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Prime Minister of Great Britain from 1782 to 1783 " Lord Shelburne " and " The Earl of Shelburne " redirect here . For other holders of the title , see Earl of Shelburne . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . Find sources : " William Petty , 2nd Earl of Shelburne " - news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( September 2022 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) The Most Honourable The Marquess of Lansdowne KG PC Portrait by Jean-Laurent Mosnier , 1791 Prime Minister of Great Britain In office 4 July 1782 - 26 March 1783 Monarch George III Preceded by The Marquess of Rockingham Succeeded by The Duke of Portland Leader of the House of Lords In office 4 July 1782 - 2 April 1783 Prime Minister Himself Preceded by The Marquess of Rockingham Succeeded by The Duke of Portland Home Secretary In office 27 March 1782 - 10 July 1782 Prime Minister * The Marquess of Rockingham Himself Preceded by The Earl of Hillsborough ( Southern Secretary ) Succeeded by Thomas Townshend Secretary of State for the Southern Department In office 30 July 1766 - 20 October 1768 Prime Minister * The Earl of Chatham * The Duke of Grafton Preceded by The Duke of Richmond Succeeded by The Viscount Weymouth Personal details Born ( 1737-05-02 )2 May 1737 Dublin , Ireland Died 7 May 1805( 1805-05-07 ) ( aged 68 ) Westminster , England Resting place All Saints Churchyard , High Wycombe , England Political party Whig Spouses * Sophia Carteret ​ ​ ( m. 1765 ; died 1771) ​ * Louisa FitzPatrick ​ ​ ( m. 1779 ; died 1789) ​ Children 3 Parent * John Petty , 1st Earl of Shelburne ( father ) Alma mater Christ Church , Oxford Signature Military service Allegiance Great Britain Branch/service British Army Rank General Battles/wars Seven Years ' War Coat of arms of William Petty , 1st Marquess of Lansdowne , KG William Petty Fitzmaurice , 1st Marquess of Lansdowne ( 2 May 1737 - 7 May 1805 ) , known as the Earl of Shelburne between 1761 and 1784 , by which title he is generally known to history , was an Anglo-Irish Whig statesman who was the first home secretary in 1782 and then prime minister in 1782-83 during the final months of the American War of Independence . He succeeded in securing peace with America and this feat remains his most notable legacy . Lord Shelburne was born in Dublin and spent his formative years in Ireland . After attending Oxford University , he served in the British Army during the Seven Years ' War . As a reward for his conduct at the Battle of Kloster Kampen , Shelburne was appointed an aide-de-camp to George III . He became involved in politics , becoming a member of parliament in 1760 . After his father 's death in 1761 , he inherited his title and entered the House of Lords . In 1766 , Shelburne was appointed as Southern Secretary , a position which he held for two years . He departed office during the Corsican Crisis and joined the Opposition . Following the fall of the North government , Shelburne joined its replacement under Lord Rockingham . Shelburne was made Prime Minister in 1782 following Rockingham 's death , with the American War still being fought . He lost his authority and influence after being driven out of office at the age of 45 in 1783 . Shelburne lamented that his career had been a failure , despite the many high offices he held over 17 years , and his undoubted abilities as a debater . He blamed his poor education— although it was as good as that of most peers— and said the real problem was that " it has been my fate through life to fall in with clever but unpopular connections " . Early life The future Marquess of Lansdowne was born William Fitzmaurice in Dublin , the first son of John Fitzmaurice , who was the second surviving son of the 1st Earl of Kerry . Lord Kerry had married Anne Petty , the daughter of Sir William Petty , Surveyor General of Ireland , whose elder son had been created Baron Shelburne in 1688 and ( on the elder son 's death ) whose younger son had been created Baron Shelburne in 1699 and Earl of Shelburne in 1719 . On the younger son 's death , the Petty estates passed to the aforementioned John Fitzmaurice , who changed his branch of the family 's surname to " Petty " in place of " Fitzmaurice " , and was created Viscount Fitzmaurice later in 1751 and Earl of Shelburne in 1753 ( after which his elder son John was styled Viscount Fitzmaurice ) . His grandfather , Lord Kerry , died when he was four , but Fitzmaurice grew up with other people 's grim memories of the old man as a " tyrant " , whose family and servants lived in permanent fear of him . Fitzmaurice spent his childhood " in the remotest parts of the south of Ireland , " and , according to his own account , when he entered Christ Church , Oxford , in 1755 , he had " both everything to learn and everything to unlearn " . From a tutor whom he describes as " narrow-minded " he received advantageous guidance in his studies , but he attributes his improvement in manners and in knowledge of the world chiefly to the fact that , as was his " fate through life " , he fell in " with clever but unpopular connexions " . Military career and election to Parliament Further information : Great Britain in the Seven Years ' War Shelburne served with distinction during the Seven Years ' War participating in engagements such as the Battle of Minden in 1759 . Shortly