |
52 | view | 3 | PERSON | in independent india , macaulay 's idea of the civilising mission has been used by dalitists , in particular by neo-liberalist chandra bhan prasad , as a " creative appropriation for self-empowerment " , based on the view that the dalit community was empowered by macaulay 's deprecation of hindu culture and support for western-style education in india . |
53 | war | 3 | EVENT | the right honourable the lord macaulay pc frs frse photogravure of macaulay by antoine claudet secretary at war |
54 | knowledge | 3 | PERSON | i have no knowledge of either sanskrit or arabic . |
55 | parliament | 3 | HUMAN GROUP | macaulay by john partridge macaulay in 1830 accepted the invitation of the marquess of lansdowne that he become member of parliament for the pocket borough of calne . |
56 | writers | 3 | PLACE | it will hardly be disputed , i suppose , that the department of literature in which the eastern writers stand highest is poetry . |
57 | office | 3 | PLACE | in office 27 september 1839 - 30 august 1841 monarch victoria prime minister |
58 | accession | 3 | GROUP | he died of a heart attack on 28 december 1859 , aged 59 , leaving his major work , the history of england from the accession of james the second incomplete . |
59 | secretary | 3 | PERSON | the right honourable the lord macaulay pc frs frse photogravure of macaulay by antoine claudet secretary at war |
60 | historians | 3 | PERSON | macaulay 's approach has been criticised by later historians for its one-sidedness and its complacency . |
61 | belief | 3 | TRUST | he is best known for his the history of england , a seminal example of whig history which expressed macaulay 's belief in the inevitability of sociopolitical progress and has been widely commended for its prose style . |
62 | queen anne | 3 | PERSON | after publication of his first two volumes , his hope was to complete his work with the death of queen anne in 1714 . |
63 | speech | 3 | SPEECH | macaulay 's maiden speech in parliament advocated abolition of the civil disabilities of the jews in the uk . |
64 | country | 3 | PLACE | to that class we may leave it to refine the vernacular dialects of the country , to enrich those dialects with terms of science borrowed from the western nomenclature , and to render them by degrees fit vehicles for conveying knowledge to the great mass of the population . |
65 | name | 3 | NAME | for another person with the name , see thomas babington macaulay ( nigeria ) . |
66 | philosophy | 3 | GROUP | in every branch of physical or moral philosophy , the relative position of the two nations is nearly the same . |
67 | speeches | 3 | SPEECH | macaulay 's subsequent speeches in favour of parliamentary reform were commended . |
68 | time | 3 | PERIOD | after the fall of melbourne 's government in 1841 macaulay devoted more time to literary work , and returned to office as paymaster general in 1846 in lord john russell 's administration . |
69 | whig interpretation | 3 | EVENT | this model of human progress has been called the whig interpretation of history . |
70 | arabic | 3 | EVENT | i have no knowledge of either sanskrit or arabic . |
71 | governor general | 3 | PERSON |  |
72 | volumes | 3 | PERSON | historian during the 1840s , macaulay undertook his most famous work , the history of england from the accession of james the second , publishing the first two volumes in 1848 . |
73 | society | 2 | INSTITUTION | macaulay argued that copyright is a monopoly and as such has generally negative effects on society . |
74 | books | 2 | BODY | it is , i believe , no exaggeration to say that all the historical information which has been collected from all the books written in the sanskrit language is less valuable than what may be found in the most paltry abridgments used at preparatory schools in england . |
75 | indians | 2 | UNKNOWN | his minute on indian education of february 1835 was primarily responsible for the introduction of western institutional education to india . macaulay recommended the introduction of the english language as the official language of secondary education instruction in all schools where there had been none before , and the training of english-speaking indians as teachers . |
76 | approach | 2 | ACT | macaulay 's largely coincided with bentinck 's views and bentinck 's english education act 1835 closely matched macaulay 's recommendations ( in 1836 , a school named la martinière , founded by major general claude martin , had one of its houses named after him ) , but subsequent governors-general took a more conciliatory approach to existing indian education . |
77 | dialects | 2 | LANGUAGE | to that class we may leave it to refine the vernacular dialects of the country , to enrich those dialects with terms of science borrowed from the western nomenclature , and to render them by degrees fit vehicles for conveying knowledge to the great mass of the population . |
78 | corner | 2 | STATE | corner , near a statue of addison . |
79 | need | 2 | UNKNOWN | he accepted on the express condition that he need not campaign and would not pledge himself to a position on any political issue . |
80 | calne | 2 | UNKNOWN | macaulay by john partridge macaulay in 1830 accepted the invitation of the marquess of lansdowne that he become member of parliament for the pocket borough of calne . |
81 | doubts | 2 | STATE | losurdo noted that this did not prompt any doubts from macaulay over the right of britain to administer its colonies in an autocratic fashion ; for example , while macaulay described the administration of governor-general of india warren hastings as being so despotic that " all the injustice of former oppressors , asiatic and european , appeared as a blessing " , he ( hastings ) deserved " high admiration " and a rank among " the most remarkable men in our history " for " having saved england and civilisation " . |
82 | present | 2 | PERIOD | there was no tradition of secondary education in vernacular languages ; the institutions supported by the east india company taught either in sanskrit or persian . hence , he argued , " we have to educate a people who cannot at present be educated by means of their mother-tongue . |
83 | criticism | 2 | ACT | he was not above par in literary criticism ; his indian articles will not hold water ; and his two most famous reviews , on bacon and ranke , show his incompetence . |
84 | peerage | 2 | COLLECTION | in 1857 he was raised to the peerage as baron macaulay , of rothley in the county of leicester , but seldom attended the house of lords . |
85 | february | 2 | PERIOD | his minute on indian education of february 1835 was primarily responsible for the introduction of western institutional education to india . macaulay recommended the introduction of the english language as the official language of secondary education instruction in all schools where there had been none before , and the training of english-speaking indians as teachers . |
86 | arabia | 2 | PLACE | i have never found one among them who could deny that a single shelf of a good european library was worth the whole native literature of india and arabia . |
87 | politician | 2 | PERSON | british historian and politician ( 1800-1859 ) |
88 | western | 2 | PLACE | macaulay also played a substantial role in determining india 's education policy , in which he was guided by his conviction that western european culture was superior to that of india and the middle east . |
89 | administration | 2 | PLACE | losurdo noted that this did not prompt any doubts from macaulay over the right of britain to administer its colonies in an autocratic fashion ; for example , while macaulay described the administration of governor-general of india warren hastings as being so despotic that " all the injustice of former oppressors , asiatic and european , appeared as a blessing " , he ( hastings ) deserved " high admiration " and a rank among " the most remarkable men in our history " for " having saved england and civilisation " . |
90 | father | 2 | PERSON | the young macaulay was noted as a child prodigy ; as a toddler , gazing out of the window from his cot at the chimneys of a local factory , he is reputed to have asked his father whether the smoke came from the fires of hell . |
91 | january | 2 | PERIOD | he resigned his seat in january 1856 . |
92 | nothing | 2 | PERSON | he knew nothing respectably before the seventeenth century , he knew nothing of foreign history , of religion , philosophy , science , or art . |
93 | freedom | 2 | PERSON | he also received the freedom of the city . |
94 | loss | 2 | PERSON | he attributed the loss to the anger of religious zealots over his speech in favour of expanding the annual government grant to maynooth college in ireland , which trained young men for the catholic priesthood ; some observers also attributed his loss to his neglect of local issues . |
95 | laws | 2 | PERSON | the indian penal code inspired counterparts in most other british colonies , and to date many of these laws are still in effect in places as far apart as pakistan , malaysia , myanmar , bangladesh , sri lanka , nigeria and zimbabwe , as well as in india itself . |
96 | house | 2 | PLACE | he seldom attended the house due to ill health . |
97 | company | 2 | INSTITUTION | there was no tradition of secondary education in vernacular languages ; the institutions supported by the east india company taught either in sanskrit or persian . hence , he argued , " we have to educate a people who cannot at present be educated by means of their mother-tongue . |
98 | issue | 2 | EVENT | in 1841 macaulay addressed the issue of copyright law . |
99 | project gutenberg | 2 | PERSON | works by thomas babington macaulay , 1st baron macaulay at project gutenberg * lays of ancient rome originally published in the year 1842 . |
100 | quality | 2 | QUALITY | we must never judge the quality of a teaching by the quality of the teacher , or allow the spots to shut out the sun . |
101 | superiority | 2 | STATE | but when we pass from works of imagination to works in which facts are recorded and general principles investigated , the superiority of the europeans becomes absolutely immeasurable . |
102 | thomas macaulay | 2 | PERSON | " thomas macaulay " redirects here . |
103 | member | 2 | PERSON | macaulay by john partridge macaulay in 1830 accepted the invitation of the marquess of lansdowne that he become member of parliament for the pocket borough of calne . |
104 | power | 2 | POWER | losurdo states that " macaulay acknowledged that the english colonists in india behaved like spartans confronting helots : we are dealing with 'a race of sovereign ' or a ' sovereign caste ' , wielding absolute power over its ' serfs ' . " |
105 | horatius | 2 | PERSON | the most famous of them , horatius , concerns the heroism of horatius cocles . |
106 | model | 2 | SYSTEM | political writing macaulay 's political writings are famous for their ringing prose and for their confident , sometimes dogmatic , emphasis on a progressive model of british history , according to which the country threw off superstition , autocracy and confusion to create a balanced constitution and a forward-looking culture combined with freedom of belief and expression . |
107 | value | 2 | VALUE | but i have done what i could to form a correct estimate of their value . |
108 | copyright law | 2 | PERSON | in 1841 macaulay addressed the issue of copyright law . |
109 | figures | 2 | FIGURE | the need to collect reliable portraits of notable figures from history for this project led to the foundation of the national portrait gallery , which was formally established on 2 december 1856 . |
110 | whig politician | 2 | PERSON | zachary macaulay selina mills alma mater trinity college , cambridge occupation politician profession historian , poet signature thomas babington macaulay , 1st baron macaulay , pc , frs , frse ( /ˈbæbɪŋtən məˈkɔːli/ ; 25 october 1800 - 28 december 1859 ) was an english historian , poet , and whig politician , who served as the secretary at war between 1839 and 1841 , and as the paymaster general between 1846 and 1848 . |
111 | reform | 2 | AMOUNT | macaulay 's subsequent speeches in favour of parliamentary reform were commended . |
112 | terms | 2 | TERM | to that class we may leave it to refine the vernacular dialects of the country , to enrich those dialects with terms of science borrowed from the western nomenclature , and to render them by degrees fit vehicles for conveying knowledge to the great mass of the population . |
113 | longman | 2 | PERSON | randolph , who is writing a life of the late lord derby for longman 's , brought to luncheon a young man of that name . |
114 | hope | 2 | EVENT | after publication of his first two volumes , his hope was to complete his work with the death of queen anne in 1714 . |
115 | leicestershire | 2 | PLACE | bingham baring succeeded by the earl granville personal details born ( 1800-10-25) 25 october 1800 rothley temple , leicestershire , england died 28 december 1859( 1859-12-28 ) ( aged 59 ) london , england political party whig parent(s ) |
116 | discussion | 2 | EVENT | his interpretation of the glorious revolution also remains the essential starting point for any discussion of that episode ... |
117 | school | 2 | INSTITUTION | he was educated at a private school in hertfordshire , and , subsequently , at trinity college , cambridge , where he won several prizes , including the chancellor 's gold medal in june 1821 , and where he in 1825 published a prominent essay on milton in the edinburgh review . |
118 | herbert butterfield | 2 | PERSON | herbert butterfield 's the whig interpretation of history ( 1931 ) attacked whig history . |
119 | ranke | 2 | PERSON | he was not above par in literary criticism ; his indian articles will not hold water ; and his two most famous reviews , on bacon and ranke , show his incompetence . |
120 | seat | 2 | PROPERTY | in the election of 1847 he lost his seat in edinburgh . |
121 | places | 2 | PLACE | the indian penal code inspired counterparts in most other british colonies , and to date many of these laws are still in effect in places as far apart as pakistan , malaysia , myanmar , bangladesh , sri lanka , nigeria and zimbabwe , as well as in india itself . |
122 | lansdowne | 2 | PERSON | macaulay by john partridge macaulay in 1830 accepted the invitation of the marquess of lansdowne that he become member of parliament for the pocket borough of calne . |
123 | languages | 2 | LANGUAGE | there was no tradition of secondary education in vernacular languages ; the institutions supported by the east india company taught either in sanskrit or persian . hence , he argued , " we have to educate a people who cannot at present be educated by means of their mother-tongue . |
124 | schools | 2 | UNKNOWN | his minute on indian education of february 1835 was primarily responsible for the introduction of western institutional education to india . macaulay recommended the introduction of the english language as the official language of secondary education instruction in all schools where there had been none before , and the training of english-speaking indians as teachers . |
125 | critics | 2 | ACT | read him therefore to find out how it comes that the most unsympathetic of critics can think him very nearly the greatest of english writers … |
126 | poetry | 2 | ABILITY | in his letters he describes his reading of the aeneid whilst he was in malvern in 1851 , and says he was moved to tears by virgil 's poetry . |
127 | shelf | 2 | ABILITY | i have never found one among them who could deny that a single shelf of a good european library was worth the whole native literature of india and arabia . |
128 | cambridge | 2 | PERSON | zachary macaulay selina mills alma mater trinity college , cambridge occupation politician profession historian , poet signature thomas babington macaulay , 1st baron macaulay , pc , frs , frse ( /ˈbæbɪŋtən məˈkɔːli/ ; 25 october 1800 - 28 december 1859 ) was an english historian , poet , and whig politician , who served as the secretary at war between 1839 and 1841 , and as the paymaster general between 1846 and 1848 . |
129 | william iii | 2 | PERSON | this , bringing the history down to the death of william iii , was prepared for publication by his sister , lady trevelyan , after his death . |
130 | reputation | 2 | REPUTATION | potter concluded that " in the long roll of english historical writing from clarendon to trevelyan only gibbon has surpassed him in security of reputation and certainty of immortality " . |
131 | basis | 2 | GROUP | this includes section 377 of the indian penal code , which remains the basis for laws which criminalize homosexuality in several commonwealth nations . |
132 | whig history | 2 | INSTANCE | he is best known for his the history of england , a seminal example of whig history which expressed macaulay 's belief in the inevitability of sociopolitical progress and has been widely commended for its prose style . |
133 | heart attack | 2 | EVENT | his weakness after suffering a heart attack caused him to postpone for several months making his speech of thanks to the edinburgh voters . |
134 | university | 2 | INSTITUTION | in 1849 he was elected rector of the university of glasgow , a position with no administrative duties , often awarded by the students to men of political or literary fame . |
135 | favour | 2 | PERSON | macaulay 's subsequent speeches in favour of parliamentary reform were commended . |
136 | publication | 2 | ACTION | after publication of his first two volumes , his hope was to complete his work with the death of queen anne in 1714 . |
137 | persian | 2 | PERSON | there was no tradition of secondary education in vernacular languages ; the institutions supported by the east india company taught either in sanskrit or persian . hence , he argued , " we have to educate a people who cannot at present be educated by means of their mother-tongue . |
138 | disabilities | 2 | UNKNOWN | macaulay 's maiden speech in parliament advocated abolition of the civil disabilities of the jews in the uk . |
139 | james | 2 | PERSON | he died of a heart attack on 28 december 1859 , aged 59 , leaving his major work , the history of england from the accession of james the second incomplete . |
140 | british | 2 | UNKNOWN | british historian and politician ( 1800-1859 ) |
141 | leeds | 2 | PLACE | he became mp for leeds subsequent to the 1833 enactment of the reform act 1832 , by which calne 's representation was reduced from two mps to one , and by which leeds , which had not been represented before , had two mps . |
142 | paymaster general | 2 | PERSON | the viscount melbourne preceded by viscount howick succeeded by sir henry hardinge paymaster general in office 7 july 1846 - 8 may 1848 monarch victoria prime minister lord john russell preceded by hon . |
143 | gibbon | 2 | PERSON | potter concluded that " in the long roll of english historical writing from clarendon to trevelyan only gibbon has surpassed him in security of reputation and certainty of immortality " . |
144 | losurdo | 2 | PERSON | losurdo states that " macaulay acknowledged that the english colonists in india behaved like spartans confronting helots : we are dealing with 'a race of sovereign ' or a ' sovereign caste ' , wielding absolute power over its ' serfs ' . " |
145 | colonies | 2 | SEQUENCE | the indian penal code inspired counterparts in most other british colonies , and to date many of these laws are still in effect in places as far apart as pakistan , malaysia , myanmar , bangladesh , sri lanka , nigeria and zimbabwe , as well as in india itself . |
146 | october | 2 | PERIOD | bingham baring succeeded by the earl granville personal details born ( 1800-10-25) 25 october 1800 rothley temple , leicestershire , england died 28 december 1859( 1859-12-28 ) ( aged 59 ) london , england political party whig parent(s ) |
147 | science | 2 | STUDY | to that class we may leave it to refine the vernacular dialects of the country , to enrich those dialects with terms of science borrowed from the western nomenclature , and to render them by degrees fit vehicles for conveying knowledge to the great mass of the population . |
148 | politics | 2 | ACT | history of england four times and later described himself as " a raw english schoolboy , primed to the brim with whig politics " but " not whiggism only , but macaulay in particular that i was so full of . " |
149 | research | 2 | EVENT | speck wrote in 1980 , that a reason macaulay 's history of england " still commands respect is that it was based upon a prodigious amount of research " . |
150 | series | 2 | SERIES | macaulay in the edinburgh review in 1827 , and in a series of anonymous letters to the morning chronicle , censured the analysis of indentured labour by the british colonial office expert colonel thomas moody , kt . macaulay 's evangelical whig father zachary macaulay , who desired a ' free black peasantry ' rather than equality for africans , also censured , in the anti-slavery reporter , moody 's contentions . |
151 | scotland | 2 | PLACE | no description of the relief of londonderry in a major history of england existed before 1850 ; after his visit there and the narrative written round it no other account has been needed ... scotland came fully into its own and from then until now it has been a commonplace that english history is incomprehensible without scotland . |