after leaving the university , he served in 20th Foot regiment commanded by James Wolfe during the Seven Years ' War . He became friends with his fellow officer Charles Grey , whose career he later assisted . In 1757 he took part in the amphibious Raid on Rochefort which withdrew without making any serious attempt on the town . The following year he was sent to serve in Germany and distinguished himself at Minden and Kloster-Kampen . For his services he was appointed aide-de-camp to the new King , George III , with the rank of colonel . This brought protests from several members of the cabinet as it meant he was promoted ahead of much more senior officers . In response to the appointment , the Duke of Richmond resigned a post in the royal household . Though he had no active military career after this , his early promotion as colonel meant that he would be further promoted through seniority to major-general in 1765 , lieutenant-general in 1772 and general in 1783 . On 2 June 1760 , while still abroad , Fitzmaurice had been returned to the British House of Commons as a member for Wycombe . He was re-elected unopposed at the general election of 1761 , and was also elected to the Irish House of Commons for County Kerry . However , on 14 May 1761 , before either Parliament met , he succeeded on his father 's death as the second Earl of Shelburne in the Peerage of Ireland and the second Baron Wycombe in the Peerage of Great Britain . As a result , he lost his seat in both Houses of Commons and moved up to the House of Lords , though he would not take his seat in the Irish House of Lords until April 1764 . He was succeeded in Wycombe by one of his supporters Colonel Isaac Barré who had a distinguished war record after serving with James Wolfe in Canada . Economics Shelburne , who was a descendant of the father of quantitative economics , William Petty , displayed a serious interest in economic reform , and was a proselytizer for free trade . He consulted with numerous English , Scottish , French and American economists and experts . He was on good terms with Benjamin Franklin and David Hume . He met in Paris with leading French economists and intellectuals . By the 1770s Shelburne had become the most prominent British statesman to advocate free trade . Shelburne said his conversion from mercantilism to free trade ultimately derived from long conversations in 1761 with Adam Smith . In 1795 he described this to Dugald Stewart : I owe to a journey I made with Mr Smith from Edinburgh to London , the difference between light and darkness through the best part of my life . The novelty of his principles , added to my youth and prejudices , made me unable to comprehend them at the time , but he urged them with so much benevolence , as well as eloquence , that they took a certain hold , which , though it did not develop itself so as to arrive at full conviction for some few years after , I can fairly say , has constituted , ever since , the happiness of my life , as well as any little consideration I may have enjoyed in it . Ritcheson is dubious on whether the journey with Smith actually happened , but provides no evidence to the contrary . There is proof that Shelburne did consult with Smith on at least one occasion , and Smith was close to Shelburne 's father and his brother . Early political career This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . Find sources : " William Petty , 2nd Earl of Shelburne " - news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( July 2023 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) Shelburne 's new military role close to the King brought him into communication with Lord Bute , who was the King 's closest advisor and a senior minister in the government . In 1761 Shelburne was employed by Bute to negotiate for the support of Henry Fox . Fox held the lucrative but unimportant post of Paymaster of the Forces , but commanded large support in the House of Commons and could boost Bute 's power base . Shelburne was opposed to Pitt , who had resigned from the government in 1761 . Under instructions from Shelburne , Barré made a vehement attack on Pitt in the House of Commons . In 1762 negotiations for a peace agreement went on in London and Paris . Eventually , a deal was agreed but it was heavily criticised for the perceived leniency of its terms as it handed back a number of captured territories to France and Spain . Defending it in the House of Lords , Shelburne observed " the security of the British colonies in North America was the first cause of the war " asserting that security " has been wisely attended to in the negotiations for peace " . Led by Fox , the government was able to push the peace treaty through parliament despite opposition led by Pitt . Shortly afterwards , Bute chose to resign as Prime Minister and retire from politics and was replaced by George Grenville . Shelburne joined the Grenville ministry in 1763 as First Lord of Trade . By this stage , Shelburne had changed his opinion of Pitt and become an admirer of him . After failing to secure Pitt 's inclusion in the Cabinet he resigned office after only a few months . Having moreover on account of his support of Pitt on the question of John Wilkes 's expulsion from the House of Commons incurred the displeasure of the King , he retired for a time to his estate . Southern Secretary After Pitt 's return to power in 1766 , he became Southern Secretary , but during Pitt 's illness his conciliatory policy towards America was completely thwarted by his colleagues and the King , and in 1768 he was dismissed from office . During the Corsican Crisis , sparked by the French invasion of Corsica , Shelburne was the major voice in the cabinet who favoured assisting the Corsican Republic . Although secret aid was given to the Corsicans it was decided not to intervene militarily and provoke a war with France , a decision made easier by the departure of the hard-line Shelburne from the cabinet . In June 1768 the General Court incorporated the district of Shelburne , Massachusetts from the area formerly known as " Deerfield Northeast " and in 1786 the district became a town . The town was named in honour of Lord Shelburne , who , in return sent a church bell , which never reached the town . Opposition Shelburne went into Opposition where he continued to associate with William Pitt , 1st Earl of Chatham . They were both critical of the policies of the North government in the years leading up to the outbreak of the American War of Independence in 1775 . As the war progressed , Shelburne cooperated with the Rockingham Whigs to attack the government of Lord North . After a British army was compelled to surrender at the Battle of Saratoga in 1777 , Shelburne joined other leaders of the Opposition to call for a total withdrawal of British troops . Prime Minister Further information : Shelburne ministry A portrait of Lord Shelburne by Sir Joshua Reynolds In March 1782 , following the downfall of the North ministry , Shelburne agreed to take office under Lord Rockingham on condition that the King would recognise the United States . Following the sudden and unexpected death of Lord Rockingham on 1 July 1782 , Shelburne succeeded him as Prime Minister . Shelburne 's appointment by the King provoked Charles James Fox and his supporters , including Edmund Burke , to resign their posts on 4 July 1782 . Burke scathingly compared Shelburne to his predecessor Rockingham . One of the figures brought in as a replacement was the 23-year-old William Pitt , son of Shelburne 's former political ally , who became Chancellor of the Exchequer . That year , Shelburne was appointed to the Order of the Garter as its 599th Knight . Peace negotiations Further information : Peace of Paris ( 1783 ) Shelburne 's government continued negotiations begun in early 1782 under Rockingham for peace in Paris , using Richard Oswald as the chief negotiator . Shelburne entertained a French peace envoy Joseph Matthias Gérard de Rayneval at his country estate in Wiltshire , and they discreetly agreed on a number of points which formed a basis for peace . Shelburne 's own envoys negotiated a separate peace with American commissioners which eventually led to an agreement on American independence and the borders of the newly created United States . Shelburne agreed to generous borders in the Illinois Country , but rejected demands by Benjamin Franklin for the cession of Canada and other territories . Historians have often commented that the treaty was very generous to the United States in terms of greatly enlarged boundaries . Historians such as Alvord , Harlow and Ritcheson have emphasized that British generosity was based on Shelburne 's statesmanlike vision of close economic ties between Britain and the United States . The concession of the vast trans-Appalachian areas was designed to facilitate the growth of the American population and create lucrative markets for British merchants , without any military or administrative costs to Britain . The point was the United States would become a major trading partner . As the French foreign minister Vergennes later put it , " The English buy peace rather than make it " . Downfall Shelburne , Charles James Fox and Frederick North , 2nd Earl of Guilford by James Gillray ( 1783 ) Dedication to Shelburne in volume I of Joseph Priestly 's Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air ( 1774 ) Dedication to Shelburne in volume I of Joseph Priestly 's Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air ( 1774 ) Fox 's resignation in 1782 led to the unexpected creation of a coalition led by Fox and Lord North , previously bitter rivals , which soon dominated the Opposition . In April 1783 the Opposition forced Shelburne 's resignation , and the new coalition government selected The Duke of Portland as Prime Minister until its fall in December that same year . The Treaty of Paris which formally ended the American Revolutionary War was signed during Portland 's tenure , but the agreement of peace terms that formed the basis of the treaty was the major achievement of Shelburne 's time in office . Shelburn 's fall was perhaps hastened by his plans for the reform of the public service . He had also in contemplation a Bill to promote free trade between Britain and the United States . Later life When Pitt became Prime Minister in 1784 , Shelburne , instead of receiving a place in the Cabinet , was created Marquess of Lansdowne . Though giving general support to the policy of Pitt , he from this time ceased to take an active part in public affairs . He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1803 . A personal act , the Marquis of Lansdowne 's Relief Act 1797 ( 37 Geo . 3. c. 22 Pr. ) , relieved him " from disabilities in consequence of his having sat and voted in the House of Lords without having made the necessary oaths and declarations " . Around 1762 , he founded the Boodle 's Club , which would later have as members Adam Smith , the Duke of Wellington , Sir Winston Churchill , and Ian Fleming , among others , and is now the second oldest club in the world . Marriage and issue Lord Lansdowne was twice married : First to Lady Sophia Carteret ( 26 August 1745 - 5 January 1771 ) , daughter of John Carteret , 2nd Earl Granville , through whom he obtained the Lansdowne estates near Bath . They had at least one child : * John Henry Petty , 2nd Marquess of Lansdowne ( 6 December 1765 - 15 November 1809 ) , sat from 1786 in his father 's interest House of Commons for Chipping Wycombe . After witnessing revolutionary events in Paris , he began to establish an independent reputation as a critic of the war with France and of the suppression of democratic agitation at home . In Ireland , to which he repaired in 1797 , he was suspected by the Dublin Castle administration of being a party to Robert Emmet 's conspiracy to renew the United Irish rebellion of 1798 with a rising Dublin . He died , without issue , within four years of his father 's death in 1809 , aged 43 . Secondly , to Lady Louisa FitzPatrick ( 1755 - 7 August 1789 ) , daughter of the 1st Earl of Upper Ossory . They had at least one child : * Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice , 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne ( 1780-1863 ) , who succeeded his half-brother in the title . Lord Lansdowne 's brother , The Hon . Thomas Fitzmaurice ( 1742-1793 ) of Cliveden , was also a Member of Parliament . Cabinet of Lord Shelburne This section is transcluded from Shelburne ministry . ( edit | history ) CAPTION : Portfolio Minister Took office Left office Party First Lord of the Treasury William Petty , 2nd Earl of Shelburne ( head of ministry ) 4 July 1782 ( 1782-07-04 ) 26 March 1783 ( 1783-03-26 ) Whig Lord Chancellor Edward Thurlow , 1st Baron Thurlow 3 June 1778 ( 1778-06-03 ) 7 April 1783 ( 1783-04-07 ) Independent Lord President of the Council Charles Pratt , 1st Baron Camden 27 March 1782 ( 1782-03-27 ) 2 April 1783 ( 1783-04-02 ) Whig Lord Privy Seal Augustus FitzRoy , 3rd Duke of Grafton 1782 ( 1782 ) 1783 ( 1783 ) Whig Chancellor of the Exchequer William Pitt the Younger 10 July 1782 ( 1782-07-10 ) 31 March 1783 ( 1783-03-31 ) Whig Secretary of State for the Home Department Thomas Townshend 10 July 1782 ( 1782-07-10 ) 2 April 1783 ( 1783-04-02 ) Whig * Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs * First Lord of Trade Thomas Robinson , 2nd Baron Grantham 13 July 1782 ( 1782-07-13 ) / 9 December 1780 ( 1780-12-09 ) 2 April 1783 ( 1783-04-02 ) Whig First Lord of the Admiralty Augustus Keppel , 1st Viscount Keppel 1782 ( 1782 ) 1783 ( 1783 ) Whig Richard Howe , 1st Viscount Howe 1783 ( 1783 ) 1788 ( 1788 ) Independent Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster John Dunning , 1st Baron Ashburton 17 April 1782 ( 1782-04-17 ) 29 August 1783 ( 1783-08-29 ) Independent Master-General of the Ordnance Charles Lennox , 3rd Duke of Richmond 1782 ( 1782 ) 1783 ( 1783 ) Whig Ancestry Ancestors of William Petty , 2nd Earl of Shelburne 8 . William FitzMaurice , 20th Baron Kerry ( =12 ) 4 . Thomas FitzMaurice , 1st Earl of Kerry 9 . Constance Long ( =13 ) 2 . John Petty , 1st Earl of Shelburne 10 . Sir William Petty 5 . Anne Petty 11 . Elizabeth Waller 1 . William Petty , 2nd Earl of Shelburne 12 . William FitzMaurice , 20th Baron Kerry ( =8 ) 6 . Lt. Col . Hon . William FitzMaurice 13 . Constance Long ( =9 ) 3. Mary FitzMaurice 14 . Sir John Brookes , 1st Baronet 7 . Deborah Brookes 15 . Mary Waller Collections University College London holds over 4000 tracts in its Lansdowne and Halifax tracts collections , the former being named after Petty . The tracts were published in England between 1559 and 1776 , and relate to the union between England and Scotland , the Civil War and the Restoration . Many of the tracts were written by Daniel Defoe and Jonathan Swift under pseudonyms .

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prime minister [HUMAN ROLE] of great britain [PLACE] from 1782 to 1783 " lord shelburne [PERSON] " and " the earl [PERSON] of shelburne [PERSON] " redirect here . for other holders [CONCEPT] of the title [ESTATE] , see earl [PERSON] of shelburne [PERSON] . this article [ARTICLE] needs additional citations [ACT] for verification [ACT] . please help improve this article [ARTICLE] by adding citations [ACT] to reliable sources [RANK] . unsourced material [MATERIAL] may [PERIOD] be challenged and removed . find sources [RANK] : " william petty [PERSON] , 2nd earl [PERSON] of shelburne [PERSON] " - news [SPEECH ACT] · newspapers [SPEECH ACT] · books [ENTITY] · scholar [PERSON] · jstor [UNKNOWN] ( september [PERIOD] 2022 ) ( learn [ACT] how and when to remove this message [SPEECH ACT] ) the most honourable the marquess [PERSON] of lansdowne kg pc portrait [PERSON] by jean-laurent mosnier , 1791 prime minister [HUMAN ROLE] of great britain [PLACE] in office [PLACE] 4 july [PERIOD] 1782 - 26 march [PERIOD] 1783 monarch george iii [PERSON] preceded by the marquess [PERSON] of rockingham [PERSON] succeeded by the duke [PERSON] of portland [PERSON] leader of the house [PLACE] of lords [PERSON] in office [PLACE] 4 july [PERIOD] 1782 - 2 april [PERIOD] 1783 