152 | instruction | 2 | ACT | his minute on indian education of february 1835 was primarily responsible for the introduction of western institutional education to india . macaulay recommended the introduction of the english language as the official language of secondary education instruction in all schools where there had been none before , and the training of english-speaking indians as teachers . |
153 | library | 2 | PLACE | i have never found one among them who could deny that a single shelf of a good european library was worth the whole native literature of india and arabia . |
154 | lines | 2 | PERSON | in his minute , he urged lord william bentinck , the then- governor-general to reform secondary education on utilitarian lines to deliver " useful learning " , a phrase that to him was synonymous with western culture . |
155 | nations | 2 | STATE | and i certainly never met with any orientalist who ventured to maintain that the arabic and sanskrit poetry could be compared to that of the great european nations . |
156 | years | 2 | PERIOD | his final years in india were devoted to the creation of a penal code , as the leading member of the law commission . |
157 | times | 2 | UNKNOWN | history of england four times and later described himself as " a raw english schoolboy , primed to the brim with whig politics " but " not whiggism only , but macaulay in particular that i was so full of . " |
158 | whig | 2 | PERSON | bingham baring succeeded by the earl granville personal details born ( 1800-10-25) 25 october 1800 rothley temple , leicestershire , england died 28 december 1859( 1859-12-28 ) ( aged 59 ) london , england political party whig parent(s ) |
159 | chapter | 2 | RANK | with regards to macaulay 's determination to inspect physically the places mentioned in his history , potter said : much of the success of the famous third chapter of the history which may be said to have introduced the study of social history , and even ... local history , was due to the intense local knowledge acquired on the spot . |
160 | arms | 2 | PERSON | arms caption : coat of arms of thomas babington macaulay notes |
161 | health | 2 | PROPERTY | he seldom attended the house due to ill health . |
162 | nigeria | 2 | PLACE | for another person with the name , see thomas babington macaulay ( nigeria ) . |
163 | mps | 2 | UNKNOWN | he became mp for leeds subsequent to the 1833 enactment of the reform act 1832 , by which calne 's representation was reduced from two mps to one , and by which leeds , which had not been represented before , had two mps . |
164 | britain | 2 | PLACE | losurdo noted that this did not prompt any doubts from macaulay over the right of britain to administer its colonies in an autocratic fashion ; for example , while macaulay described the administration of governor-general of india warren hastings as being so despotic that " all the injustice of former oppressors , asiatic and european , appeared as a blessing " , he ( hastings ) deserved " high admiration " and a rank among " the most remarkable men in our history " for " having saved england and civilisation " . |
165 | creation | 2 | EVENT | this would create a class of anglicised indians who would serve as cultural intermediaries between the british and the indians ; the creation of such a class was necessary before any reform of vernacular education . |
166 | bentinck | 2 | PERSON | in his minute , he urged lord william bentinck , the then- governor-general to reform secondary education on utilitarian lines to deliver " useful learning " , a phrase that to him was synonymous with western culture . |
167 | department | 2 | PERSON | it will hardly be disputed , i suppose , that the department of literature in which the eastern writers stand highest is poetry . |
168 | armada | 2 | NUMBER | as a young man he composed the ballads ivry and the armada , which he later included as part of lays of ancient rome , a series of very popular poems about heroic episodes in roman history which he began composing in india and continued in rome , finally publishing in 1842 . |
169 | has | 2 | UNKNOWN | he is best known for his the history of england , a seminal example of whig history which expressed macaulay 's belief in the inevitability of sociopolitical progress and has been widely commended for its prose style . |
170 | historical essays | 2 | UNKNOWN | his essays , originally published in the edinburgh review , were collected as critical and historical essays in 1843 . |
171 | viscount howick | 1 | PERSON | the viscount melbourne preceded by viscount howick succeeded by sir henry hardinge paymaster general in office 7 july 1846 - 8 may 1848 monarch victoria prime minister lord john russell preceded by hon . |
172 | donald macaulay | 1 | PERSON | for the british labour politician , see donald macaulay , baron macaulay of bragar . |
173 | trinity college | 1 | INSTITUTION | zachary macaulay selina mills alma mater trinity college , cambridge occupation politician profession historian , poet signature thomas babington macaulay , 1st baron macaulay , pc , frs , frse ( /ˈbæbɪŋtən məˈkɔːli/ ; 25 october 1800 - 28 december 1859 ) was an english historian , poet , and whig politician , who served as the secretary at war between 1839 and 1841 , and as the paymaster general between 1846 and 1848 . |
174 | critical | 1 | ACTION | his essays , originally published in the edinburgh review , were collected as critical and historical essays in 1843 . |
175 | spots | 1 | SPEECH ACT | we must never judge the quality of a teaching by the quality of the teacher , or allow the spots to shut out the sun . |
176 | dissenters | 1 | UNKNOWN | the chief agent of that transformation was surely macaulay , aided , of course , by the receding relevance of seventeenth-century conflicts to contemporary politics , as the power of the crown waned further , and the civil disabilities of catholics and dissenters were removed by legislation . |
177 | expressions | 1 | UNKNOWN | in indian culture , the term " macaulay 's children " is sometimes used to refer to people born of indian ancestry who adopt western culture as a lifestyle , or display attitudes influenced by colonialism ( " macaulayism " ) - expressions used disparagingly , and with the implication of disloyalty to one 's country and one 's heritage . |
178 | hon | 1 | PERSON | the viscount melbourne preceded by viscount howick succeeded by sir henry hardinge paymaster general in office 7 july 1846 - 8 may 1848 monarch victoria prime minister lord john russell preceded by hon . |
179 | translation | 1 | STATE | motto dulce periculum ( translation from latin : " danger is sweet " ) . |
180 | anne | 1 | PERSON | after publication of his first two volumes , his hope was to complete his work with the death of queen anne in 1714 . |
181 | dutch historian pieter geyl | 1 | PERSON | the dutch historian pieter geyl , writing in 1955 , considered macaulay 's essays as " exclusively and intolerantly english " . |
182 | office july | 1 | PERIOD |  |
183 | hastings | 1 | PERSON | losurdo noted that this did not prompt any doubts from macaulay over the right of britain to administer its colonies in an autocratic fashion ; for example , while macaulay described the administration of governor-general of india warren hastings as being so despotic that " all the injustice of former oppressors , asiatic and european , appeared as a blessing " , he ( hastings ) deserved " high admiration " and a rank among " the most remarkable men in our history " for " having saved england and civilisation " . |
184 | factory | 1 | QUANTITY | the young macaulay was noted as a child prodigy ; as a toddler , gazing out of the window from his cot at the chimneys of a local factory , he is reputed to have asked his father whether the smoke came from the fires of hell . |
185 | idea | 1 | RESULT | in independent india , macaulay 's idea of the civilising mission has been used by dalitists , in particular by neo-liberalist chandra bhan prasad , as a " creative appropriation for self-empowerment " , based on the view that the dalit community was empowered by macaulay 's deprecation of hindu culture and support for western-style education in india . |
186 | inevitability | 1 | ABSTRACT ENTITY | he is best known for his the history of england , a seminal example of whig history which expressed macaulay 's belief in the inevitability of sociopolitical progress and has been widely commended for its prose style . |
187 | maynard | 1 | PERSON | william pitt , earl of chatham : second essay ( maynard , merrill , & company , 1892 , 110 pages ) |
188 | frs | 1 | UNKNOWN | the right honourable the lord macaulay pc frs frse photogravure of macaulay by antoine claudet secretary at war |
189 | claim | 1 | AMOUNT | but auschwitz and hiroshima destroyed this century 's claim to moral superiority over its predecessors , while the exhaustion of natural resources raises serious doubts about the continuation even of material progress into the next . |
190 | arms caption | 1 | CONDITION | arms caption : coat of arms of thomas babington macaulay notes |
191 | interpretation | 1 | EVENT | this model of human progress has been called the whig interpretation of history . |
192 | argent | 1 | PERSON | escutcheon gules two arrows in saltire points downward argent surmounted by as many barrulets compony |
193 | deceit | 1 | ACT | such adoptions were not uncommon at the time according to the scottish heraldic historian peter drummond-murray but usually made from ignorance rather than deceit . |
194 | appropriation | 1 | PERSON | in independent india , macaulay 's idea of the civilising mission has been used by dalitists , in particular by neo-liberalist chandra bhan prasad , as a " creative appropriation for self-empowerment " , based on the view that the dalit community was empowered by macaulay 's deprecation of hindu culture and support for western-style education in india . |
195 | sheffield | 1 | INSTITUTION | george richard potter , professor and head of the department of history at the university of sheffield from 1931 to 1965 , stated " in an age of long letters ... |
196 | aftermath | 1 | PLACE | in the aftermath of the indian mutiny of 1857 , macaulay 's criminal law proposal was enacted . |
197 | day | 1 | PERIOD | for all his linguistic abilities he seems never to have tried to enter into sympathetic mental contact with the classical world or with the europe of his day . |
198 | morals | 1 | STATE | we must at present do our best to form a class who may be interpreters between us and the millions whom we govern ; a class of persons indian in blood and colour , but english in tastes , in opinions , in morals , and in intellect . |
199 | responsibility | 1 | RESPONSIBILITY | macaulay goes to considerable length , for example , to absolve his main hero william iii of any responsibility for the glencoe massacre . |
200 | george iii | 1 | PERSON | at first , he had planned to bring his history down to the reign of george iii . |
201 | best seller | 1 | PERSON |  |
202 | boot | 1 | PERSON | crest upon a rock a boot proper thereon a spur or . |
203 | analysis | 1 | PROCESS | macaulay in the edinburgh review in 1827 , and in a series of anonymous letters to the morning chronicle , censured the analysis of indentured labour by the british colonial office expert colonel thomas moody , kt . macaulay 's evangelical whig father zachary macaulay , who desired a ' free black peasantry ' rather than equality for africans , also censured , in the anti-slavery reporter , moody 's contentions . |
204 | effects | 1 | EFFECT | macaulay argued that copyright is a monopoly and as such has generally negative effects on society . |
205 | thomas babington | 1 | PERSON | for another person with the name , see thomas babington macaulay ( nigeria ) . |
206 | domain audiobooks | 1 | EVENT | corner with an introduction by bob blair works by thomas babington macaulay at librivox ( public domain audiobooks ) |
207 | demand | 1 | VALUE | his talk interested the p.m. ... macaulay , longman went on , was not read now ; there was no demand for his books . |
208 | hallam | 1 | PERSON | the history is much more than the vindication of a party ; it is an attempt to insinuate a view of politics , pragmatic , reverent , essentially burkean , informed by a high , even tumid sense of the worth of public life , yet fully conscious of its interrelations with the wider progress of society ; it embodies what hallam had merely asserted , a sense of the privileged possession by englishmen of their history , as well as of the epic dignity of government by discussion . |
209 | volume | 1 | PERSON | at his death in 1859 he was working on the fifth volume . |
210 | hannah more | 1 | PERSON | macaulay was born at rothley temple in leicestershire on 25 october 1800 , the son of zachary macaulay , a scottish highlander , who became a colonial governor and abolitionist , and selina mills of bristol , a former pupil of hannah more . |
211 | fashion | 1 | TENDENCY | losurdo noted that this did not prompt any doubts from macaulay over the right of britain to administer its colonies in an autocratic fashion ; for example , while macaulay described the administration of governor-general of india warren hastings as being so despotic that " all the injustice of former oppressors , asiatic and european , appeared as a blessing " , he ( hastings ) deserved " high admiration " and a rank among " the most remarkable men in our history " for " having saved england and civilisation " . |
212 | guilty | 1 | DECISION | on the other hand , speck also wrote that macaulay " took pains to present the virtues even of a rogue , and he painted the virtuous warts and all " , and that " he was never guilty of suppressing or distorting evidence to make it support a proposition which he knew to be untrue " . |
213 | starting point | 1 | PLACE | his interpretation of the glorious revolution also remains the essential starting point for any discussion of that episode ... |
214 | foundation | 1 | EVENT | the need to collect reliable portraits of notable figures from history for this project led to the foundation of the national portrait gallery , which was formally established on 2 december 1856 . |
215 | daughter margaret | 1 | PERSON | margaret , who died while he was in india , and hannah , to whose daughter margaret , whom he called ' baba ' , he was also attached . |
216 | lord melbourne | 1 | PERSON | he was made secretary at war in 1839 by lord melbourne and was sworn of the privy council the same year . |
217 | bar | 1 | PLACE | he studied law and in 1826 he was called to the bar , before he took more interest in a political career . |
218 | william | 1 | PERSON | in his minute , he urged lord william bentinck , the then- governor-general to reform secondary education on utilitarian lines to deliver " useful learning " , a phrase that to him was synonymous with western culture . |
219 | memoir | 1 | ABSTRACT ENTITY | essays with a memoir and index . |
220 | william pitt | 1 | PERSON | william pitt , earl of chatham : second essay ( maynard , merrill , & company , 1892 , 110 pages ) |
221 | love | 1 | PERSON | macaulay , who did not marry nor have children , was rumoured to have fallen in love with maria kinnaird , who was the wealthy ward of richard ' conversation ' sharp . |
222 | moody | 1 | PERSON | macaulay in the edinburgh review in 1827 , and in a series of anonymous letters to the morning chronicle , censured the analysis of indentured labour by the british colonial office expert colonel thomas moody , kt . macaulay 's evangelical whig father zachary macaulay , who desired a ' free black peasantry ' rather than equality for africans , also censured , in the anti-slavery reporter , moody 's contentions . |
223 | supporters | 1 | PERSON | supporters |
224 | indian mutiny | 1 | GOVERNMENT | in the aftermath of the indian mutiny of 1857 , macaulay 's criminal law proposal was enacted . |
225 | project | 1 | PERSON | the need to collect reliable portraits of notable figures from history for this project led to the foundation of the national portrait gallery , which was formally established on 2 december 1856 . |
226 | person | 1 | PERSON | for another person with the name , see thomas babington macaulay ( nigeria ) . |
227 | hertfordshire | 1 | PLACE | he was educated at a private school in hertfordshire , and , subsequently , at trinity college , cambridge , where he won several prizes , including the chancellor 's gold medal in june 1821 , and where he in 1825 published a prominent essay on milton in the edinburgh review . |
228 | institutions | 1 | INSTITUTION | there was no tradition of secondary education in vernacular languages ; the institutions supported by the east india company taught either in sanskrit or persian . hence , he argued , " we have to educate a people who cannot at present be educated by means of their mother-tongue . |
229 | success | 1 | STATE | with regards to macaulay 's determination to inspect physically the places mentioned in his history , potter said : much of the success of the famous third chapter of the history which may be said to have introduced the study of social history , and even ... local history , was due to the intense local knowledge acquired on the spot . |
230 | city | 1 | PLACE | he also received the freedom of the city . |
231 | injustice | 1 | POWER | losurdo noted that this did not prompt any doubts from macaulay over the right of britain to administer its colonies in an autocratic fashion ; for example , while macaulay described the administration of governor-general of india warren hastings as being so despotic that " all the injustice of former oppressors , asiatic and european , appeared as a blessing " , he ( hastings ) deserved " high admiration " and a rank among " the most remarkable men in our history " for " having saved england and civilisation " . |
232 | ballads ivry | 1 | PERSON | as a young man he composed the ballads ivry and the armada , which he later included as part of lays of ancient rome , a series of very popular poems about heroic episodes in roman history which he began composing in india and continued in rome , finally publishing in 1842 . |
233 | wit | 1 | PERSON | w. s. gilbert described macaulay 's wit , " who wrote of queen anne " as part of colonel calverley 's act i patter song in the libretto of the 1881 operetta patience . |
234 | british colonial office expert colonel thomas moody | 1 | PERSON | macaulay in the edinburgh review in 1827 , and in a series of anonymous letters to the morning chronicle , censured the analysis of indentured labour by the british colonial office expert colonel thomas moody , kt . macaulay 's evangelical whig father zachary macaulay , who desired a ' free black peasantry ' rather than equality for africans , also censured , in the anti-slavery reporter , moody 's contentions . |
235 | interpreters | 1 | PERSON | we must at present do our best to form a class who may be interpreters between us and the millions whom we govern ; a class of persons indian in blood and colour , but english in tastes , in opinions , in morals , and in intellect . |
236 | helots | 1 | UNKNOWN | losurdo states that " macaulay acknowledged that the english colonists in india behaved like spartans confronting helots : we are dealing with 'a race of sovereign ' or a ' sovereign caste ' , wielding absolute power over its ' serfs ' . " |
237 | career | 1 | STATE | he studied law and in 1826 he was called to the bar , before he took more interest in a political career . |
238 | reading | 1 | PERSON | in his letters he describes his reading of the aeneid whilst he was in malvern in 1851 , and says he was moved to tears by virgil 's poetry . |
239 | falsifier | 1 | UNKNOWN | karl marx referred to him as a ' systematic falsifier of history ' . |
240 | sister | 1 | PERSON | they named their first child after his uncle thomas babington , a leicestershire landowner and politician , who had married zachary 's sister jean . |
241 | europeans | 1 | UNKNOWN | but when we pass from works of imagination to works in which facts are recorded and general principles investigated , the superiority of the europeans becomes absolutely immeasurable . |
242 | colonialism | 1 | WORD | in indian culture , the term " macaulay 's children " is sometimes used to refer to people born of indian ancestry who adopt western culture as a lifestyle , or display attitudes influenced by colonialism ( " macaulayism " ) - expressions used disparagingly , and with the implication of disloyalty to one 's country and one 's heritage . |
243 | j. r. western | 1 | PLACE | in 1972 , j. r. western wrote that : |
244 | picture | 1 | PICTURE | as a result it is a superb , living picture of great britain in the latter half of the seventeenth century ... |
245 | faith | 1 | PERSON | in 1888 , acton wrote that macaulay " had done more than any writer in the literature of the world for the propagation of the liberal faith , and he was not only the greatest , but the most representative , englishman then living " . |
246 | validity | 1 | EVENT | according to speck : denies the past has its own validity , treating it as being merely a prelude to his own age . |
247 | respect | 1 | EVENT | speck wrote in 1980 , that a reason macaulay 's history of england " still commands respect is that it was based upon a prodigious amount of research " . |
248 | superb | 1 | UNKNOWN | as a result it is a superb , living picture of great britain in the latter half of the seventeenth century ... |
249 | penal code | 1 | EVENT | his final years in india were devoted to the creation of a penal code , as the leading member of the law commission . |
250 | section | 1 | RANK | this includes section 377 of the indian penal code , which remains the basis for laws which criminalize homosexuality in several commonwealth nations . |
251 | attempt | 1 | ACTION | he stated : i feel with them that it is impossible for us , with our limited means , to attempt to educate the body of the people . |
252 | agent | 1 | TERM | the chief agent of that transformation was surely macaulay , aided , of course , by the receding relevance of seventeenth-century conflicts to contemporary politics , as the power of the crown waned further , and the civil disabilities of catholics and dissenters were removed by legislation . |
253 | counterparts | 1 | FORM | the indian penal code inspired counterparts in most other british colonies , and to date many of these laws are still in effect in places as far apart as pakistan , malaysia , myanmar , bangladesh , sri lanka , nigeria and zimbabwe , as well as in india itself . |
254 | sanskrit works | 1 | UNKNOWN | i have read translations of the most celebrated arabic and sanskrit works . |
255 | conviction | 1 | ACT | macaulay also played a substantial role in determining india 's education policy , in which he was guided by his conviction that western european culture was superior to that of india and the middle east . |
256 | interest | 1 | ELEMENT | he studied law and in 1826 he was called to the bar , before he took more interest in a political career . |
257 | sri lanka | 1 | PERSON | the indian penal code inspired counterparts in most other british colonies , and to date many of these laws are still in effect in places as far apart as pakistan , malaysia , myanmar , bangladesh , sri lanka , nigeria and zimbabwe , as well as in india itself . |
258 | morning chronicle | 1 | PERSON | macaulay in the edinburgh review in 1827 , and in a series of anonymous letters to the morning chronicle , censured the analysis of indentured labour by the british colonial office expert colonel thomas moody , kt . macaulay 's evangelical whig father zachary macaulay , who desired a ' free black peasantry ' rather than equality for africans , also censured , in the anti-slavery reporter , moody 's contentions . |
259 | fires | 1 | FIRE | the young macaulay was noted as a child prodigy ; as a toddler , gazing out of the window from his cot at the chimneys of a local factory , he is reputed to have asked his father whether the smoke came from the fires of hell . |
260 | propagation | 1 | ACT | in 1888 , acton wrote that macaulay " had done more than any writer in the literature of the world for the propagation of the liberal faith , and he was not only the greatest , but the most representative , englishman then living " . |
261 | one sidedness | 1 | PROPERTY |  |
262 | outlook | 1 | GROUP | if his outlook was insular , however , it was surely british rather than english . |
263 | major general claude martin | 1 | PERSON | macaulay 's largely coincided with bentinck 's views and bentinck 's english education act 1835 closely matched macaulay 's recommendations ( in 1836 , a school named la martinière , founded by major general claude martin , had one of its houses named after him ) , but subsequent governors-general took a more conciliatory approach to existing indian education . |
264 | macaulays | 1 | UNKNOWN | the arms , crest and motto allude to the heraldry of the macaulays of ardincaple ; however thomas babington macaulay was not related to this clan at all . |
265 | prizes | 1 | ABSTRACT ENTITY | he was educated at a private school in hertfordshire , and , subsequently , at trinity college , cambridge , where he won several prizes , including the chancellor 's gold medal in june 1821 , and where he in 1825 published a prominent essay on milton in the edinburgh review . |
266 | law proposal | 1 | ABSTRACT ENTITY | in the aftermath of the indian mutiny of 1857 , macaulay 's criminal law proposal was enacted . |
267 | invitation | 1 | SPEECH ACT | macaulay by john partridge macaulay in 1830 accepted the invitation of the marquess of lansdowne that he become member of parliament for the pocket borough of calne . |
268 | viscount melbourne | 1 | PERSON | the viscount melbourne preceded by viscount howick succeeded by sir henry hardinge paymaster general in office 7 july 1846 - 8 may 1848 monarch victoria prime minister lord john russell preceded by hon . |
269 | melbourne | 1 | PERSON | the viscount melbourne preceded by viscount howick succeeded by sir henry hardinge paymaster general in office 7 july 1846 - 8 may 1848 monarch victoria prime minister lord john russell preceded by hon . |
270 | reasons | 1 | EVENT | he remains to me one of the greatest of all writers and masters , although i think him utterly base , contemptible and odious for certain reasons which you know . |
271 | differences | 1 | AMOUNT | not only does this misuse the past , it also leads him to exaggerate the differences . |
272 | months | 1 | PERIOD | his weakness after suffering a heart attack caused him to postpone for several months making his speech of thanks to the edinburgh voters . |
273 | w. s. gilbert | 1 | PERSON | w. s. gilbert described macaulay 's wit , " who wrote of queen anne " as part of colonel calverley 's act i patter song in the libretto of the 1881 operetta patience . |
274 | longmans | 1 | UNKNOWN | longmans , green , and company . 1881 . |
275 | millions | 1 | UNKNOWN | we must at present do our best to form a class who may be interpreters between us and the millions whom we govern ; a class of persons indian in blood and colour , but english in tastes , in opinions , in morals , and in intellect . |
276 | civil procedure code | 1 | PERSON | the indian penal code in 1860 was followed by the criminal procedure code in 1872 and the civil procedure code in 1908 . |
277 | life macaulay | 1 | PERSON |  |
278 | malaysia | 1 | PLACE | the indian penal code inspired counterparts in most other british colonies , and to date many of these laws are still in effect in places as far apart as pakistan , malaysia , myanmar , bangladesh , sri lanka , nigeria and zimbabwe , as well as in india itself . |
279 | copyright | 1 | PERSON | in 1841 macaulay addressed the issue of copyright law . |
280 | continuation | 1 | ABILITY | but auschwitz and hiroshima destroyed this century 's claim to moral superiority over its predecessors , while the exhaustion of natural resources raises serious doubts about the continuation even of material progress into the next . |
281 | dignity | 1 | DIGNITY | the history is much more than the vindication of a party ; it is an attempt to insinuate a view of politics , pragmatic , reverent , essentially burkean , informed by a high , even tumid sense of the worth of public life , yet fully conscious of its interrelations with the wider progress of society ; it embodies what hallam had merely asserted , a sense of the privileged possession by englishmen of their history , as well as of the epic dignity of government by discussion . |
282 | sister jean | 1 | PERSON | they named their first child after his uncle thomas babington , a leicestershire landowner and politician , who had married zachary 's sister jean . |
283 | rogue | 1 | TENDENCY | on the other hand , speck also wrote that macaulay " took pains to present the virtues even of a rogue , and he painted the virtuous warts and all " , and that " he was never guilty of suppressing or distorting evidence to make it support a proposition which he knew to be untrue " . |
284 | privy council | 1 | HUMAN GROUP | he was made secretary at war in 1839 by lord melbourne and was sworn of the privy council the same year . |
285 | jews | 1 | PERSON | macaulay 's maiden speech in parliament advocated abolition of the civil disabilities of the jews in the uk . |
286 | ward | 1 | PERSON | macaulay , who did not marry nor have children , was rumoured to have fallen in love with maria kinnaird , who was the wealthy ward of richard ' conversation ' sharp . |
287 | spanish | 1 | PLACE | he taught himself german , dutch and spanish , and was fluent in french . |
288 | captain | 1 | PERSON | then out spake brave horatius , the captain of the gate : " to every man upon this earth death cometh soon or late . |
289 | shot | 1 | ACT | it is worth every ounce of powder and shot that is fired against it . " |
290 | case | 1 | RANK | " as is often the case , macaulay had it exactly right . " |
291 | westminster abbey | 1 | PERSON | on 9 january 1860 he was buried in westminster abbey , in poets ' |
292 | smoke | 1 | PERSON | the young macaulay was noted as a child prodigy ; as a toddler , gazing out of the window from his cot at the chimneys of a local factory , he is reputed to have asked his father whether the smoke came from the fires of hell . |
293 | son | 1 | PERSON | macaulay was born at rothley temple in leicestershire on 25 october 1800 , the son of zachary macaulay , a scottish highlander , who became a colonial governor and abolitionist , and selina mills of bristol , a former pupil of hannah more . |
294 | east india company | 1 | INSTITUTION | there was no tradition of secondary education in vernacular languages ; the institutions supported by the east india company taught either in sanskrit or persian . hence , he argued , " we have to educate a people who cannot at present be educated by means of their mother-tongue . |
295 | bragar | 1 | UNKNOWN | for the british labour politician , see donald macaulay , baron macaulay of bragar . |
296 | chancellor | 1 | PERSON | he was educated at a private school in hertfordshire , and , subsequently , at trinity college , cambridge , where he won several prizes , including the chancellor 's gold medal in june 1821 , and where he in 1825 published a prominent essay on milton in the edinburgh review . |
297 | spot | 1 | SPEECH ACT | with regards to macaulay 's determination to inspect physically the places mentioned in his history , potter said : much of the success of the famous third chapter of the history which may be said to have introduced the study of social history , and even ... local history , was due to the intense local knowledge acquired on the spot . |
298 | equality | 1 | EQUALITY | macaulay in the edinburgh review in 1827 , and in a series of anonymous letters to the morning chronicle , censured the analysis of indentured labour by the british colonial office expert colonel thomas moody , kt . macaulay 's evangelical whig father zachary macaulay , who desired a ' free black peasantry ' rather than equality for africans , also censured , in the anti-slavery reporter , moody 's contentions . |
299 | dutch | 1 | PERSON | he taught himself german , dutch and spanish , and was fluent in french . |
300 | libretto | 1 | STYLE | w. s. gilbert described macaulay 's wit , " who wrote of queen anne " as part of colonel calverley 's act i patter song in the libretto of the 1881 operetta patience . |
301 | rothley temple | 1 | PLACE | bingham baring succeeded by the earl granville personal details born ( 1800-10-25) 25 october 1800 rothley temple , leicestershire , england died 28 december 1859( 1859-12-28 ) ( aged 59 ) london , england political party whig parent(s ) |
302 | british labour politician | 1 | PERSON | for the british labour politician , see donald macaulay , baron macaulay of bragar . |
303 | act | 1 | ACT | he became mp for leeds subsequent to the 1833 enactment of the reform act 1832 , by which calne 's representation was reduced from two mps to one , and by which leeds , which had not been represented before , had two mps . |
304 | fact striking | 1 | ACT | speck concluded : what is in fact striking is the extent to which his history of england at least has survived subsequent research . |
305 | drama | 1 | STATE | his tendency to see history as a drama led him to treat figures whose views he opposed as if they were villains , while characters he approved of were presented as heroes . |
306 | sun | 1 | PERSON | we must never judge the quality of a teaching by the quality of the teacher , or allow the spots to shut out the sun . |
307 | zachary | 1 | PERSON | zachary macaulay selina mills alma mater trinity college , cambridge occupation politician profession historian , poet signature thomas babington macaulay , 1st baron macaulay , pc , frs , frse ( /ˈbæbɪŋtən məˈkɔːli/ ; 25 october 1800 - 28 december 1859 ) was an english historian , poet , and whig politician , who served as the secretary at war between 1839 and 1841 , and as the paymaster general between 1846 and 1848 . |
308 | capacities | 1 | ARTIFACT | vol. 1 , vol . 2 " social and industrial capacities of the negroes " . |
309 | ideas | 1 | RESULT | of course macaulay thought that the whigs of the seventeenth century were correct in their fundamental ideas , but the hero of the history was william , who , as macaulay says , was certainly no whig ... if this was |
310 | training | 1 | SOUND | his minute on indian education of february 1835 was primarily responsible for the introduction of western institutional education to india . macaulay recommended the introduction of the english language as the official language of secondary education instruction in all schools where there had been none before , and the training of english-speaking indians as teachers . |
311 | westminster | 1 | PERSON | the funeral of thomas babington macaulay , baron macaulay , by sir george scharf macaulay sat on the committee to decide on the historical subjects to be painted in the new palace of westminster . |
312 | rothley | 1 | PLACE | bingham baring succeeded by the earl granville personal details born ( 1800-10-25) 25 october 1800 rothley temple , leicestershire , england died 28 december 1859( 1859-12-28 ) ( aged 59 ) london , england political party whig parent(s ) |
313 | sir winston churchill | 1 | PERSON | on 7 february 1954 , lord moran , doctor to the prime minister , sir winston churchill , recorded in his diary : |
314 | means | 1 | UNKNOWN | there was no tradition of secondary education in vernacular languages ; the institutions supported by the east india company taught either in sanskrit or persian . hence , he argued , " we have to educate a people who cannot at present be educated by means of their mother-tongue . |
315 | passage | 1 | EVENT | although it is often dismissed as inaccurate , it is hard to pinpoint a passage where he is categorically in error ... his account of events has stood up remarkably well ... |
316 | frse | 1 | PERSON | the right honourable the lord macaulay pc frs frse photogravure of macaulay by antoine claudet secretary at war |
317 | anyone | 1 | UNKNOWN | yet there was a time when anyone with any pretension to cultivation read macaulay . |
318 | dominant | 1 | LANGUAGE | it was a dominant creed in the era of the great exhibition . |
319 | james ii | 1 | PERSON | * the history of england from the accession of james ii . * 5 vols ( 1848 ) : |
320 | greatest | 1 | UNKNOWN | in 1880 acton classed macaulay ( with burke and gladstone ) as one " of the three greatest liberals " . |
321 | clan | 1 | GROUP | the arms , crest and motto allude to the heraldry of the macaulays of ardincaple ; however thomas babington macaulay was not related to this clan at all . |
322 | leicester | 1 | PLACE | in 1857 he was raised to the peerage as baron macaulay , of rothley in the county of leicester , but seldom attended the house of lords . |
323 | conflicts | 1 | EVENT | the chief agent of that transformation was surely macaulay , aided , of course , by the receding relevance of seventeenth-century conflicts to contemporary politics , as the power of the crown waned further , and the civil disabilities of catholics and dissenters were removed by legislation . |
324 | ardincaple | 1 | UNKNOWN | the arms , crest and motto allude to the heraldry of the macaulays of ardincaple ; however thomas babington macaulay was not related to this clan at all . |
325 | art | 1 | ARTWORK | he knew nothing respectably before the seventeenth century , he knew nothing of foreign history , of religion , philosophy , science , or art . |
326 | articles | 1 | ARTICLE | he was not above par in literary criticism ; his indian articles will not hold water ; and his two most famous reviews , on bacon and ranke , show his incompetence . |
327 | poet | 1 | PERSON | zachary macaulay selina mills alma mater trinity college , cambridge occupation politician profession historian , poet signature thomas babington macaulay , 1st baron macaulay , pc , frs , frse ( /ˈbæbɪŋtən məˈkɔːli/ ; 25 october 1800 - 28 december 1859 ) was an english historian , poet , and whig politician , who served as the secretary at war between 1839 and 1841 , and as the paymaster general between 1846 and 1848 . |
328 | representation | 1 | ACT | he became mp for leeds subsequent to the 1833 enactment of the reform act 1832 , by which calne 's representation was reduced from two mps to one , and by which leeds , which had not been represented before , had two mps . |
329 | whig historians | 1 | PERSON | though he was never cited by name , there can be no doubt that macaulay answers to the charges brought against whig historians , particularly that they study the past with reference to the present , class people in the past as those who furthered progress and those who hindered it , and judge them accordingly . |
330 | danger | 1 | PERSON | motto dulce periculum ( translation from latin : " danger is sweet " ) . |
331 | malvern | 1 | PERSON | in his letters he describes his reading of the aeneid whilst he was in malvern in 1851 , and says he was moved to tears by virgil 's poetry . |
332 | acceptance | 1 | PURPOSE | whiggism it was so only , by the mid-nineteenth century , in the most extended and inclusive sense , requiring only an acceptance of parliamentary government and a sense of gravity of precedent . |
333 | contact | 1 | QUANTITY | for all his linguistic abilities he seems never to have tried to enter into sympathetic mental contact with the classical world or with the europe of his day . |
334 | use | 1 | USE | macaulay argued that sanskrit and persian were no more accessible than english to the speakers of the indian vernacular languages and existing sanskrit and persian texts were of little use for " useful learning " . |
335 | hiroshima | 1 | PLACE | but auschwitz and hiroshima destroyed this century 's claim to moral superiority over its predecessors , while the exhaustion of natural resources raises serious doubts about the continuation even of material progress into the next . |
336 | lord grey | 1 | PERSON | macaulay was secretary to the board of control under lord grey from 1832 until he in 1833 required , as a consequence of the penury of his father , a more remunerative office , than that of the unremunerated office of an mp , from which he resigned after the passing of the government of india |
337 | episodes | 1 | EVENT | as a young man he composed the ballads ivry and the armada , which he later included as part of lays of ancient rome , a series of very popular poems about heroic episodes in roman history which he began composing in india and continued in rome , finally publishing in 1842 . |
338 | superstition | 1 | TRUST | political writing macaulay 's political writings are famous for their ringing prose and for their confident , sometimes dogmatic , emphasis on a progressive model of british history , according to which the country threw off superstition , autocracy and confusion to create a balanced constitution and a forward-looking culture combined with freedom of belief and expression . |
339 | duke | 1 | PERSON | winston churchill devoted a four-volume biography of the duke of marlborough to rebutting macaulay 's slights on his ancestor , expressing hope " to fasten the label ' liar ' to his genteel coat-tails " . |
340 | june | 1 | PERIOD | he was educated at a private school in hertfordshire , and , subsequently , at trinity college , cambridge , where he won several prizes , including the chancellor 's gold medal in june 1821 , and where he in 1825 published a prominent essay on milton in the edinburgh review . |
341 | great britain | 1 | PLACE | as a result it is a superb , living picture of great britain in the latter half of the seventeenth century ... |
342 | gods | 1 | PERSON | than facing fearful odds , for the ashes of his fathers , and the temples of his gods ? " |
343 | testimonial | 1 | QUANTITY | himmelfarb also laments that " the history of the history is a sad testimonial to the cultural regression of our times " . |
344 | course macaulay | 1 | PERSON | of course macaulay thought that the whigs of the seventeenth century were correct in their fundamental ideas , but the hero of the history was william , who , as macaulay says , was certainly no whig ... if this was |
345 | friend | 1 | PERSON | macaulay remained grateful to his former patron , lansdowne , who remained his friend . |
346 | orientalists | 1 | PERSON | i am quite ready to take the oriental learning at the valuation of the orientalists themselves . |
347 | pocket borough | 1 | EVENT | macaulay by john partridge macaulay in 1830 accepted the invitation of the marquess of lansdowne that he become member of parliament for the pocket borough of calne . |
348 | heraldry | 1 | ACT | the arms , crest and motto allude to the heraldry of the macaulays of ardincaple ; however thomas babington macaulay was not related to this clan at all . |