prime minister [HUMAN ROLE] himself preceded by the marquess [PERSON] of rockingham [PERSON] succeeded by the duke [PERSON] of portland [PERSON] home secretary [PERSON] in office [PLACE] 27 march [PERIOD] 1782 - 10 july [PERIOD] 1782 prime minister [HUMAN ROLE] * the marquess [PERSON] of rockingham [PERSON] himself preceded by the earl [PERSON] of hillsborough [UNKNOWN] ( southern secretary [PERSON] ) succeeded by thomas townshend secretary [PERSON] of state [STATE] for the southern department [PLACE] in office [PLACE] 30 july [PERIOD] 1766 - 20 october 1768 prime minister [HUMAN ROLE] * the earl [PERSON] of chatham [PERSON] * the duke [PERSON] of grafton [PERSON] preceded by the duke [PERSON] of richmond [PLACE] succeeded by the viscount weymouth personal details born [PERSON] ( 1737-05-02 )2 may [PERIOD] 1737 dublin [PLACE] , ireland [PLACE] died 7 may [PERIOD] 1805( 1805-05-07 ) ( aged 68 ) westminster [PLACE] , england resting place [PLACE] all saints churchyard [PLACE] , high wycombe [PERSON] , england [PLACE] political party whig [PERSON] spouses [PERSON] * sophia carteret ​ [PERSON] ​ [PERSON] ( m. 1765 ; died 1771) ​ [PERSON] * louisa fitzpatrick ​ [PERSON] ​ [PERSON] ( m. 1779 ; died 1789) ​ [PERSON] children 3 parent * john petty [PERSON] , 1st earl [PERSON] of shelburne [PERSON] ( father [PERSON] ) alma mater christ church [PERSON] , oxford [PERSON] signature military service [INSTITUTION] allegiance great britain [PLACE] branch/service british army [HUMAN GROUP] rank [RANK] general battles/wars seven years [PERIOD] ' war coat [ABSTRACT ENTITY] of arms [PERSON] of william petty [PERSON] , 1st marquess [PERSON] of lansdowne [PERSON] , kg william petty [PERSON] fitzmaurice [PERSON] , 1st marquess [PERSON] of lansdowne [PERSON] ( 2 may [PERIOD] 1737 - 7 may [PERIOD] 1805 ) , known as the earl [PERSON] of shelburne [PERSON] between 1761 and 1784 , by which title [ESTATE] he is generally known to history [INSTANCE] , was an anglo-irish whig [PERSON] statesman who was the first home secretary [PERSON] in 1782 and then prime minister [HUMAN ROLE] in 1782-83 during the final months [PERIOD] of the american war [EVENT] of independence [QUALITY] . he succeeded in securing peace [EVENT] with america [PLACE] and this feat [UNKNOWN] remains his most notable legacy [PERSON] . lord shelburne [PERSON] was born in dublin [PLACE] and spent his formative years [PERIOD] in ireland [PLACE] . after attending oxford university [INSTITUTION] , he served in the british army [HUMAN GROUP] during the seven years [PERIOD] ' war [EVENT] . as a reward [ACTION] for his conduct at the battle [PERSON] of kloster kampen [PERSON] , shelburne [PERSON] was appointed an aide-de-camp to george iii [PERSON] . he became involved in politics [ACTION] , becoming a member [PERSON] of parliament [HUMAN GROUP] in 1760 . after his father [PERSON] 's death [EVENT] in 1761 , he inherited his title [ESTATE] and entered the house [PLACE] of lords [PERSON] . in 1766 , shelburne [PERSON] was appointed as southern secretary [PERSON] , a position [POSITION] which he held for two years [PERIOD] . he departed office [PLACE] during the corsican crisis [EVENT] and joined the opposition [EVENT] . following the fall [ACT] of the north government [GOVERNMENT] , shelburne [PERSON] joined its replacement [ACT] under lord rockingham [PERSON] . shelburne [PERSON] was made prime minister [HUMAN ROLE] in 1782 following rockingham [PERSON] 's death [EVENT] , with the american war [EVENT] still being fought . he lost his authority [STATUS] and influence [POWER] after being driven out of office [PLACE] at the age [PROPERTY] of 45 in 1783 . shelburne [PERSON] lamented that his career [QUANTITY] had been a failure [STATE] , despite the many high offices [POSITION] he held over 17 years [PERIOD] , and his undoubted abilities [ABILITY] as a debater [PERSON] . he blamed his poor [UNKNOWN] education— although it was as good as that of most peers— and said the real problem [STATEMENT] was that " it has been my fate through life [EVENT] to fall [ACT] in with clever [PERSON] but unpopular connections [DEFICIENCY] " . early life [EVENT] the future marquess [PERSON] of lansdowne [PERSON] was born william fitzmaurice [PERSON] in dublin [PLACE] , the first son [PERSON] of john fitzmaurice [PERSON] , who was the second surviving son [PERSON] of the 1st earl [PERSON] of kerry [PLACE] . lord kerry [PLACE] had married anne petty [PERSON] , the daughter [PERSON] of sir william petty [PERSON] [PERSON] , surveyor general [PERSON] of ireland [PLACE] , whose elder son [PERSON] had been created baron shelburne [PERSON] in 1688 and ( on the elder son [PERSON] 's death [EVENT] ) whose younger son [PERSON] had been created baron shelburne [PERSON] in 1699 and earl [PERSON] of shelburne [PERSON] in 1719 . on the younger son [PERSON] 's death [EVENT] , the petty estates [PERSON] passed to the aforementioned john fitzmaurice [PERSON] , who changed his branch of the family [HUMAN GROUP] 's surname [PORTION] to " petty [PERSON] " in place [PLACE] of " fitzmaurice [PERSON] " , and was created viscount fitzmaurice [PERSON] later in 1751 and earl [PERSON] of shelburne [PERSON] in 1753 ( after which his elder son john [PERSON] was styled viscount fitzmaurice [PERSON] ) . his grandfather [PERSON] , lord kerry [PLACE] , died when he was four , but fitzmaurice [PERSON] grew up with other people [HUMAN GROUP] 's grim memories [ABSTRACT ENTITY] of the old man [PERSON] as a " tyrant [PERSON] " , whose family [HUMAN GROUP] and servants [PERSON] lived in permanent fear [EMOTION] of him . fitzmaurice [PERSON] spent his childhood [PROPERTY] " in the remotest parts [PART] of the south [PLACE] of ireland [PLACE] , " and , according to his own account [INSTANCE] , when he entered christ church [PERSON] , oxford [PERSON] , in 1755 , he had " both everything [ACTIVITY] to learn [ACT] and everything [ACTIVITY] to unlearn " . from a tutor [INSTITUTION] whom he describes as " narrow-minded " he received advantageous guidance [SPEECH ACT] in his studies [STUDY] , but he attributes his improvement [ACT] in manners [PERSON] and in knowledge [AMOUNT] of the world [PLACE] chiefly to the fact [UNKNOWN] that , as was his " fate through life [EVENT] " , he fell in " with clever [PERSON] but unpopular connexions [SET] " . military career [QUANTITY] and election [PERSON] to parliament [HUMAN GROUP] further information [INFORMATION] : great britain [PLACE] in the seven years [PERIOD] ' war shelburne [PERSON] served with distinction [ACT] during the seven years [PERIOD] ' war [EVENT] participating in engagements [STATE] such as the battle [PERSON] of minden [PLACE] in 1759 . shortly after leaving the university [INSTITUTION] , he served in 20th foot regiment [HUMAN GROUP] commanded by james wolfe [PERSON] during the seven years [PERIOD] ' war [EVENT] . he became friends [PERSON] with his fellow officer charles [PERSON] grey , whose career [QUANTITY] he later assisted . in 1757 he took part in the amphibious raid [PERSON] on rochefort [PLACE] which withdrew without making any serious attempt [ACTION] on the town [PLACE] . the following year [PERIOD] he was sent to serve in germany [PLACE] and distinguished himself at minden [PLACE] and kloster-kampen . for his services [CONCEPT] he was appointed aide-de-camp to the new king [PERSON] , george iii [PERSON] , with the rank [RANK] of colonel [PERSON] . this brought protests [GROUP] from several members [STATE] of the cabinet [ACT] as it meant he was promoted ahead of much more senior officers [PERSON] . in response [ACT] to the appointment [DECISION] , the duke [PERSON] of richmond [PLACE] resigned a post [SEQUENCE] in the royal household [PERSON] . though he had no active military career [QUANTITY] after this , his early promotion [ACT] as colonel [PERSON] meant that he would be further promoted through seniority [MEASURE] to major-general in 1765 , lieutenant-general in 1772 and general in 1783 . on 2 june [PERIOD] 1760 , while still abroad , fitzmaurice [PERSON] had been returned to the british house [PLACE] of commons [RESULT] as a member [PERSON] for wycombe [PERSON] . he was re-elected unopposed at the general election [PERSON] of 1761 , and was also elected to the irish house [PLACE] of commons [RESULT] for county kerry [PLACE] . however , on 14 may [PERIOD] 1761 , before either parliament [HUMAN GROUP] met , he succeeded on his father [PERSON] 's death [EVENT] as the second earl [PERSON] of shelburne [PERSON] in the peerage [RANK] of ireland [PLACE] and the second baron wycombe [PERSON] in the peerage [RANK] of great britain [PLACE] . as a result [RESULT] , he lost his seat [PROPERTY] in both houses [UNKNOWN] of commons [RESULT] and moved up to the house [PLACE] of lords [PERSON] , though he would not take his seat [PROPERTY] in the irish house [PLACE] of lords [PERSON] until april [PERIOD] 1764 . he was succeeded in wycombe [PERSON] by one of his supporters colonel [PERSON] isaac barré [PERSON] who had a distinguished war record [ARTIFACT] after serving with james wolfe [PERSON] in canada [PLACE] . economics [UNKNOWN] shelburne [PERSON] , who was a descendant [RESULT] of the father [PERSON] of quantitative economics [UNKNOWN] , william petty [PERSON] , displayed a serious interest [ELEMENT] in economic reform [AMOUNT] , and was a proselytizer [UNKNOWN] for free trade [SPEECH ACT] . he consulted with numerous english [EVENT] , scottish [UNKNOWN] , french and american economists [PERSON] and experts [PERSON] . he was on good terms [TERM] with benjamin franklin [PERSON] and david hume [PERSON] . he met in paris [PLACE] with leading french economists [PERSON] and intellectuals [PERSON] . by the 1770s shelburne [PERSON] had become the most prominent british statesman [PERSON] to advocate free trade [SPEECH ACT] . shelburne [PERSON] said his conversion [SPEECH ACT] from mercantilism [CONCEPT] to free trade [SPEECH ACT] ultimately derived from long conversations [SITUATION] in 1761 with adam smith [PERSON] . in 1795 he described this to dugald stewart [PERSON] : i owe to a journey [PERSON] i made with mr smith [PERSON] from edinburgh [PLACE] to london [PLACE] , the difference [RESULT] between light [LIGHT] and darkness [PROPERTY] through the best part of my life [EVENT] . the novelty [CHARACTERISTIC] of his principles [RULE] , added to my youth [PERIOD] and prejudices [CONCLUSION] , made me unable to comprehend them at the time [PERIOD] , but he urged them with so much benevolence [ACT] , as well as eloquence [ABILITY] , that they took a certain hold [PLACE] , which , though it did not develop itself so as to arrive at full conviction [ACT] for some few years [PERIOD] after , i can fairly say , has constituted , ever since , the happiness [ABSTRACT ENTITY] of my life [EVENT] , as well as any little consideration [EVENT] i may [PERIOD] have enjoyed in it . ritcheson [PERSON] is dubious on whether the journey [PERSON] with smith [PERSON] actually happened , but provides no evidence [ABSTRACT ENTITY] to the contrary [EVENT] . there is proof [FORCE] that shelburne [PERSON] did consult with smith [PERSON] on at least one occasion [ABSTRACT ENTITY] , and smith [PERSON] was close to shelburne [PERSON] 's father [PERSON] and his brother [PERSON] . early political career [QUANTITY] this section [ACT] needs additional citations [ACT] for verification [ACT] . please help improve this article [ARTICLE] by adding citations [ACT] to reliable sources [RANK] in this section [ACT] . unsourced material [MATERIAL] may [PERIOD] be challenged and removed . find sources [RANK] : " william petty [PERSON] , 2nd earl [PERSON] of shelburne [PERSON] " - news [SPEECH ACT] · newspapers [SPEECH ACT] · books [ENTITY] · scholar [PERSON] · jstor [UNKNOWN] ( july [PERIOD] 2023 ) ( learn [ACT] how and when to remove this message [SPEECH ACT] ) shelburne [PERSON] 's new military role [ROLE] close to the king [PERSON] brought him into communication [UNKNOWN] with lord bute [PERSON] , who was the king [PERSON] 's closest advisor [PERSON] and a senior minister [HUMAN ROLE] in the government [GOVERNMENT] . in 1761 shelburne [PERSON] was employed by bute [PERSON] to negotiate for the support [SET] of henry fox [PERSON] . fox [PERSON] held the lucrative but unimportant post [SEQUENCE] of paymaster [PERSON] of the forces [FORCE] , but commanded large support [SET] in the house [PLACE] of commons [RESULT] and could boost bute [PERSON] 's power base [PERSON] . shelburne [PERSON] was opposed to pitt [PERSON] , who had resigned from the government [GOVERNMENT] in 1761 . under instructions [ACT] from shelburne [PERSON] , barré [PERSON] made a vehement attack [EVENT] on pitt [PERSON] in the house [PLACE] of commons [RESULT] . in 1762 negotiations [PROCESS] for a peace agreement [AGREEMENT] went on in london [PLACE] and paris [PLACE] . eventually , a deal [SITUATION] was agreed but it was heavily criticised for the perceived leniency [ACT] of its terms [TERM] as it handed back a number [NUMBER] of captured territories [PERSON] to france [PLACE] and spain [PLACE] . defending it in the house [PLACE] of lords [PERSON] , shelburne [PERSON] observed " the security [FORCE] of the british colonies [SEQUENCE] in north america [PLACE] was the first cause [CAUSE] of the war [EVENT] " asserting that security [FORCE] " has been wisely attended to in the negotiations [PROCESS] for peace [EVENT] " . led by fox [PERSON] , the government [GOVERNMENT] was able to push the peace treaty [ARTIFACT] through parliament [HUMAN GROUP] despite opposition [EVENT] led by pitt [PERSON] . shortly afterwards , bute [PERSON] chose to resign as prime minister [HUMAN ROLE] and retire from politics [ACTION] and was replaced by george grenville [PERSON] . shelburne [PERSON] joined the grenville ministry [INSTITUTION] in 1763 as first lord [PERSON] of trade [SPEECH ACT] . by this stage [STAGE] , shelburne [PERSON] had changed his opinion [AMOUNT] of pitt [PERSON] and become an admirer [PERSON] of him . after failing to secure pitt [PERSON] 's inclusion [ABSTRACT ENTITY] in the cabinet [ACT] he resigned office [PLACE] after only a few months [PERIOD] . having [UNKNOWN] moreover on account [INSTANCE] of his support [SET] of pitt [PERSON] on the question [QUESTION] of john wilkes [PERSON] 's expulsion [ACT] from the house [PLACE] of commons [RESULT] incurred the displeasure [CAUSE] of the king [PERSON] , he retired for a time [PERIOD] to his estate [ESTATE] . southern secretary [PERSON] after pitt [PERSON] 's return [UNKNOWN] to power [POWER] in 1766 , he became southern secretary [PERSON] , but during pitt [PERSON] 's illness [ILLNESS] his conciliatory policy [RULE] towards america [PLACE] was completely thwarted by his colleagues [PERSON] and the king [PERSON] , and in 1768 he was dismissed from office [PLACE] . during the corsican crisis [EVENT] , sparked by the french invasion [FORCE] of corsica [PERSON] , shelburne [PERSON] was the major voice [DECISION] in the cabinet [ACT] who favoured assisting the corsican republic [PLACE] . although secret [PLACE] aid was given to the corsicans [UNKNOWN] it was decided not to intervene militarily and provoke a war [EVENT] with france [PLACE] , a decision [DECISION] made easier by the departure [ACT] of the hard-line shelburne [PERSON] from the cabinet [ACT] . in june [PERIOD] 1768 the general court [PERSON] incorporated the district [PLACE] of shelburne [PERSON] , massachusetts [PLACE] from the area [AREA] formerly known as " deerfield northeast [SPACE] " and in 1786 the district [PLACE] became a town [PLACE] . the town [PLACE] was named in honour [UNKNOWN] of lord shelburne [PERSON] , who , in return [UNKNOWN] sent a church bell [PERSON] , which never reached the town [PLACE] . opposition [EVENT] shelburne [PERSON] went into opposition [EVENT] where he continued to associate with william pitt [PERSON] , 1st earl [PERSON] of chatham [PERSON] . they were both critical of the policies [RULE] of the north government [GOVERNMENT] in the years [PERIOD] leading up to the outbreak [OCCURRENCE] of the american war [EVENT] of independence [QUALITY] in 1775 . as the war [EVENT] progressed , shelburne [PERSON] cooperated with the rockingham [PERSON] whigs to attack the government [GOVERNMENT] of