349 | sir george scharf macaulay | 1 | PERSON | the funeral of thomas babington macaulay , baron macaulay , by sir george scharf macaulay sat on the committee to decide on the historical subjects to be painted in the new palace of westminster . |
350 | events | 1 | EVENT | although it is often dismissed as inaccurate , it is hard to pinpoint a passage where he is categorically in error ... his account of events has stood up remarkably well ... |
351 | reverent | 1 | UNKNOWN | the history is much more than the vindication of a party ; it is an attempt to insinuate a view of politics , pragmatic , reverent , essentially burkean , informed by a high , even tumid sense of the worth of public life , yet fully conscious of its interrelations with the wider progress of society ; it embodies what hallam had merely asserted , a sense of the privileged possession by englishmen of their history , as well as of the epic dignity of government by discussion . |
352 | governor | 1 | PERSON | macaulay was born at rothley temple in leicestershire on 25 october 1800 , the son of zachary macaulay , a scottish highlander , who became a colonial governor and abolitionist , and selina mills of bristol , a former pupil of hannah more . |
353 | half | 1 | PLACE | the essays are only pleasant reading , and a key to half the prejudices of our age . |
354 | control | 1 | GROUP | macaulay was secretary to the board of control under lord grey from 1832 until he in 1833 required , as a consequence of the penury of his father , a more remunerative office , than that of the unremunerated office of an mp , from which he resigned after the passing of the government of india |
355 | talk | 1 | EVENT | his talk interested the p.m. ... macaulay , longman went on , was not read now ; there was no demand for his books . |
356 | funeral | 1 | ACTION | the funeral of thomas babington macaulay , baron macaulay , by sir george scharf macaulay sat on the committee to decide on the historical subjects to be painted in the new palace of westminster . |
357 | novel marathon man | 1 | PERSON | in the novel marathon man and its film adaptation , the protagonist was named ' thomas babington ' after macaulay . |
358 | odds | 1 | UNKNOWN | than facing fearful odds , for the ashes of his fathers , and the temples of his gods ? " |
359 | sovereign caste | 1 | PERSON | losurdo states that " macaulay acknowledged that the english colonists in india behaved like spartans confronting helots : we are dealing with 'a race of sovereign ' or a ' sovereign caste ' , wielding absolute power over its ' serfs ' . " |
360 | committee | 1 | HUMAN GROUP | the funeral of thomas babington macaulay , baron macaulay , by sir george scharf macaulay sat on the committee to decide on the historical subjects to be painted in the new palace of westminster . |
361 | information | 1 | INFORMATION | it is , i believe , no exaggeration to say that all the historical information which has been collected from all the books written in the sanskrit language is less valuable than what may be found in the most paltry abridgments used at preparatory schools in england . |
362 | penury | 1 | DEFICIENCY | macaulay was secretary to the board of control under lord grey from 1832 until he in 1833 required , as a consequence of the penury of his father , a more remunerative office , than that of the unremunerated office of an mp , from which he resigned after the passing of the government of india |
363 | londonderry | 1 | PLACE | no description of the relief of londonderry in a major history of england existed before 1850 ; after his visit there and the narrative written round it no other account has been needed ... scotland came fully into its own and from then until now it has been a commonplace that english history is incomprehensible without scotland . |
364 | weakness | 1 | QUALITY | his weakness after suffering a heart attack caused him to postpone for several months making his speech of thanks to the edinburgh voters . |
365 | prejudices | 1 | COGNITIVE STATE | the essays are only pleasant reading , and a key to half the prejudices of our age . |
366 | immortality | 1 | CONDITION | potter concluded that " in the long roll of english historical writing from clarendon to trevelyan only gibbon has surpassed him in security of reputation and certainty of immortality " . |
367 | virtues | 1 | PERSON | on the other hand , speck also wrote that macaulay " took pains to present the virtues even of a rogue , and he painted the virtuous warts and all " , and that " he was never guilty of suppressing or distorting evidence to make it support a proposition which he knew to be untrue " . |
368 | john partridge macaulay | 1 | PERSON | macaulay by john partridge macaulay in 1830 accepted the invitation of the marquess of lansdowne that he become member of parliament for the pocket borough of calne . |
369 | subjects | 1 | EVENT | the funeral of thomas babington macaulay , baron macaulay , by sir george scharf macaulay sat on the committee to decide on the historical subjects to be painted in the new palace of westminster . |
370 | prime minister | 1 | HUMAN ROLE | in office 27 september 1839 - 30 august 1841 monarch victoria prime minister |
371 | toddler | 1 | PERSON | the young macaulay was noted as a child prodigy ; as a toddler , gazing out of the window from his cot at the chimneys of a local factory , he is reputed to have asked his father whether the smoke came from the fires of hell . |
372 | sir francis grant | 1 | PERSON | macaulay by sir francis grant returning to britain in 1838 , he became mp again in edinburgh in the following year . |
373 | pages | 1 | INSTANCE | william pitt , earl of chatham : second essay ( maynard , merrill , & company , 1892 , 110 pages ) |
374 | pakistan | 1 | PLACE | the indian penal code inspired counterparts in most other british colonies , and to date many of these laws are still in effect in places as far apart as pakistan , malaysia , myanmar , bangladesh , sri lanka , nigeria and zimbabwe , as well as in india itself . |
375 | publications | 1 | ACTION | macaulay wrote for the edinburgh review and other publications , which were collected in book form and a steady best-seller throughout the 19th century . |
376 | librivox | 1 | UNKNOWN | vol. 1 , vol. 2 , vol. 3 , vol. 4 , vol . 5 at project gutenberg * volumes 1-3 at librivox org critical and historical essays ( 1843 ) , 2 vols , edited by alexander james grieve . |
377 | english history | 1 | INSTANCE | no description of the relief of londonderry in a major history of england existed before 1850 ; after his visit there and the narrative written round it no other account has been needed ... scotland came fully into its own and from then until now it has been a commonplace that english history is incomprehensible without scotland . |
378 | term | 1 | TERM | in indian culture , the term " macaulay 's children " is sometimes used to refer to people born of indian ancestry who adopt western culture as a lifestyle , or display attitudes influenced by colonialism ( " macaulayism " ) - expressions used disparagingly , and with the implication of disloyalty to one 's country and one 's heritage . |
379 | heroism | 1 | CHARACTERISTIC | the most famous of them , horatius , concerns the heroism of horatius cocles . |
380 | autocracy | 1 | FORM | political writing macaulay 's political writings are famous for their ringing prose and for their confident , sometimes dogmatic , emphasis on a progressive model of british history , according to which the country threw off superstition , autocracy and confusion to create a balanced constitution and a forward-looking culture combined with freedom of belief and expression . |
381 | commonplace | 1 | PERSON | no description of the relief of londonderry in a major history of england existed before 1850 ; after his visit there and the narrative written round it no other account has been needed ... scotland came fully into its own and from then until now it has been a commonplace that english history is incomprehensible without scotland . |
382 | description | 1 | ACT | no description of the relief of londonderry in a major history of england existed before 1850 ; after his visit there and the narrative written round it no other account has been needed ... scotland came fully into its own and from then until now it has been a commonplace that english history is incomprehensible without scotland . |
383 | burkean | 1 | UNKNOWN | the history is much more than the vindication of a party ; it is an attempt to insinuate a view of politics , pragmatic , reverent , essentially burkean , informed by a high , even tumid sense of the worth of public life , yet fully conscious of its interrelations with the wider progress of society ; it embodies what hallam had merely asserted , a sense of the privileged possession by englishmen of their history , as well as of the epic dignity of government by discussion . |
384 | cambridge occupation politician profession historian | 1 | PERSON | zachary macaulay selina mills alma mater trinity college , cambridge occupation politician profession historian , poet signature thomas babington macaulay , 1st baron macaulay , pc , frs , frse ( /ˈbæbɪŋtən məˈkɔːli/ ; 25 october 1800 - 28 december 1859 ) was an english historian , poet , and whig politician , who served as the secretary at war between 1839 and 1841 , and as the paymaster general between 1846 and 1848 . |
385 | estimate | 1 | ACT | but i have done what i could to form a correct estimate of their value . |
386 | patience | 1 | EVENT | w. s. gilbert described macaulay 's wit , " who wrote of queen anne " as part of colonel calverley 's act i patter song in the libretto of the 1881 operetta patience . |
387 | relief | 1 | EVENT | no description of the relief of londonderry in a major history of england existed before 1850 ; after his visit there and the narrative written round it no other account has been needed ... scotland came fully into its own and from then until now it has been a commonplace that english history is incomprehensible without scotland . |
388 | relevance | 1 | PROPERTY | the chief agent of that transformation was surely macaulay , aided , of course , by the receding relevance of seventeenth-century conflicts to contemporary politics , as the power of the crown waned further , and the civil disabilities of catholics and dissenters were removed by legislation . |
389 | population | 1 | PERSON | to that class we may leave it to refine the vernacular dialects of the country , to enrich those dialects with terms of science borrowed from the western nomenclature , and to render them by degrees fit vehicles for conveying knowledge to the great mass of the population . |
390 | confusion | 1 | DEFICIENCY | political writing macaulay 's political writings are famous for their ringing prose and for their confident , sometimes dogmatic , emphasis on a progressive model of british history , according to which the country threw off superstition , autocracy and confusion to create a balanced constitution and a forward-looking culture combined with freedom of belief and expression . |
391 | consequence | 1 | CONSEQUENCE | macaulay was secretary to the board of control under lord grey from 1832 until he in 1833 required , as a consequence of the penury of his father , a more remunerative office , than that of the unremunerated office of an mp , from which he resigned after the passing of the government of india |
392 | miscellaneous writings | 1 | EVENT | the miscellaneous writings and speeches of lord macaulay( 1860 ) , 4 vols vol. 1 , vol. 2 , vol. 3 , vol . 4 machiavelli on niccolò machiavelli ( 1850 ) . |
393 | abilities | 1 | ABILITY | for all his linguistic abilities he seems never to have tried to enter into sympathetic mental contact with the classical world or with the europe of his day . |
394 | advances | 1 | UNKNOWN | this is especially noticeable in the third chapter of his history of england , when again and again he contrasts the backwardness of 1685 with the advances achieved by 1848 . |
395 | spur | 1 | NUMBER | crest upon a rock a boot proper thereon a spur or . |
396 | governors general | 1 | PERSON |  |
397 | englishman | 1 | UNKNOWN | in 1888 , acton wrote that macaulay " had done more than any writer in the literature of the world for the propagation of the liberal faith , and he was not only the greatest , but the most representative , englishman then living " . |
398 | walter olson | 1 | PERSON | in 2008 , walter olson argued for the pre-eminence of macaulay as a british classical liberal . |
399 | la martinière | 1 | PLACE | macaulay 's largely coincided with bentinck 's views and bentinck 's english education act 1835 closely matched macaulay 's recommendations ( in 1836 , a school named la martinière , founded by major general claude martin , had one of its houses named after him ) , but subsequent governors-general took a more conciliatory approach to existing indian education . |
400 | chandra bhan prasad | 1 | PERSON | in independent india , macaulay 's idea of the civilising mission has been used by dalitists , in particular by neo-liberalist chandra bhan prasad , as a " creative appropriation for self-empowerment " , based on the view that the dalit community was empowered by macaulay 's deprecation of hindu culture and support for western-style education in india . |
401 | english education act | 1 | ACT | macaulay 's largely coincided with bentinck 's views and bentinck 's english education act 1835 closely matched macaulay 's recommendations ( in 1836 , a school named la martinière , founded by major general claude martin , had one of its houses named after him ) , but subsequent governors-general took a more conciliatory approach to existing indian education . |
402 | ashes | 1 | HEAD | than facing fearful odds , for the ashes of his fathers , and the temples of his gods ? " |
403 | period | 1 | PERIOD | " despite its age and blemishes , macaulay 's history of england has still to be superseded by a full-scale modern history of the period . " |
404 | rock | 1 | PLACE | crest upon a rock a boot proper thereon a spur or . |
405 | journals | 1 | UNKNOWN | the journals of thomas babington macaulay , 5 vols , edited by william thomas . |
406 | lord john russell | 1 | PERSON | the viscount melbourne preceded by viscount howick succeeded by sir henry hardinge paymaster general in office 7 july 1846 - 8 may 1848 monarch victoria prime minister lord john russell preceded by hon . |
407 | principles | 1 | PERSON | but when we pass from works of imagination to works in which facts are recorded and general principles investigated , the superiority of the europeans becomes absolutely immeasurable . |
408 | influence | 1 | POWER | macaulay had been a great influence in his young days . |
409 | bordure | 1 | UNKNOWN | or and azure between two buckles in pale of the third a bordure engrailed also of the third . |
410 | law | 1 | PERSON | he studied law and in 1826 he was called to the bar , before he took more interest in a political career . |
411 | valuation | 1 | AMOUNT | i am quite ready to take the oriental learning at the valuation of the orientalists themselves . |
412 | uses | 1 | USE | for other uses , see thomas macaulay ( disambiguation ) . |
413 | liberal historian lord acton | 1 | PERSON | the liberal historian lord acton read macaulay 's |
414 | philosophies | 1 | GROUP | later historians have also highlighted his views on non-european cultures and philosophies as explicitly racist , citing , for example , his remark that 'a single shelf of a good european library was worth the whole native literature of india and arabia ' . |
415 | amount | 1 | AMOUNT | speck wrote in 1980 , that a reason macaulay 's history of england " still commands respect is that it was based upon a prodigious amount of research " . |
416 | warts | 1 | INCREASE | on the other hand , speck also wrote that macaulay " took pains to present the virtues even of a rogue , and he painted the virtuous warts and all " , and that " he was never guilty of suppressing or distorting evidence to make it support a proposition which he knew to be untrue " . |
417 | error | 1 | RESULT | although it is often dismissed as inaccurate , it is hard to pinpoint a passage where he is categorically in error ... his account of events has stood up remarkably well ... |
418 | professor | 1 | PERSON | george richard potter , professor and head of the department of history at the university of sheffield from 1931 to 1965 , stated " in an age of long letters ... |
419 | edinburgh voters | 1 | PLACE | his weakness after suffering a heart attack caused him to postpone for several months making his speech of thanks to the edinburgh voters . |
420 | uncle thomas babington | 1 | PERSON | they named their first child after his uncle thomas babington , a leicestershire landowner and politician , who had married zachary 's sister jean . |
421 | coat | 1 | ABSTRACT ENTITY | winston churchill devoted a four-volume biography of the duke of marlborough to rebutting macaulay 's slights on his ancestor , expressing hope " to fasten the label ' liar ' to his genteel coat tails " . |
422 | herons | 1 | BIRD | two herons proper . |
423 | tongues | 1 | PLACE | i have conversed both here and at home with men distinguished by their proficiency in the eastern tongues . |
424 | ivry | 1 | PERSON | as a young man he composed the ballads ivry and the armada , which he later included as part of lays of ancient rome , a series of very popular poems about heroic episodes in roman history which he began composing in india and continued in rome , finally publishing in 1842 . |
425 | window | 1 | VALUE | the young macaulay was noted as a child prodigy ; as a toddler , gazing out of the window from his cot at the chimneys of a local factory , he is reputed to have asked his father whether the smoke came from the fires of hell . |
426 | rome | 1 | PERSON | as a young man he composed the ballads ivry and the armada , which he later included as part of lays of ancient rome , a series of very popular poems about heroic episodes in roman history which he began composing in india and continued in rome , finally publishing in 1842 . |
427 | scathing passages | 1 | EVENT | in one of the less scathing passages of the minute he wrote : |
428 | hand | 1 | PROCESS | on the other hand , speck also wrote that macaulay " took pains to present the virtues even of a rogue , and he painted the virtuous warts and all " , and that " he was never guilty of suppressing or distorting evidence to make it support a proposition which he knew to be untrue " . |
429 | degrees fit vehicles | 1 | VEHICLE | to that class we may leave it to refine the vernacular dialects of the country , to enrich those dialects with terms of science borrowed from the western nomenclature , and to render them by degrees fit vehicles for conveying knowledge to the great mass of the population . |
430 | india warren hastings | 1 | PLACE | losurdo noted that this did not prompt any doubts from macaulay over the right of britain to administer its colonies in an autocratic fashion ; for example , while macaulay described the administration of governor-general of india warren hastings as being so despotic that " all the injustice of former oppressors , asiatic and european , appeared as a blessing " , he ( hastings ) deserved " high admiration " and a rank among " the most remarkable men in our history " for " having saved england and civilisation " . |
431 | measure | 1 | MEASURE | history but added : " the severity and the minuteness of the criticism to which the history of england has been subjected is a measure of its permanent value . |
432 | days | 1 | PERIOD | macaulay had been a great influence in his young days . |
433 | himmelfarb | 1 | PERSON | in 1982 , gertrude himmelfarb wrote : ost professional historians have long since given up reading macaulay , as they have given up writing the kind of history he wrote and thinking about history as he did . |
434 | butterfield | 1 | PERSON | herbert butterfield 's the whig interpretation of history ( 1931 ) attacked whig history . |
435 | neglect | 1 | ACT | he attributed the loss to the anger of religious zealots over his speech in favour of expanding the annual government grant to maynooth college in ireland , which trained young men for the catholic priesthood ; some observers also attributed his loss to his neglect of local issues . |
436 | admiration | 1 | EVENT | losurdo noted that this did not prompt any doubts from macaulay over the right of britain to administer its colonies in an autocratic fashion ; for example , while macaulay described the administration of governor-general of india warren hastings as being so despotic that " all the injustice of former oppressors , asiatic and european , appeared as a blessing " , he ( hastings ) deserved " high admiration " and a rank among " the most remarkable men in our history " for " having saved england and civilisation " . |
437 | pains | 1 | CONDITION | on the other hand , speck also wrote that macaulay " took pains to present the virtues even of a rogue , and he painted the virtuous warts and all " , and that " he was never guilty of suppressing or distorting evidence to make it support a proposition which he knew to be untrue " . |
438 | portraits | 1 | EVENT | the need to collect reliable portraits of notable figures from history for this project led to the foundation of the national portrait gallery , which was formally established on 2 december 1856 . |
439 | internet archive | 1 | COLLECTION | vol 1 , vol 2 , vol 3 , vol 4 , vol 5 at internet archive * 5 vols ( 1848 ) : |
440 | study | 1 | STUDY | macaulay did not study classical literature while at cambridge , though he subsequently did when he was in india . |
441 | colonel calverley | 1 | PERSON | w. s. gilbert described macaulay 's wit , " who wrote of queen anne " as part of colonel calverley 's act i patter song in the libretto of the 1881 operetta patience . |
442 | slights | 1 | ACT | winston churchill devoted a four-volume biography of the duke of marlborough to rebutting macaulay 's slights on his ancestor , expressing hope " to fasten the label ' liar ' to his genteel coat-tails " . |
443 | green | 1 | PERSON | longmans , green , and company . 1881 . |
444 | evidence | 1 | BODY | on the other hand , speck also wrote that macaulay " took pains to present the virtues even of a rogue , and he painted the virtuous warts and all " , and that " he was never guilty of suppressing or distorting evidence to make it support a proposition which he knew to be untrue " . |
445 | intellect | 1 | FORM | we must at present do our best to form a class who may be interpreters between us and the millions whom we govern ; a class of persons indian in blood and colour , but english in tastes , in opinions , in morals , and in intellect . |
446 | zachary macaulay selina mills alma mater trinity college | 1 | INSTITUTION | zachary macaulay selina mills alma mater trinity college , cambridge occupation politician profession historian , poet signature thomas babington macaulay , 1st baron macaulay , pc , frs , frse ( /ˈbæbɪŋtən məˈkɔːli/ ; 25 october 1800 - 28 december 1859 ) was an english historian , poet , and whig politician , who served as the secretary at war between 1839 and 1841 , and as the paymaster general between 1846 and 1848 . |
447 | colonel | 1 | PERSON | macaulay in the edinburgh review in 1827 , and in a series of anonymous letters to the morning chronicle , censured the analysis of indentured labour by the british colonial office expert colonel thomas moody , kt . macaulay 's evangelical whig father zachary macaulay , who desired a ' free black peasantry ' rather than equality for africans , also censured , in the anti-slavery reporter , moody 's contentions . |
448 | fall | 1 | PERSON | after the fall of melbourne 's government in 1841 macaulay devoted more time to literary work , and returned to office as paymaster general in 1846 in lord john russell 's administration . |
449 | security | 1 | ACT | potter concluded that " in the long roll of english historical writing from clarendon to trevelyan only gibbon has surpassed him in security of reputation and certainty of immortality " . |
450 | doctor | 1 | PERSON | on 7 february 1954 , lord moran , doctor to the prime minister , sir winston churchill , recorded in his diary : |
451 | respectability | 1 | QUALITY | if this was sectarian it was hardly , in any useful contemporary sense , polemically whig ; it is more like the sectarianism of english respectability . |
452 | recommendations | 1 | SUGGESTION | macaulay 's largely coincided with bentinck 's views and bentinck 's english education act 1835 closely matched macaulay 's recommendations ( in 1836 , a school named la martinière , founded by major general claude martin , had one of its houses named after him ) , but subsequent governors-general took a more conciliatory approach to existing indian education . |
453 | passages | 1 | EVENT | in one of the less scathing passages of the minute he wrote : |
454 | extent | 1 | SPACE | speck concluded : what is in fact striking is the extent to which his history of england at least has survived subsequent research . |
455 | essay | 1 | PERSON | he was educated at a private school in hertfordshire , and , subsequently , at trinity college , cambridge , where he won several prizes , including the chancellor 's gold medal in june 1821 , and where he in 1825 published a prominent essay on milton in the edinburgh review . |
456 | precedent | 1 | EVENT | whiggism it was so only , by the mid-nineteenth century , in the most extended and inclusive sense , requiring only an acceptance of parliamentary government and a sense of gravity of precedent . |
457 | catholics | 1 | UNKNOWN | the chief agent of that transformation was surely macaulay , aided , of course , by the receding relevance of seventeenth-century conflicts to contemporary politics , as the power of the crown waned further , and the civil disabilities of catholics and dissenters were removed by legislation . |
458 | film adaptation | 1 | ADAPTATION | in the novel marathon man and its film adaptation , the protagonist was named ' thomas babington ' after macaulay . |
459 | great exhibition | 1 | QUALITY | it was a dominant creed in the era of the great exhibition . |
460 | western nomenclature | 1 | PLACE | to that class we may leave it to refine the vernacular dialects of the country , to enrich those dialects with terms of science borrowed from the western nomenclature , and to render them by degrees fit vehicles for conveying knowledge to the great mass of the population . |
461 | great nephew | 1 | PERSON |  |
462 | sir george trevelyan | 1 | PERSON | macaulay 's nephew , sir george trevelyan , bt , wrote the " life and letters " of his uncle . |
463 | self empowerment | 1 | ACT |  |
464 | saltire | 1 | UNKNOWN | escutcheon gules two arrows in saltire points downward argent surmounted by as many barrulets compony |
465 | machiavelli | 1 | PERSON | the miscellaneous writings and speeches of lord macaulay( 1860 ) , 4 vols vol. 1 , vol. 2 , vol. 3 , vol . 4 machiavelli on niccolò machiavelli ( 1850 ) . |
466 | constitution | 1 | PERSON | political writing macaulay 's political writings are famous for their ringing prose and for their confident , sometimes dogmatic , emphasis on a progressive model of british history , according to which the country threw off superstition , autocracy and confusion to create a balanced constitution and a forward-looking culture combined with freedom of belief and expression . |
467 | charges | 1 | AMOUNT | though he was never cited by name , there can be no doubt that macaulay answers to the charges brought against whig historians , particularly that they study the past with reference to the present , class people in the past as those who furthered progress and those who hindered it , and judge them accordingly . |
468 | richard | 1 | PERSON | macaulay , who did not marry nor have children , was rumoured to have fallen in love with maria kinnaird , who was the wealthy ward of richard ' conversation ' sharp . |
469 | thomas pinney | 1 | PERSON | the letters of thomas babington macaulay ( 1881 ) , 6 vols , edited by thomas pinney . |
470 | disambiguation | 1 | ACT | for other uses , see thomas macaulay ( disambiguation ) . |
471 | patron | 1 | PERSON | macaulay remained grateful to his former patron , lansdowne , who remained his friend . |
472 | indian education | 1 | PROCESS | his minute on indian education of february 1835 was primarily responsible for the introduction of western institutional education to india . macaulay recommended the introduction of the english language as the official language of secondary education instruction in all schools where there had been none before , and the training of english-speaking indians as teachers . |
473 | law commission | 1 | INSTANCE | his final years in india were devoted to the creation of a penal code , as the leading member of the law commission . |
474 | shade | 1 | PERSON | his account of debates has been thrown into the shade by ranke , his account of diplomatic affairs , by klopp . |
475 | dalit community | 1 | PERSON | in independent india , macaulay 's idea of the civilising mission has been used by dalitists , in particular by neo-liberalist chandra bhan prasad , as a " creative appropriation for self-empowerment " , based on the view that the dalit community was empowered by macaulay 's deprecation of hindu culture and support for western-style education in india . |
476 | onwards | 1 | UNKNOWN | hence , from the sixth year of schooling onwards , instruction should be in european learning , with english as the medium of instruction . |
477 | gate | 1 | PERSON | then out spake brave horatius , the captain of the gate : " to every man upon this earth death cometh soon or late . |
478 | complete | 1 | UNKNOWN | after publication of his first two volumes , his hope was to complete his work with the death of queen anne in 1714 . |
479 | song | 1 | ARTWORK | w. s. gilbert described macaulay 's wit , " who wrote of queen anne " as part of colonel calverley 's act i patter song in the libretto of the 1881 operetta patience . |
480 | course | 1 | PERSON | of course macaulay thought that the whigs of the seventeenth century were correct in their fundamental ideas , but the hero of the history was william , who , as macaulay says , was certainly no whig ... if this was |
481 | gravity | 1 | PERSON | whiggism it was so only , by the mid-nineteenth century , in the most extended and inclusive sense , requiring only an acceptance of parliamentary government and a sense of gravity of precedent . |
482 | ryswick | 1 | PLACE | the third and fourth volumes , bringing the history to the peace of ryswick , were published in 1855 . |
483 | episode | 1 | EVENT | his interpretation of the glorious revolution also remains the essential starting point for any discussion of that episode ... |
484 | ignorance | 1 | CONDITION | such adoptions were not uncommon at the time according to the scottish heraldic historian peter drummond-murray but usually made from ignorance rather than deceit . |
485 | western style education | 1 | PLACE |  |
486 | religion | 1 | UNKNOWN | he knew nothing respectably before the seventeenth century , he knew nothing of foreign history , of religion , philosophy , science , or art . |
487 | ancestry | 1 | SERIES | in indian culture , the term " macaulay 's children " is sometimes used to refer to people born of indian ancestry who adopt western culture as a lifestyle , or display attitudes influenced by colonialism ( " macaulayism " ) - expressions used disparagingly , and with the implication of disloyalty to one 's country and one 's heritage . |
488 | heritage | 1 | UNKNOWN | in indian culture , the term " macaulay 's children " is sometimes used to refer to people born of indian ancestry who adopt western culture as a lifestyle , or display attitudes influenced by colonialism ( " macaulayism " ) - expressions used disparagingly , and with the implication of disloyalty to one 's country and one 's heritage . |
489 | french | 1 | PLACE | he taught himself german , dutch and spanish , and was fluent in french . |
490 | palace | 1 | PERSON | the funeral of thomas babington macaulay , baron macaulay , by sir george scharf macaulay sat on the committee to decide on the historical subjects to be painted in the new palace of westminster . |
491 | vindication | 1 | ABSTRACT ENTITY | the history is much more than the vindication of a party ; it is an attempt to insinuate a view of politics , pragmatic , reverent , essentially burkean , informed by a high , even tumid sense of the worth of public life , yet fully conscious of its interrelations with the wider progress of society ; it embodies what hallam had merely asserted , a sense of the privileged possession by englishmen of their history , as well as of the epic dignity of government by discussion . |
492 | water | 1 | WATER | he was not above par in literary criticism ; his indian articles will not hold water ; and his two most famous reviews , on bacon and ranke , show his incompetence . |
493 | peace | 1 | EVENT | the third and fourth volumes , bringing the history to the peace of ryswick , were published in 1855 . |
494 | deprecation | 1 | STATE | in independent india , macaulay 's idea of the civilising mission has been used by dalitists , in particular by neo-liberalist chandra bhan prasad , as a " creative appropriation for self-empowerment " , based on the view that the dalit community was empowered by macaulay 's deprecation of hindu culture and support for western-style education in india . |
495 | milton | 1 | PERSON | he was educated at a private school in hertfordshire , and , subsequently , at trinity college , cambridge , where he won several prizes , including the chancellor 's gold medal in june 1821 , and where he in 1825 published a prominent essay on milton in the edinburgh review . |
496 | sanskrit poetry | 1 | ABILITY | and i certainly never met with any orientalist who ventured to maintain that the arabic and sanskrit poetry could be compared to that of the great european nations . |
497 | lord moran | 1 | PERSON | on 7 february 1954 , lord moran , doctor to the prime minister , sir winston churchill , recorded in his diary : |
498 | abridgments | 1 | UNKNOWN | it is , i believe , no exaggeration to say that all the historical information which has been collected from all the books written in the sanskrit language is less valuable than what may be found in the most paltry abridgments used at preparatory schools in england . |
499 | lifestyle | 1 | PARTICLE | in indian culture , the term " macaulay 's children " is sometimes used to refer to people born of indian ancestry who adopt western culture as a lifestyle , or display attitudes influenced by colonialism ( " macaulayism " ) - expressions used disparagingly , and with the implication of disloyalty to one 's country and one 's heritage . |
500 | antoine claudet secretary | 1 | PERSON | the right honourable the lord macaulay pc frs frse photogravure of macaulay by antoine claudet secretary at war |
501 | escutcheon gules | 1 | UNKNOWN | escutcheon gules two arrows in saltire points downward argent surmounted by as many barrulets compony |
502 | alexander james grieve | 1 | PERSON | vol. 1 , vol. 2 , vol. 3 , vol. 4 , vol . 5 at project gutenberg * volumes 1-3 at librivox.org critical and historical essays ( 1843 ) , 2 vols , edited by alexander james grieve . |
503 | biography | 1 | SEQUENCE | winston churchill devoted a four-volume biography of the duke of marlborough to rebutting macaulay 's slights on his ancestor , expressing hope " to fasten the label ' liar ' to his genteel coat-tails " . |
504 | gladstone | 1 | PERSON | in 1880 acton classed macaulay ( with burke and gladstone ) as one " of the three greatest liberals " . |
505 | possession | 1 | CONDITION | the history is much more than the vindication of a party ; it is an attempt to insinuate a view of politics , pragmatic , reverent , essentially burkean , informed by a high , even tumid sense of the worth of public life , yet fully conscious of its interrelations with the wider progress of society ; it embodies what hallam had merely asserted , a sense of the privileged possession by englishmen of their history , as well as of the epic dignity of government by discussion . |
506 | lewis | 1 | PERSON | he was , instead , descended from the unrelated macaulays of lewis . |
507 | gertrude himmelfarb | 1 | PERSON | in 1982 , gertrude himmelfarb wrote : ost professional historians have long since given up reading macaulay , as they have given up writing the kind of history he wrote and thinking about history as he did . |
508 | writer | 1 | PLACE | in 1888 , acton wrote that macaulay " had done more than any writer in the literature of the world for the propagation of the liberal faith , and he was not only the greatest , but the most representative , englishman then living " . |
509 | maria kinnaird | 1 | PLACE | macaulay , who did not marry nor have children , was rumoured to have fallen in love with maria kinnaird , who was the wealthy ward of richard ' conversation ' sharp . |
510 | characters | 1 | EVENT | his tendency to see history as a drama led him to treat figures whose views he opposed as if they were villains , while characters he approved of were presented as heroes . |
511 | negroes | 1 | UNKNOWN | vol. 1 , vol . 2 " social and industrial capacities of the negroes " . |
512 | lords | 1 | PERSON | in 1857 he was raised to the peerage as baron macaulay , of rothley in the county of leicester , but seldom attended the house of lords . |
513 | label | 1 | LAND | winston churchill devoted a four-volume biography of the duke of marlborough to rebutting macaulay 's slights on his ancestor , expressing hope " to fasten the label ' liar ' to his genteel coat-tails " . |
514 | trustees | 1 | PERSON | macaulay was amongst its founding trustees and is honoured with one of only three busts above the main entrance . |
515 | labour | 1 | PERSON | for the british labour politician , see donald macaulay , baron macaulay of bragar . |
516 | whig father zachary macaulay | 1 | PERSON | macaulay in the edinburgh review in 1827 , and in a series of anonymous letters to the morning chronicle , censured the analysis of indentured labour by the british colonial office expert colonel thomas moody , kt . macaulay 's evangelical whig father zachary macaulay , who desired a ' free black peasantry ' rather than equality for africans , also censured , in the anti-slavery reporter , moody 's contentions . |
517 | winston churchill | 1 | PERSON | winston churchill devoted a four-volume biography of the duke of marlborough to rebutting macaulay 's slights on his ancestor , expressing hope " to fasten the label ' liar ' to his genteel coat-tails " . |
518 | pale | 1 | CONDITION | or and azure between two buckles in pale of the third a bordure engrailed also of the third . |
519 | fault | 1 | STATE | however , acton would later find fault in macaulay . |
520 | earl granville personal details born | 1 | PERSON | bingham baring succeeded by the earl granville personal details born ( 1800-10-25) 25 october 1800 rothley temple , leicestershire , england died 28 december 1859( 1859-12-28 ) ( aged 59 ) london , england political party whig parent(s ) |
521 | powder | 1 | RESULT | it is worth every ounce of powder and shot that is fired against it . " |
522 | hero william iii | 1 | PERSON | macaulay goes to considerable length , for example , to absolve his main hero william iii of any responsibility for the glencoe massacre . |
523 | observers | 1 | PLACE | he attributed the loss to the anger of religious zealots over his speech in favour of expanding the annual government grant to maynooth college in ireland , which trained young men for the catholic priesthood ; some observers also attributed his loss to his neglect of local issues . |
524 | second essay | 1 | PERSON | william pitt , earl of chatham : second essay ( maynard , merrill , & company , 1892 , 110 pages ) |
525 | clarendon | 1 | PERSON | potter concluded that " in the long roll of english historical writing from clarendon to trevelyan only gibbon has surpassed him in security of reputation and certainty of immortality " . |
526 | supreme council | 1 | HUMAN GROUP | in 1834 macaulay went to india , where he served on the supreme council between 1834 and 1838 . |
527 | condemnation | 1 | ACT | macaulay 's reputation as an historian has never fully recovered from the condemnation it implicitly received in herbert butterfield 's devastating attack on the whig interpretation of history . |
528 | whiggism | 1 | CONCEPT | history of england four times and later described himself as " a raw english schoolboy , primed to the brim with whig politics " but " not whiggism only , but macaulay in particular that i was so full of . " |
529 | government grant | 1 | PERSON | he attributed the loss to the anger of religious zealots over his speech in favour of expanding the annual government grant to maynooth college in ireland , which trained young men for the catholic priesthood ; some observers also attributed his loss to his neglect of local issues . |
530 | index | 1 | PERSON | essays with a memoir and index . |
531 | zealots | 1 | PERSON | he attributed the loss to the anger of religious zealots over his speech in favour of expanding the annual government grant to maynooth college in ireland , which trained young men for the catholic priesthood ; some observers also attributed his loss to his neglect of local issues . |
532 | temples | 1 | BUILDING | than facing fearful odds , for the ashes of his fathers , and the temples of his gods ? " |
533 | klopp | 1 | PERSON | his account of debates has been thrown into the shade by ranke , his account of diplomatic affairs , by klopp . |
534 | macaulayism | 1 | CONCEPT | in indian culture , the term " macaulay 's children " is sometimes used to refer to people born of indian ancestry who adopt western culture as a lifestyle , or display attitudes influenced by colonialism ( " macaulayism " ) - expressions used disparagingly , and with the implication of disloyalty to one 's country and one 's heritage . |
535 | colonists | 1 | PART | losurdo states that " macaulay acknowledged that the english colonists in india behaved like spartans confronting helots : we are dealing with 'a race of sovereign ' or a ' sovereign caste ' , wielding absolute power over its ' serfs ' . " |
536 | ounce | 1 | AMOUNT | it is worth every ounce of powder and shot that is fired against it . " |
537 | child prodigy | 1 | PERSON | the young macaulay was noted as a child prodigy ; as a toddler , gazing out of the window from his cot at the chimneys of a local factory , he is reputed to have asked his father whether the smoke came from the fires of hell . |
538 | schoolboy | 1 | PLACE | history of england four times and later described himself as " a raw english schoolboy , primed to the brim with whig politics " but " not whiggism only , but macaulay in particular that i was so full of . " |
539 | peasantry | 1 | WORD | macaulay in the edinburgh review in 1827 , and in a series of anonymous letters to the morning chronicle , censured the analysis of indentured labour by the british colonial office expert colonel thomas moody , kt . macaulay 's evangelical whig father zachary macaulay , who desired a ' free black peasantry ' rather than equality for africans , also censured , in the anti-slavery reporter , moody 's contentions . |
540 | sovereign | 1 | PERSON | losurdo states that " macaulay acknowledged that the english colonists in india behaved like spartans confronting helots : we are dealing with 'a race of sovereign ' or a ' sovereign caste ' , wielding absolute power over its ' serfs ' . " |
541 | british rival | 1 | PERSON | piers brendon wrote that macaulay is " the only british rival to gibbon . " |
542 | barrulets compony | 1 | UNKNOWN | escutcheon gules two arrows in saltire points downward argent surmounted by as many barrulets compony |
543 | priesthood | 1 | STATUS | he attributed the loss to the anger of religious zealots over his speech in favour of expanding the annual government grant to maynooth college in ireland , which trained young men for the catholic priesthood ; some observers also attributed his loss to his neglect of local issues . |
544 | imagination | 1 | ABILITY | but when we pass from works of imagination to works in which facts are recorded and general principles investigated , the superiority of the europeans becomes absolutely immeasurable . |
545 | english speaking indians | 1 | UNKNOWN |  |
546 | poems | 1 | PERSON | as a young man he composed the ballads ivry and the armada , which he later included as part of lays of ancient rome , a series of very popular poems about heroic episodes in roman history which he began composing in india and continued in rome , finally publishing in 1842 . |
547 | marquess | 1 | PERSON | macaulay by john partridge macaulay in 1830 accepted the invitation of the marquess of lansdowne that he become member of parliament for the pocket borough of calne . |
548 | crown | 1 | PERSON | the chief agent of that transformation was surely macaulay , aided , of course , by the receding relevance of seventeenth-century conflicts to contemporary politics , as the power of the crown waned further , and the civil disabilities of catholics and dissenters were removed by legislation . |
549 | certainty | 1 | STATE | potter concluded that " in the long roll of english historical writing from clarendon to trevelyan only gibbon has surpassed him in security of reputation and certainty of immortality " . |
550 | education policy | 1 | RULE | macaulay also played a substantial role in determining india 's education policy , in which he was guided by his conviction that western european culture was superior to that of india and the middle east . |
551 | intermediaries | 1 | PERSON | this would create a class of anglicised indians who would serve as cultural intermediaries between the british and the indians ; the creation of such a class was necessary before any reform of vernacular education . |
552 | bragging | 1 | UNKNOWN | ( this line may well have been a joke about the colonel 's pseudo-intellectual bragging , as most educated victorians knew that macaulay did not write of queen anne ; the history encompasses only as far as the death of william iii in 1702 , who was succeeded by anne . ) |
553 | glasgow | 1 | INSTITUTION | in 1849 he was elected rector of the university of glasgow , a position with no administrative duties , often awarded by the students to men of political or literary fame . |
554 | cultures | 1 | PERSON | later historians have also highlighted his views on non-european cultures and philosophies as explicitly racist , citing , for example , his remark that 'a single shelf of a good european library was worth the whole native literature of india and arabia ' . |
555 | teachers | 1 | PERSON | his minute on indian education of february 1835 was primarily responsible for the introduction of western institutional education to india . macaulay recommended the introduction of the english language as the official language of secondary education instruction in all schools where there had been none before , and the training of english-speaking indians as teachers . |
556 | bristol | 1 | PLACE | macaulay was born at rothley temple in leicestershire on 25 october 1800 , the son of zachary macaulay , a scottish highlander , who became a colonial governor and abolitionist , and selina mills of bristol , a former pupil of hannah more . |
557 | minuteness | 1 | PROPERTY | history but added : " the severity and the minuteness of the criticism to which the history of england has been subjected is a measure of its permanent value . |
558 | chatham | 1 | PERSON | william pitt , earl of chatham : second essay ( maynard , merrill , & company , 1892 , 110 pages ) |
559 | right honourable the lord macaulay pc frs frse photogravure | 1 | PERSON | the right honourable the lord macaulay pc frs frse photogravure of macaulay by antoine claudet secretary at war |
560 | criminal procedure code | 1 | EVENT | the indian penal code in 1860 was followed by the criminal procedure code in 1872 and the civil procedure code in 1908 . |
561 | hell | 1 | PERSON | the young macaulay was noted as a child prodigy ; as a toddler , gazing out of the window from his cot at the chimneys of a local factory , he is reputed to have asked his father whether the smoke came from the fires of hell . |
562 | joke | 1 | PERSON | ( this line may well have been a joke about the colonel 's pseudo-intellectual bragging , as most educated victorians knew that macaulay did not write of queen anne ; the history encompasses only as far as the death of william iii in 1702 , who was succeeded by anne . ) |
563 | liberal | 1 | PERSON | the liberal historian lord acton read macaulay 's |
564 | passing | 1 | STATE | macaulay was secretary to the board of control under lord grey from 1832 until he in 1833 required , as a consequence of the penury of his father , a more remunerative office , than that of the unremunerated office of an mp , from which he resigned after the passing of the government of india |
565 | postpone | 1 | UNKNOWN | his weakness after suffering a heart attack caused him to postpone for several months making his speech of thanks to the edinburgh voters . |
566 | glorious revolution | 1 | STUDY | but it is also reflected in history ; the most stirring passages in the work are those that describe the " glorious revolution " of 1688 . |
567 | body | 1 | BODY | he stated : i feel with them that it is impossible for us , with our limited means , to attempt to educate the body of the people . |
568 | thanks | 1 | EVENT | his weakness after suffering a heart attack caused him to postpone for several months making his speech of thanks to the edinburgh voters . |
569 | cambridge historian g. m. trevelyan | 1 | PERSON | his great-nephew was the cambridge historian g. m. trevelyan . |
570 | diary | 1 | ABSTRACT ENTITY | on 7 february 1954 , lord moran , doctor to the prime minister , sir winston churchill , recorded in his diary : |
571 | deficiency | 1 | DEFICIENCY | potter noted that macaulay has had many critics , some of whom put forward some salient points about the deficiency of macaulay 's |
572 | visit | 1 | EVENT | no description of the relief of londonderry in a major history of england existed before 1850 ; after his visit there and the narrative written round it no other account has been needed ... scotland came fully into its own and from then until now it has been a commonplace that english history is incomprehensible without scotland . |
573 | reviews | 1 | ACT | he was not above par in literary criticism ; his indian articles will not hold water ; and his two most famous reviews , on bacon and ranke , show his incompetence . |
574 | uncle | 1 | PERSON | they named their first child after his uncle thomas babington , a leicestershire landowner and politician , who had married zachary 's sister jean . |
575 | death cometh soon | 1 | PERSON | then out spake brave horatius , the captain of the gate : " to every man upon this earth death cometh soon or late . |
576 | baker | 1 | PERSON | mason , baker & pratt . 1873 . |
577 | statue | 1 | PERSON | corner , near a statue of addison . |
578 | county | 1 | PLACE | in 1857 he was raised to the peerage as baron macaulay , of rothley in the county of leicester , but seldom attended the house of lords . |
579 | critical historical | 1 | UNKNOWN | critical historical and miscellaneous |
580 | gold medal | 1 | QUANTITY | he was educated at a private school in hertfordshire , and , subsequently , at trinity college , cambridge , where he won several prizes , including the chancellor 's gold medal in june 1821 , and where he in 1825 published a prominent essay on milton in the edinburgh review . |
581 | zachary macaulay | 1 | PERSON | zachary macaulay selina mills alma mater trinity college , cambridge occupation politician profession historian , poet signature thomas babington macaulay , 1st baron macaulay , pc , frs , frse ( /ˈbæbɪŋtən məˈkɔːli/ ; 25 october 1800 - 28 december 1859 ) was an english historian , poet , and whig politician , who served as the secretary at war between 1839 and 1841 , and as the paymaster general between 1846 and 1848 . |
582 | book form | 1 | FORM | macaulay wrote for the edinburgh review and other publications , which were collected in book form and a steady best-seller throughout the 19th century . |
583 | exhaustion | 1 | PROCESS | but auschwitz and hiroshima destroyed this century 's claim to moral superiority over its predecessors , while the exhaustion of natural resources raises serious doubts about the continuation even of material progress into the next . |
584 | selina mills | 1 | PERSON | zachary macaulay selina mills alma mater trinity college , cambridge occupation politician profession historian , poet signature thomas babington macaulay , 1st baron macaulay , pc , frs , frse ( /ˈbæbɪŋtən məˈkɔːli/ ; 25 october 1800 - 28 december 1859 ) was an english historian , poet , and whig politician , who served as the secretary at war between 1839 and 1841 , and as the paymaster general between 1846 and 1848 . |
585 | pretension | 1 | QUALITY | yet there was a time when anyone with any pretension to cultivation read macaulay . |
586 | maynooth college | 1 | INSTITUTION | he attributed the loss to the anger of religious zealots over his speech in favour of expanding the annual government grant to maynooth college in ireland , which trained young men for the catholic priesthood ; some observers also attributed his loss to his neglect of local issues . |
587 | may monarch victoria prime minister lord john russell | 1 | PERSON |  |
588 | grateful | 1 | UNKNOWN | macaulay remained grateful to his former patron , lansdowne , who remained his friend . |
589 | severity | 1 | STATE | history but added : " the severity and the minuteness of the criticism to which the history of england has been subjected is a measure of its permanent value . |
590 | regards | 1 | EVENT | with regards to macaulay 's determination to inspect physically the places mentioned in his history , potter said : much of the success of the famous third chapter of the history which may be said to have introduced the study of social history , and even ... local history , was due to the intense local knowledge acquired on the spot . |
591 | phrase | 1 | PHRASE | in his minute , he urged lord william bentinck , the then- governor-general to reform secondary education on utilitarian lines to deliver " useful learning " , a phrase that to him was synonymous with western culture . |
592 | express condition | 1 | CONDITION | he accepted on the express condition that he need not campaign and would not pledge himself to a position on any political issue . |
593 | pre eminence | 1 | PERSON |  |
594 | party | 1 | PERSON | bingham baring succeeded by the earl granville personal details born ( 1800-10-25) 25 october 1800 rothley temple , leicestershire , england died 28 december 1859( 1859-12-28 ) ( aged 59 ) london , england political party whig parent(s ) |
595 | law member | 1 | PERSON | act 1833 to accept an appointment as first law member of the governor-general 's council . |
596 | macaulay answers | 1 | PERSON | though he was never cited by name , there can be no doubt that macaulay answers to the charges brought against whig historians , particularly that they study the past with reference to the present , class people in the past as those who furthered progress and those who hindered it , and judge them accordingly . |
597 | cot | 1 | STATE | the young macaulay was noted as a child prodigy ; as a toddler , gazing out of the window from his cot at the chimneys of a local factory , he is reputed to have asked his father whether the smoke came from the fires of hell . |
598 | doubt | 1 | STATE | though he was never cited by name , there can be no doubt that macaulay answers to the charges brought against whig historians , particularly that they study the past with reference to the present , class people in the past as those who furthered progress and those who hindered it , and judge them accordingly . |
599 | earl | 1 | PERSON | bingham baring succeeded by the earl granville personal details born ( 1800-10-25) 25 october 1800 rothley temple , leicestershire , england died 28 december 1859( 1859-12-28 ) ( aged 59 ) london , england political party whig parent(s ) |
600 | prelude | 1 | NUMBER | according to speck : denies the past has its own validity , treating it as being merely a prelude to his own age . |
601 | mary gladstone | 1 | PERSON | in 1883 , he advised mary gladstone : he essays are really flashy and superficial . |
602 | support | 1 | SET | in independent india , macaulay 's idea of the civilising mission has been used by dalitists , in particular by neo-liberalist chandra bhan prasad , as a " creative appropriation for self-empowerment " , based on the view that the dalit community was empowered by macaulay 's deprecation of hindu culture and support for western-style education in india . |
603 | council | 1 | HUMAN GROUP | act 1833 to accept an appointment as first law member of the governor-general 's council . |
604 | sanskrit language | 1 | LANGUAGE | it is , i believe , no exaggeration to say that all the historical information which has been collected from all the books written in the sanskrit language is less valuable than what may be found in the most paltry abridgments used at preparatory schools in england . |
605 | august monarch victoria prime minister | 1 | HUMAN ROLE |  |
606 | englishmen | 1 | UNKNOWN | the history is much more than the vindication of a party ; it is an attempt to insinuate a view of politics , pragmatic , reverent , essentially burkean , informed by a high , even tumid sense of the worth of public life , yet fully conscious of its interrelations with the wider progress of society ; it embodies what hallam had merely asserted , a sense of the privileged possession by englishmen of their history , as well as of the epic dignity of government by discussion . |
607 | busts | 1 | PERSON | macaulay was amongst its founding trustees and is honoured with one of only three busts above the main entrance . |
608 | orientalist | 1 | PERSON | and i certainly never met with any orientalist who ventured to maintain that the arabic and sanskrit poetry could be compared to that of the great european nations . |
609 | round | 1 | PERMISSION | no description of the relief of londonderry in a major history of england existed before 1850 ; after his visit there and the narrative written round it no other account has been needed ... scotland came fully into its own and from then until now it has been a commonplace that english history is incomprehensible without scotland . |
610 | proficiency | 1 | QUALITY | i have conversed both here and at home with men distinguished by their proficiency in the eastern tongues . |
611 | commonwealth nations | 1 | STATE | this includes section 377 of the indian penal code , which remains the basis for laws which criminalize homosexuality in several commonwealth nations . |
612 | lord william bentinck | 1 | PERSON | in his minute , he urged lord william bentinck , the then- governor-general to reform secondary education on utilitarian lines to deliver " useful learning " , a phrase that to him was synonymous with western culture . |
613 | liar | 1 | PROCESS | winston churchill devoted a four-volume biography of the duke of marlborough to rebutting macaulay 's slights on his ancestor , expressing hope " to fasten the label ' liar ' to his genteel coat-tails " . |
614 | teaching | 1 | ACT | we must never judge the quality of a teaching by the quality of the teacher , or allow the spots to shut out the sun . |
615 | worth | 1 | PLACE | i have never found one among them who could deny that a single shelf of a good european library was worth the whole native literature of india and arabia . |
616 | chimneys | 1 | PERSON | the young macaulay was noted as a child prodigy ; as a toddler , gazing out of the window from his cot at the chimneys of a local factory , he is reputed to have asked his father whether the smoke came from the fires of hell . |
617 | auschwitz | 1 | PLACE | but auschwitz and hiroshima destroyed this century 's claim to moral superiority over its predecessors , while the exhaustion of natural resources raises serious doubts about the continuation even of material progress into the next . |
618 | insularity | 1 | PROPERTY | it was an insularity that was impregnable ... |
619 | rank | 1 | RANK | losurdo noted that this did not prompt any doubts from macaulay over the right of britain to administer its colonies in an autocratic fashion ; for example , while macaulay described the administration of governor-general of india warren hastings as being so despotic that " all the injustice of former oppressors , asiatic and european , appeared as a blessing " , he ( hastings ) deserved " high admiration " and a rank among " the most remarkable men in our history " for " having saved england and civilisation " . |
620 | prose | 1 | ABSTRACT ENTITY | he is best known for his the history of england , a seminal example of whig history which expressed macaulay 's belief in the inevitability of sociopolitical progress and has been widely commended for its prose style . |
621 | london | 1 | PLACE | bingham baring succeeded by the earl granville personal details born ( 1800-10-25) 25 october 1800 rothley temple , leicestershire , england died 28 december 1859( 1859-12-28 ) ( aged 59 ) london , england political party whig parent(s ) |
622 | lord | 1 | PERSON | the right honourable the lord macaulay pc frs frse photogravure of macaulay by antoine claudet secretary at war |
623 | ireland | 1 | PLACE | he attributed the loss to the anger of religious zealots over his speech in favour of expanding the annual government grant to maynooth college in ireland , which trained young men for the catholic priesthood ; some observers also attributed his loss to his neglect of local issues . |
624 | expression | 1 | UNKNOWN | political writing macaulay 's political writings are famous for their ringing prose and for their confident , sometimes dogmatic , emphasis on a progressive model of british history , according to which the country threw off superstition , autocracy and confusion to create a balanced constitution and a forward-looking culture combined with freedom of belief and expression . |
625 | landowner | 1 | PERSON | they named their first child after his uncle thomas babington , a leicestershire landowner and politician , who had married zachary 's sister jean . |
626 | victorians | 1 | UNKNOWN | ( this line may well have been a joke about the colonel 's pseudo-intellectual bragging , as most educated victorians knew that macaulay did not write of queen anne ; the history encompasses only as far as the death of william iii in 1702 , who was succeeded by anne . ) |
627 | material progress | 1 | EVENT | but auschwitz and hiroshima destroyed this century 's claim to moral superiority over its predecessors , while the exhaustion of natural resources raises serious doubts about the continuation even of material progress into the next . |
628 | homosexuality | 1 | STATE | this includes section 377 of the indian penal code , which remains the basis for laws which criminalize homosexuality in several commonwealth nations . |
629 | heroes | 1 | UNKNOWN | his tendency to see history as a drama led him to treat figures whose views he opposed as if they were villains , while characters he approved of were presented as heroes . |
630 | mission | 1 | PERSON | in independent india , macaulay 's idea of the civilising mission has been used by dalitists , in particular by neo-liberalist chandra bhan prasad , as a " creative appropriation for self-empowerment " , based on the view that the dalit community was empowered by macaulay 's deprecation of hindu culture and support for western-style education in india . |
631 | historian peter drummond murray | 1 | PERSON |  |
632 | myanmar | 1 | PLACE | the indian penal code inspired counterparts in most other british colonies , and to date many of these laws are still in effect in places as far apart as pakistan , malaysia , myanmar , bangladesh , sri lanka , nigeria and zimbabwe , as well as in india itself . |
633 | bingham baring | 1 | PERSON | bingham baring succeeded by the earl granville personal details born ( 1800-10-25) 25 october 1800 rothley temple , leicestershire , england died 28 december 1859( 1859-12-28 ) ( aged 59 ) london , england political party whig parent(s ) |
634 | role | 1 | ROLE | macaulay also played a substantial role in determining india 's education policy , in which he was guided by his conviction that western european culture was superior to that of india and the middle east . |
635 | legislation | 1 | PERSON | the chief agent of that transformation was surely macaulay , aided , of course , by the receding relevance of seventeenth-century conflicts to contemporary politics , as the power of the crown waned further , and the civil disabilities of catholics and dissenters were removed by legislation . |
636 | monopoly | 1 | SYSTEM | macaulay argued that copyright is a monopoly and as such has generally negative effects on society . |
637 | george richard potter | 1 | PERSON | george richard potter , professor and head of the department of history at the university of sheffield from 1931 to 1965 , stated " in an age of long letters ... |
638 | result | 1 | RESULT | as a result it is a superb , living picture of great britain in the latter half of the seventeenth century ... |
639 | bob blair works | 1 | PERSON | corner with an introduction by bob blair works by thomas babington macaulay at librivox ( public domain audiobooks ) |
640 | hindu culture | 1 | PERSON | in independent india , macaulay 's idea of the civilising mission has been used by dalitists , in particular by neo-liberalist chandra bhan prasad , as a " creative appropriation for self-empowerment " , based on the view that the dalit community was empowered by macaulay 's deprecation of hindu culture and support for western-style education in india . |
641 | class people | 1 | HUMAN GROUP | though he was never cited by name , there can be no doubt that macaulay answers to the charges brought against whig historians , particularly that they study the past with reference to the present , class people in the past as those who furthered progress and those who hindered it , and judge them accordingly . |
642 | zimbabwe | 1 | PLACE | the indian penal code inspired counterparts in most other british colonies , and to date many of these laws are still in effect in places as far apart as pakistan , malaysia , myanmar , bangladesh , sri lanka , nigeria and zimbabwe , as well as in india itself . |
643 | motto dulce periculum | 1 | PERSON | motto dulce periculum ( translation from latin : " danger is sweet " ) . |
644 | librivox.org critical | 1 | ACTION | vol. 1 , vol. 2 , vol. 3 , vol. 4 , vol . 5 at project gutenberg * volumes 1-3 at librivox.org critical and historical essays ( 1843 ) , 2 vols , edited by alexander james grieve . |
645 | william thomas | 1 | PERSON | the journals of thomas babington macaulay , 5 vols , edited by william thomas . |
646 | /ˈbæbɪŋtən | 1 | UNKNOWN | zachary macaulay selina mills alma mater trinity college , cambridge occupation politician profession historian , poet signature thomas babington macaulay , 1st baron macaulay , pc , frs , frse ( /ˈbæbɪŋtən məˈkɔːli/ ; 25 october 1800 - 28 december 1859 ) was an english historian , poet , and whig politician , who served as the secretary at war between 1839 and 1841 , and as the paymaster general between 1846 and 1848 . |
647 | hero | 1 | PERSON | macaulay goes to considerable length , for example , to absolve his main hero william iii of any responsibility for the glencoe massacre . |
648 | middle east | 1 | PERSON | macaulay also played a substantial role in determining india 's education policy , in which he was guided by his conviction that western european culture was superior to that of india and the middle east . |
649 | decades | 1 | UNKNOWN | macaulay 's position , slightly modified , became the basis of copyright law in the english-speaking world for many decades . |
650 | crest | 1 | PERSON | the arms , crest and motto allude to the heraldry of the macaulays of ardincaple ; however thomas babington macaulay was not related to this clan at all . |
651 | campaign | 1 | SERIES | he accepted on the express condition that he need not campaign and would not pledge himself to a position on any political issue . |
652 | third | 1 | RESULT | the third and fourth volumes , bringing the history to the peace of ryswick , were published in 1855 . |
653 | entry | 1 | INSTANCE | macaulay index entry at poets ' corner lays of ancient rome ( complete ) at poets ' |
654 | predecessors | 1 | PERSON | but auschwitz and hiroshima destroyed this century 's claim to moral superiority over its predecessors , while the exhaustion of natural resources raises serious doubts about the continuation even of material progress into the next . |
655 | genteel coat tails | 1 | UNKNOWN |  |
656 | style | 1 | STYLE | he is best known for his the history of england , a seminal example of whig history which expressed macaulay 's belief in the inevitability of sociopolitical progress and has been widely commended for its prose style . |
657 | whig politics | 1 | ACT | history of england four times and later described himself as " a raw english schoolboy , primed to the brim with whig politics " but " not whiggism only , but macaulay in particular that i was so full of . " |
658 | anger | 1 | PERSON | he attributed the loss to the anger of religious zealots over his speech in favour of expanding the annual government grant to maynooth college in ireland , which trained young men for the catholic priesthood ; some observers also attributed his loss to his neglect of local issues . |
659 | fame | 1 | REPUTATION | in 1849 he was elected rector of the university of glasgow , a position with no administrative duties , often awarded by the students to men of political or literary fame . |
660 | glencoe massacre | 1 | PERSON | macaulay goes to considerable length , for example , to absolve his main hero william iii of any responsibility for the glencoe massacre . |
661 | niccolò machiavelli | 1 | PERSON | the miscellaneous writings and speeches of lord macaulay( 1860 ) , 4 vols vol. 1 , vol. 2 , vol. 3 , vol . 4 machiavelli on niccolò machiavelli ( 1850 ) . |
662 | affairs | 1 | PERSON | his account of debates has been thrown into the shade by ranke , his account of diplomatic affairs , by klopp . |
663 | latin | 1 | UNKNOWN | motto dulce periculum ( translation from latin : " danger is sweet " ) . |
664 | tradition | 1 | STYLE | there was no tradition of secondary education in vernacular languages ; the institutions supported by the east india company taught either in sanskrit or persian . hence , he argued , " we have to educate a people who cannot at present be educated by means of their mother-tongue . |
665 | confident | 1 | UNKNOWN | political writing macaulay 's political writings are famous for their ringing prose and for their confident , sometimes dogmatic , emphasis on a progressive model of british history , according to which the country threw off superstition , autocracy and confusion to create a balanced constitution and a forward-looking culture combined with freedom of belief and expression . |
666 | medium | 1 | MEDIUM | hence , from the sixth year of schooling onwards , instruction should be in european learning , with english as the medium of instruction . |
667 | piers brendon | 1 | PERSON | piers brendon wrote that macaulay is " the only british rival to gibbon . " |
668 | office september | 1 | PERIOD |  |
669 | disloyalty | 1 | ACT | in indian culture , the term " macaulay 's children " is sometimes used to refer to people born of indian ancestry who adopt western culture as a lifestyle , or display attitudes influenced by colonialism ( " macaulayism " ) - expressions used disparagingly , and with the implication of disloyalty to one 's country and one 's heritage . |
670 | duties | 1 | QUALITY | in 1849 he was elected rector of the university of glasgow , a position with no administrative duties , often awarded by the students to men of political or literary fame . |
671 | kind | 1 | INSTANCE | in 1982 , gertrude himmelfarb wrote : ost professional historians have long since given up reading macaulay , as they have given up writing the kind of history he wrote and thinking about history as he did . |
672 | incomplete | 1 | ABSTRACT ENTITY | he died of a heart attack on 28 december 1859 , aged 59 , leaving his major work , the history of england from the accession of james the second incomplete . |
673 | resources | 1 | RESOURCE | but auschwitz and hiroshima destroyed this century 's claim to moral superiority over its predecessors , while the exhaustion of natural resources raises serious doubts about the continuation even of material progress into the next . |
674 | sir henry hardinge paymaster general | 1 | PERSON | the viscount melbourne preceded by viscount howick succeeded by sir henry hardinge paymaster general in office 7 july 1846 - 8 may 1848 monarch victoria prime minister lord john russell preceded by hon . |
675 | trevelyan | 1 | PERSON | macaulay 's nephew , sir george trevelyan , bt , wrote the " life and letters " of his uncle . |
676 | spartans | 1 | UNKNOWN | losurdo states that " macaulay acknowledged that the english colonists in india behaved like spartans confronting helots : we are dealing with 'a race of sovereign ' or a ' sovereign caste ' , wielding absolute power over its ' serfs ' . " |
677 | bangladesh | 1 | PLACE | the indian penal code inspired counterparts in most other british colonies , and to date many of these laws are still in effect in places as far apart as pakistan , malaysia , myanmar , bangladesh , sri lanka , nigeria and zimbabwe , as well as in india itself . |
678 | j. p. kenyon | 1 | PERSON | in 1974 j. p. kenyon stated that : |
679 | reign | 1 | PLACE | at first , he had planned to bring his history down to the reign of george iii . |
680 | poet signature thomas babington macaulay | 1 | PERSON | zachary macaulay selina mills alma mater trinity college , cambridge occupation politician profession historian , poet signature thomas babington macaulay , 1st baron macaulay , pc , frs , frse ( /ˈbæbɪŋtən məˈkɔːli/ ; 25 october 1800 - 28 december 1859 ) was an english historian , poet , and whig politician , who served as the secretary at war between 1839 and 1841 , and as the paymaster general between 1846 and 1848 . |
681 | arrows | 1 | PHYSICAL OBJECT | escutcheon gules two arrows in saltire points downward argent surmounted by as many barrulets compony |
682 | writings | 1 | EVENT | political writing macaulay 's political writings are famous for their ringing prose and for their confident , sometimes dogmatic , emphasis on a progressive model of british history , according to which the country threw off superstition , autocracy and confusion to create a balanced constitution and a forward-looking culture combined with freedom of belief and expression . |
683 | racist | 1 | PERSON | later historians have also highlighted his views on non-european cultures and philosophies as explicitly racist , citing , for example , his remark that 'a single shelf of a good european library was worth the whole native literature of india and arabia ' . |
684 | j. w. burrow | 1 | PERSON | in 1981 , j. w. burrow argued that macaulay 's |
685 | determination | 1 | ACT | with regards to macaulay 's determination to inspect physically the places mentioned in his history , potter said : much of the success of the famous third chapter of the history which may be said to have introduced the study of social history , and even ... local history , was due to the intense local knowledge acquired on the spot . |
686 | entrance | 1 | STATUS | macaulay was amongst its founding trustees and is honoured with one of only three busts above the main entrance . |
687 | persian texts | 1 | RANK | macaulay argued that sanskrit and persian were no more accessible than english to the speakers of the indian vernacular languages and existing sanskrit and persian texts were of little use for " useful learning " . |
688 | buckles | 1 | INSTANCE | or and azure between two buckles in pale of the third a bordure engrailed also of the third . |
689 | key | 1 | PERSON | the essays are only pleasant reading , and a key to half the prejudices of our age . |
690 | reference | 1 | NUMBER | though he was never cited by name , there can be no doubt that macaulay answers to the charges brought against whig historians , particularly that they study the past with reference to the present , class people in the past as those who furthered progress and those who hindered it , and judge them accordingly . |
691 | hannah | 1 | PERSON | macaulay was born at rothley temple in leicestershire on 25 october 1800 , the son of zachary macaulay , a scottish highlander , who became a colonial governor and abolitionist , and selina mills of bristol , a former pupil of hannah more . |
692 | liberals | 1 | PERSON | in 1880 acton classed macaulay ( with burke and gladstone ) as one " of the three greatest liberals " . |
693 | fathers | 1 | PERSON | than facing fearful odds , for the ashes of his fathers , and the temples of his gods ? " |
694 | display attitudes | 1 | ATTITUDE | in indian culture , the term " macaulay 's children " is sometimes used to refer to people born of indian ancestry who adopt western culture as a lifestyle , or display attitudes influenced by colonialism ( " macaulayism " ) - expressions used disparagingly , and with the implication of disloyalty to one 's country and one 's heritage . |
695 | miscellaneous essays | 1 | UNKNOWN |  |
696 | merrill | 1 | PERSON | william pitt , earl of chatham : second essay ( maynard , merrill , & company , 1892 , 110 pages ) |
697 | roll | 1 | PERSON | potter concluded that " in the long roll of english historical writing from clarendon to trevelyan only gibbon has surpassed him in security of reputation and certainty of immortality " . |
698 | exaggeration | 1 | FIGURE | it is , i believe , no exaggeration to say that all the historical information which has been collected from all the books written in the sanskrit language is less valuable than what may be found in the most paltry abridgments used at preparatory schools in england . |
699 | masters | 1 | PERSON | he remains to me one of the greatest of all writers and masters , although i think him utterly base , contemptible and odious for certain reasons which you know . |
700 | late | 1 | PERIOD | then out spake brave horatius , the captain of the gate : " to every man upon this earth death cometh soon or late . |
701 | students | 1 | PERSON | in 1849 he was elected rector of the university of glasgow , a position with no administrative duties , often awarded by the students to men of political or literary fame . |
702 | unrelated macaulays | 1 | UNKNOWN | he was , instead , descended from the unrelated macaulays of lewis . |
703 | era | 1 | ABSTRACT ENTITY | it was a dominant creed in the era of the great exhibition . |
704 | teacher | 1 | PERSON | we must never judge the quality of a teaching by the quality of the teacher , or allow the spots to shut out the sun . |
705 | addison | 1 | PERSON | corner , near a statue of addison . |
706 | firth | 1 | PERSON | history of england : ... is not simply partisan ; a judgement , like that of firth , that macaulay was always the whig politician could hardly be more inapposite . |
707 | judgement | 1 | UNKNOWN | history of england : ... is not simply partisan ; a judgement , like that of firth , that macaulay was always the whig politician could hardly be more inapposite . |
708 | blemishes | 1 | BLEMISH | " despite its age and blemishes , macaulay 's history of england has still to be superseded by a full-scale modern history of the period . " |
709 | attack | 1 | EVENT | his weakness after suffering a heart attack caused him to postpone for several months making his speech of thanks to the edinburgh voters . |
710 | blessing | 1 | PERSON | losurdo noted that this did not prompt any doubts from macaulay over the right of britain to administer its colonies in an autocratic fashion ; for example , while macaulay described the administration of governor-general of india warren hastings as being so despotic that " all the injustice of former oppressors , asiatic and european , appeared as a blessing " , he ( hastings ) deserved " high admiration " and a rank among " the most remarkable men in our history " for " having saved england and civilisation " . |
711 | serfs | 1 | RESOURCE | losurdo states that " macaulay acknowledged that the english colonists in india behaved like spartans confronting helots : we are dealing with 'a race of sovereign ' or a ' sovereign caste ' , wielding absolute power over its ' serfs ' . " |
712 | rector | 1 | PERSON | in 1849 he was elected rector of the university of glasgow , a position with no administrative duties , often awarded by the students to men of political or literary fame . |
713 | remark | 1 | LANGUAGE | later historians have also highlighted his views on non-european cultures and philosophies as explicitly racist , citing , for example , his remark that 'a single shelf of a good european library was worth the whole native literature of india and arabia ' . |
714 | mason | 1 | PERSON | mason , baker & pratt . 1873 . |
715 | points | 1 | UNKNOWN | potter noted that macaulay has had many critics , some of whom put forward some salient points about the deficiency of macaulay 's |
716 | corner lays | 1 | PERSON | macaulay index entry at poets ' corner lays of ancient rome ( complete ) at poets ' |
717 | effect | 1 | EFFECT | the indian penal code inspired counterparts in most other british colonies , and to date many of these laws are still in effect in places as far apart as pakistan , malaysia , myanmar , bangladesh , sri lanka , nigeria and zimbabwe , as well as in india itself . |
718 | civilisation | 1 | UNKNOWN | losurdo noted that this did not prompt any doubts from macaulay over the right of britain to administer its colonies in an autocratic fashion ; for example , while macaulay described the administration of governor-general of india warren hastings as being so despotic that " all the injustice of former oppressors , asiatic and european , appeared as a blessing " , he ( hastings ) deserved " high admiration " and a rank among " the most remarkable men in our history " for " having saved england and civilisation " . |
719 | colour | 1 | COLOUR | we must at present do our best to form a class who may be interpreters between us and the millions whom we govern ; a class of persons indian in blood and colour , but english in tastes , in opinions , in morals , and in intellect . |
720 | thereon | 1 | PERSON | crest upon a rock a boot proper thereon a spur or . |
721 | fallen | 1 | PERSON | macaulay , who did not marry nor have children , was rumoured to have fallen in love with maria kinnaird , who was the wealthy ward of richard ' conversation ' sharp . |
722 | length | 1 | LENGTH | macaulay goes to considerable length , for example , to absolve his main hero william iii of any responsibility for the glencoe massacre . |
723 | education instruction | 1 | ACT | his minute on indian education of february 1835 was primarily responsible for the introduction of western institutional education to india . macaulay recommended the introduction of the english language as the official language of secondary education instruction in all schools where there had been none before , and the training of english-speaking indians as teachers . |
724 | africans | 1 | PERSON | macaulay in the edinburgh review in 1827 , and in a series of anonymous letters to the morning chronicle , censured the analysis of indentured labour by the british colonial office expert colonel thomas moody , kt . macaulay 's evangelical whig father zachary macaulay , who desired a ' free black peasantry ' rather than equality for africans , also censured , in the anti-slavery reporter , moody 's contentions . |
725 | ancestor | 1 | GROUP | winston churchill devoted a four-volume biography of the duke of marlborough to rebutting macaulay 's slights on his ancestor , expressing hope " to fasten the label ' liar ' to his genteel coat-tails " . |
726 | margaret | 1 | PERSON | margaret , who died while he was in india , and hannah , to whose daughter margaret , whom he called ' baba ' , he was also attached . |
727 | enactment | 1 | ACT | he became mp for leeds subsequent to the 1833 enactment of the reform act 1832 , by which calne 's representation was reduced from two mps to one , and by which leeds , which had not been represented before , had two mps . |
728 | tastes | 1 | EVENT | we must at present do our best to form a class who may be interpreters between us and the millions whom we govern ; a class of persons indian in blood and colour , but english in tastes , in opinions , in morals , and in intellect . |
729 | horatius cocles | 1 | PERSON | the most famous of them , horatius , concerns the heroism of horatius cocles . |
730 | reform act | 1 | ACT | he became mp for leeds subsequent to the 1833 enactment of the reform act 1832 , by which calne 's representation was reduced from two mps to one , and by which leeds , which had not been represented before , had two mps . |
731 | election | 1 | POWER | in the election of 1847 he lost his seat in edinburgh . |
732 | dalitists | 1 | PERSON | in independent india , macaulay 's idea of the civilising mission has been used by dalitists , in particular by neo-liberalist chandra bhan prasad , as a " creative appropriation for self-empowerment " , based on the view that the dalit community was empowered by macaulay 's deprecation of hindu culture and support for western-style education in india . |
733 | child | 1 | PERSON | they named their first child after his uncle thomas babington , a leicestershire landowner and politician , who had married zachary 's sister jean . |
734 | aeneid whilst | 1 | PERSON | in his letters he describes his reading of the aeneid whilst he was in malvern in 1851 , and says he was moved to tears by virgil 's poetry . |
735 | pratt | 1 | PERSON | mason , baker & pratt . 1873 . |
736 | backwardness | 1 | PROPERTY | this is especially noticeable in the third chapter of his history of england , when again and again he contrasts the backwardness of 1685 with the advances achieved by 1848 . |
737 | anti slavery reporter | 1 | PERSON |  |
738 | karl marx | 1 | PERSON | karl marx referred to him as a ' systematic falsifier of history ' . |
739 | relationships | 1 | RELATIONSHIP | macaulay 's strongest emotional relationships were with his youngest sisters : |
740 | whigs | 1 | LIQUID | of course macaulay thought that the whigs of the seventeenth century were correct in their fundamental ideas , but the hero of the history was william , who , as macaulay says , was certainly no whig ... if this was |
741 | nephew | 1 | PERSON | macaulay 's nephew , sir george trevelyan , bt , wrote the " life and letters " of his uncle . |
742 | abolition | 1 | QUALITY | macaulay 's maiden speech in parliament advocated abolition of the civil disabilities of the jews in the uk . |
743 | tears | 1 | PERSON | in his letters he describes his reading of the aeneid whilst he was in malvern in 1851 , and says he was moved to tears by virgil 's poetry . |
744 | conversation | 1 | EVENT | macaulay , who did not marry nor have children , was rumoured to have fallen in love with maria kinnaird , who was the wealthy ward of richard ' conversation ' sharp . |
745 | regression | 1 | ACT | himmelfarb also laments that " the history of the history is a sad testimonial to the cultural regression of our times " . |
746 | europe | 1 | PLACE | for all his linguistic abilities he seems never to have tried to enter into sympathetic mental contact with the classical world or with the europe of his day . |
747 | villains | 1 | PERSON | his tendency to see history as a drama led him to treat figures whose views he opposed as if they were villains , while characters he approved of were presented as heroes . |
748 | lady trevelyan | 1 | PERSON | this , bringing the history down to the death of william iii , was prepared for publication by his sister , lady trevelyan , after his death . |
749 | 'a race | 1 | RACE | losurdo states that " macaulay acknowledged that the english colonists in india behaved like spartans confronting helots : we are dealing with 'a race of sovereign ' or a ' sovereign caste ' , wielding absolute power over its ' serfs ' . " |
750 | burke | 1 | PERSON | in 1880 acton classed macaulay ( with burke and gladstone ) as one " of the three greatest liberals " . |
751 | debates | 1 | STATE | his account of debates has been thrown into the shade by ranke , his account of diplomatic affairs , by klopp . |
752 | sisters | 1 | PERSON | macaulay 's strongest emotional relationships were with his youngest sisters : |
753 | implication | 1 | PERSON | in indian culture , the term " macaulay 's children " is sometimes used to refer to people born of indian ancestry who adopt western culture as a lifestyle , or display attitudes influenced by colonialism ( " macaulayism " ) - expressions used disparagingly , and with the implication of disloyalty to one 's country and one 's heritage . |
754 | proposition | 1 | PROPOSITION | on the other hand , speck also wrote that macaulay " took pains to present the virtues even of a rogue , and he painted the virtuous warts and all " , and that " he was never guilty of suppressing or distorting evidence to make it support a proposition which he knew to be untrue " . |
755 | home | 1 | PLACE | i have conversed both here and at home with men distinguished by their proficiency in the eastern tongues . |
756 | essays macaulay | 1 | PERSON |  |
757 | bacon | 1 | PERSON | he was not above par in literary criticism ; his indian articles will not hold water ; and his two most famous reviews , on bacon and ranke , show his incompetence . |
758 | whig view | 1 | PERSON | butterfield says , rightly , that in the nineteenth century the whig view of history became the english view . |
759 | interrelations | 1 | RELATION | the history is much more than the vindication of a party ; it is an attempt to insinuate a view of politics , pragmatic , reverent , essentially burkean , informed by a high , even tumid sense of the worth of public life , yet fully conscious of its interrelations with the wider progress of society ; it embodies what hallam had merely asserted , a sense of the privileged possession by englishmen of their history , as well as of the epic dignity of government by discussion . |
760 | scottish highlander | 1 | PERSON | macaulay was born at rothley temple in leicestershire on 25 october 1800 , the son of zachary macaulay , a scottish highlander , who became a colonial governor and abolitionist , and selina mills of bristol , a former pupil of hannah more . |
761 | sectarianism | 1 | SYSTEM | if this was sectarian it was hardly , in any useful contemporary sense , polemically whig ; it is more like the sectarianism of english respectability . |
762 | reason macaulay | 1 | PERSON | speck wrote in 1980 , that a reason macaulay 's history of england " still commands respect is that it was based upon a prodigious amount of research " . |
763 | lord derby | 1 | PERSON | randolph , who is writing a life of the late lord derby for longman 's , brought to luncheon a young man of that name . |
764 | tendency | 1 | TENDENCY | his tendency to see history as a drama led him to treat figures whose views he opposed as if they were villains , while characters he approved of were presented as heroes . |
765 | mass | 1 | MATERIAL | to that class we may leave it to refine the vernacular dialects of the country , to enrich those dialects with terms of science borrowed from the western nomenclature , and to render them by degrees fit vehicles for conveying knowledge to the great mass of the population . |
766 | speakers | 1 | PROCESS | macaulay argued that sanskrit and persian were no more accessible than english to the speakers of the indian vernacular languages and existing sanskrit and persian texts were of little use for " useful learning " . |
767 | brim | 1 | PERSON | history of england four times and later described himself as " a raw english schoolboy , primed to the brim with whig politics " but " not whiggism only , but macaulay in particular that i was so full of . " |
768 | board | 1 | BODY | macaulay was secretary to the board of control under lord grey from 1832 until he in 1833 required , as a consequence of the penury of his father , a more remunerative office , than that of the unremunerated office of an mp , from which he resigned after the passing of the government of india |
769 | pupil | 1 | PERSON | macaulay was born at rothley temple in leicestershire on 25 october 1800 , the son of zachary macaulay , a scottish highlander , who became a colonial governor and abolitionist , and selina mills of bristol , a former pupil of hannah more . |
770 | incompetence | 1 | DEFICIENCY | he was not above par in literary criticism ; his indian articles will not hold water ; and his two most famous reviews , on bacon and ranke , show his incompetence . |
771 | right | 1 | PERSON | the right honourable the lord macaulay pc frs frse photogravure of macaulay by antoine claudet secretary at war |
772 | translations | 1 | STATE | i have read translations of the most celebrated arabic and sanskrit works . |
773 | blood | 1 | STATE | we must at present do our best to form a class who may be interpreters between us and the millions whom we govern ; a class of persons indian in blood and colour , but english in tastes , in opinions , in morals , and in intellect . |
774 | october rothley temple | 1 | PERSON |  |
775 | thomas babington macaulay notes | 1 | PERSON | arms caption : coat of arms of thomas babington macaulay notes |
776 | persons | 1 | PERSON | we must at present do our best to form a class who may be interpreters between us and the millions whom we govern ; a class of persons indian in blood and colour , but english in tastes , in opinions , in morals , and in intellect . |
777 | voters | 1 | PERSON | in 1852 , the voters of edinburgh offered to re-elect him to parliament . |
778 | protagonist | 1 | PERSON | in the novel marathon man and its film adaptation , the protagonist was named ' thomas babington ' after macaulay . |
779 | national portrait gallery | 1 | ACT | the need to collect reliable portraits of notable figures from history for this project led to the foundation of the national portrait gallery , which was formally established on 2 december 1856 . |
780 | oppressors | 1 | PERSON | losurdo noted that this did not prompt any doubts from macaulay over the right of britain to administer its colonies in an autocratic fashion ; for example , while macaulay described the administration of governor-general of india warren hastings as being so despotic that " all the injustice of former oppressors , asiatic and european , appeared as a blessing " , he ( hastings ) deserved " high admiration " and a rank among " the most remarkable men in our history " for " having saved england and civilisation " . |
781 | party whig parent s | 1 | PERSON |  |
782 | virgil | 1 | PERSON | in his letters he describes his reading of the aeneid whilst he was in malvern in 1851 , and says he was moved to tears by virgil 's poetry . |
783 | houses | 1 | UNKNOWN | macaulay 's largely coincided with bentinck 's views and bentinck 's english education act 1835 closely matched macaulay 's recommendations ( in 1836 , a school named la martinière , founded by major general claude martin , had one of its houses named after him ) , but subsequent governors-general took a more conciliatory approach to existing indian education . |
784 | opinions | 1 | AMOUNT | we must at present do our best to form a class who may be interpreters between us and the millions whom we govern ; a class of persons indian in blood and colour , but english in tastes , in opinions , in morals , and in intellect . |
785 | complacency | 1 | EMOTION | macaulay 's approach has been criticised by later historians for its one-sidedness and its complacency . |
786 | issues | 1 | EVENT | he attributed the loss to the anger of religious zealots over his speech in favour of expanding the annual government grant to maynooth college in ireland , which trained young men for the catholic priesthood ; some observers also attributed his loss to his neglect of local issues . |
787 | contentions | 1 | STATE | macaulay in the edinburgh review in 1827 , and in a series of anonymous letters to the morning chronicle , censured the analysis of indentured labour by the british colonial office expert colonel thomas moody , kt . macaulay 's evangelical whig father zachary macaulay , who desired a ' free black peasantry ' rather than equality for africans , also censured , in the anti-slavery reporter , moody 's contentions . |
788 | line | 1 | PERSON | ( this line may well have been a joke about the colonel 's pseudo-intellectual bragging , as most educated victorians knew that macaulay did not write of queen anne ; the history encompasses only as far as the death of william iii in 1702 , who was succeeded by anne . ) |
789 | mother tongue | 1 | PERSON |  |
790 | adoptions | 1 | ACT | such adoptions were not uncommon at the time according to the scottish heraldic historian peter drummond-murray but usually made from ignorance rather than deceit . |
791 | appointment | 1 | PROCESS | act 1833 to accept an appointment as first law member of the governor-general 's council . |
792 | facts | 1 | UNKNOWN | but when we pass from works of imagination to works in which facts are recorded and general principles investigated , the superiority of the europeans becomes absolutely immeasurable . |
793 | revolution | 1 | STUDY | but it is also reflected in history ; the most stirring passages in the work are those that describe the " glorious revolution " of 1688 . |
794 | transformation | 1 | PERSON | the chief agent of that transformation was surely macaulay , aided , of course , by the receding relevance of seventeenth-century conflicts to contemporary politics , as the power of the crown waned further , and the civil disabilities of catholics and dissenters were removed by legislation . |

## Objects sorted by category

Categoría | Objetos
PERSON | acton addison aeneid whilst affairs africans alexander james grieve ancient rome anger anne anti slavery reporter antoine claudet secretary appropriation argent arms bacon baker ballads ivry baron macaulay bentinck best seller bingham baring blessing bob blair works boot brim british colonial office expert colonel thomas moody british labour politician british rival burke busts butterfield cambridge cambridge historian g. m. trevelyan cambridge occupation politician profession historian captain chancellor chandra bhan prasad chatham child child prodigy children chimneys civil procedure code clarendon colonel colonel calverley commonplace constitution copyright copyright law corner lays course course macaulay crest crown cultures dalit community dalitists danger daughter margaret death cometh soon department doctor donald macaulay duke dutch dutch historian pieter geyl earl earl granville personal details born essay essays macaulay faith fall fallen father fathers favour firth freedom friend frse gate george iii george richard potter gertrude himmelfarb gibbon gladstone glencoe massacre gods government grant governor governor general governors general gravity great nephew green hallam hannah hannah more hastings hell herbert butterfield hero hero william iii himmelfarb hindu culture historian historian peter drummond murray historians hon horatius horatius cocles implication index intermediaries interpreters ivry j. p. kenyon j. w. burrow james james ii jews john partridge macaulay joke karl marx key klopp knowledge labour lady trevelyan landowner lansdowne law law member laws learning legislation lewis liberal liberal historian lord acton liberals life macaulay line lines longman lord lord derby lord grey lord john russell lord melbourne lord moran lord william bentinck lords loss losurdo love macaulay macaulay answers machiavelli major general claude martin malvern man margaret marquess mary gladstone mason masters may monarch victoria prime minister lord john russell maynard melbourne member men merrill middle east milton mission moody morning chronicle mother tongue motto dulce periculum nephew niccolò machiavelli nothing novel marathon man october rothley temple oppressors orientalist orientalists palace party party whig parent s patron paymaster general persian person persons piers brendon poems poet poet signature thomas babington macaulay poets politician population pratt pre eminence predecessors principles professor project project gutenberg protagonist pupil queen anne racist ranke reading reason macaulay rector richard right right honourable the lord macaulay pc frs frse photogravure roll rome scottish highlander second essay secretary selina mills shade sir francis grant sir george scharf macaulay sir george trevelyan sir henry hardinge paymaster general sir winston churchill sister sister jean sisters smoke son sovereign sovereign caste sri lanka statue students sun supporters teacher teachers tears thereon thomas babington thomas babington macaulay thomas babington macaulay notes thomas macaulay thomas pinney toddler transformation trevelyan trustees uncle uncle thomas babington view views villains virgil virtues viscount howick viscount melbourne volume volumes voters w. s. gilbert walter olson ward westminster westminster abbey whig whig father zachary macaulay whig historians whig politician whig view william william iii william pitt william thomas winston churchill wit zachary zachary macaulay zealots
PLACE | administration aftermath arabia auschwitz bangladesh bar bristol britain city country county culture edinburgh edinburgh review edinburgh voters england europe french great britain half hertfordshire hiroshima home house india india warren hastings ireland j. r. western la martinière leeds leicester leicestershire library london londonderry malaysia maria kinnaird myanmar nigeria observers office pakistan places reign rock rothley rothley temple ryswick schoolboy scotland spanish starting point tongues western western nomenclature western style education world worth writer writers zimbabwe
EVENT | admiration arabic attack characters conflicts conversation creation criminal procedure code death discussion domain audiobooks english episode episodes events foundation heart attack hope indian penal code interpretation issue issues life material progress miscellaneous writings passage passages patience peace penal code pocket borough portraits potter precedent progress reasons regards relief research respect scathing passages subjects talk tastes thanks validity visit war whig interpretation writings
ACT | act adoptions approach condemnation conviction criticism critics deceit description determination disambiguation disloyalty education instruction enactment english education act estimate fact striking heraldry instruction introduction national portrait gallery neglect politics propagation reform act regression representation reviews security self empowerment shot slights teaching whig politics
STATE | blood career certainty commonwealth nations contentions corner cot debates deprecation doubt doubts drama fault homosexuality morals nations passing severity success superiority translation translations
PERIOD | century day days december february january june late minute months october office july office september past period present time year years
ABSTRACT ENTITY | coat diary era example incomplete inevitability law proposal memoir prizes prose vindication
INSTITUTION | company east india company glasgow institutions maynooth college school sheffield society trinity college university zachary macaulay selina mills alma mater trinity college
AMOUNT | amount charges claim differences opinions ounce reform speck valuation
QUALITY | abolition account duties great exhibition pretension proficiency quality respectability weakness
GROUP | accession ancestor basis clan control outlook philosophies philosophy
INSTANCE | buckles english history entry history kind law commission pages whig history
PROCESS | analysis appointment education exhaustion hand indian education liar speakers
PROPERTY | age backwardness health insularity minuteness one sidedness relevance seat
CONDITION | arms caption express condition ignorance immortality pains pale possession
ABILITY | abilities continuation imagination letters poetry sanskrit poetry shelf
HUMAN GROUP | class people committee council parliament people privy council supreme council
ACTION | attempt critical funeral librivox.org critical publication publications
LANGUAGE | dialects dominant language languages remark sanskrit language
RESULT | error idea ideas powder result third
RANK | case chapter persian texts rank section
STUDY | glorious revolution revolution science study
BODY | board body books evidence
POWER | election influence injustice power
FORM | autocracy book form counterparts intellect
NUMBER | armada prelude reference spur
DEFICIENCY | confusion deficiency incompetence penury
QUANTITY | contact factory gold medal testimonial
SYSTEM | model monopoly sectarianism
TERM | agent term terms
TENDENCY | fashion rogue tendency
STYLE | libretto style tradition
SERIES | ancestry campaign series
VALUE | demand value window
SPEECH ACT | invitation spot spots
TRUST | belief superstition
FIGURE | exaggeration figures
USE | use uses
SEQUENCE | biography colonies
SPEECH | speech speeches
HUMAN ROLE | august monarch victoria prime minister prime minister
EFFECT | effect effects
WORD | colonialism peasantry
COLLECTION | internet archive peerage
RESOURCE | resources serfs
ARTWORK | art song
CONCEPT | macaulayism whiggism
STATUS | entrance priesthood
REPUTATION | fame reputation
GOVERNMENT | government indian mutiny
ROLE | role
ELEMENT | interest
PHRASE | phrase
WATER | water
PICTURE | picture
EQUALITY | equality
CONSEQUENCE | consequence
BIRD | herons
PARTICLE | lifestyle
POSITION | position
LAND | label
COGNITIVE STATE | prejudices
INFORMATION | information
ADAPTATION | film adaptation
MEASURE | measure
RELATIONSHIP | relationships
SOUND | training
ATTITUDE | display attitudes
PROPOSITION | proposition
NAME | name
ACTIVITY | work
RACE | 'a race
ARTIFACT | capacities
RESPONSIBILITY | responsibility
CHARACTERISTIC | heroism
MATERIAL | mass
STATEMENT | literature
DECISION | guilty
FIRE | fires
PART | colonists
BUILDING | temples
DIGNITY | dignity
SUGGESTION | recommendations
SYMBOL | vol
RELATION | interrelations
VEHICLE | degrees fit vehicles
PURPOSE | acceptance
COLOUR | colour
SET | support
HEAD | ashes
PERMISSION | round
RULE | education policy
BLEMISH | blemishes
SPACE | extent
ARTICLE | articles
LIQUID | whigs
MEDIUM | medium
LENGTH | length
INCREASE | warts
PHYSICAL OBJECT | arrows
EMOTION | complacency