lord north [PERSON] . after a british army [HUMAN GROUP] was compelled to surrender at the battle [PERSON] of saratoga [ELEMENT] in 1777 , shelburne [PERSON] joined other leaders [PERSON] of the opposition [EVENT] to call for a total withdrawal [EVENT] of british troops [HUMAN GROUP] . prime minister [HUMAN ROLE] further information [INFORMATION] : shelburne ministry [INSTITUTION] a portrait [PERSON] of lord shelburne [PERSON] by sir joshua reynolds [PERSON] in march [PERIOD] 1782 , following the downfall [PERSON] of the north ministry [INSTITUTION] , shelburne [PERSON] agreed to take office [PLACE] under lord rockingham [PERSON] on condition [CONDITION] that the king [PERSON] would recognise the united states [PLACE] . following the sudden [OCCURRENCE] and unexpected death [EVENT] of lord rockingham [PERSON] on 1 july [PERIOD] 1782 , shelburne [PERSON] succeeded him as prime minister [HUMAN ROLE] . shelburne [PERSON] 's appointment [DECISION] by the king [PERSON] provoked charles james fox [PERSON] and his supporters [PERSON] , including edmund burke [PERSON] , to resign their posts [SEQUENCE] on 4 july [PERIOD] 1782 . burke [PERSON] scathingly compared shelburne [PERSON] to his predecessor rockingham [PERSON] . one of the figures [FIGURE] brought in as a replacement [ACT] was the 23-year-old william pitt [PERSON] , son [PERSON] of shelburne [PERSON] 's former political ally , who became chancellor [PERSON] of the exchequer [AMOUNT] . that year [PERIOD] , shelburne [PERSON] was appointed to the order [RANK] of the garter [WORD] as its 599th knight [PERSON] . peace negotiations [PROCESS] further information [INFORMATION] : peace [EVENT] of paris [PLACE] ( 1783 ) shelburne [PERSON] 's government [GOVERNMENT] continued negotiations [PROCESS] begun in early 1782 under rockingham [PERSON] for peace [EVENT] in paris [PLACE] , using richard oswald [PERSON] as the chief negotiator [SUBSTANCE] . shelburne [PERSON] entertained a french peace envoy joseph matthias gérard de rayneval [PERSON] at his country estate [ESTATE] in wiltshire [PERSON] , and they discreetly agreed on a number [NUMBER] of points [UNKNOWN] which formed a basis [RESULT] for peace [EVENT] . shelburne [PERSON] 's own envoys [STATE] negotiated a separate peace [EVENT] with american commissioners [PERSON] which eventually led to an agreement [AGREEMENT] on american independence [QUALITY] and the borders [CONCEPT] of the newly created united states [PLACE] . shelburne [PERSON] agreed to generous borders [CONCEPT] in the illinois country [PLACE] , but rejected demands [REQUEST] by benjamin franklin [PERSON] for the cession [EVENT] of canada [PLACE] and other territories [PERSON] . historians [PERSON] have often commented that the treaty [ARTIFACT] was very generous to the united states [PLACE] in terms [TERM] of greatly enlarged boundaries [SET] . historians [PERSON] such as alvord [PERSON] , harlow [PERSON] and ritcheson [PERSON] have emphasized that british generosity [ACT] was based on shelburne [PERSON] 's statesmanlike vision [ACT] of close economic ties [PERSON] between britain [PLACE] and the united states [PLACE] . the concession [ABSTRACT ENTITY] of the vast trans-appalachian areas [PLACE] was designed to facilitate the growth [ACT] of the american population [ACT] and create lucrative markets [UNKNOWN] for british merchants [PERSON] , without any military or administrative costs [EVENT] to britain [PLACE] . the point [PLACE] was the united states [PLACE] would become a major trading partner [GROUP] . as the french foreign minister vergennes [PERSON] later put it , " the english [EVENT] buy peace [EVENT] rather than make it " . downfall shelburne [PERSON] , charles james fox [PERSON] and frederick north [PERSON] , 2nd earl [PERSON] of guilford [PERSON] by james gillray [PERSON] ( 1783 ) dedication [ACT] to shelburne [PERSON] in volume [AMOUNT] i of joseph priestly [PERSON] 's experiments [UNKNOWN] and observations [UNKNOWN] on different kinds [PLACE] of air [AIR] ( 1774 ) dedication [ACT] to shelburne [PERSON] in volume [AMOUNT] i of joseph priestly [PERSON] 's experiments [UNKNOWN] and observations [UNKNOWN] on different kinds [PLACE] of air [AIR] ( 1774 ) fox [PERSON] 's resignation [ACT] in 1782 led to the unexpected creation [ACT] of a coalition [GROUP] led by fox [PERSON] and lord north [PERSON] , previously bitter rivals [GROUP] , which soon dominated the opposition [EVENT] . in april [PERIOD] 1783 the opposition [EVENT] forced shelburne [PERSON] 's resignation [ACT] , and the new coalition government [GOVERNMENT] selected the duke [PERSON] of portland [PERSON] as prime minister [HUMAN ROLE] until its fall [ACT] in december [PERIOD] that same year [PERIOD] . the treaty [ARTIFACT] of paris [PLACE] which formally ended the american revolutionary war [EVENT] was signed during portland [PERSON] 's tenure [STATUS] , but the agreement [AGREEMENT] of peace terms [TERM] that formed the basis [RESULT] of the treaty [ARTIFACT] was the major achievement [ACT] of shelburne [PERSON] 's time [PERIOD] in office [PLACE] . shelburn [PERSON] 's fall [ACT] was perhaps hastened by his plans [PLAN] for the reform [AMOUNT] of the public service [INSTITUTION] . he had also in contemplation [ACT] a bill [PERSON] to promote free trade [SPEECH ACT] between britain [PLACE] and the united states [PLACE] . later life [EVENT] when pitt [PERSON] became prime minister [HUMAN ROLE] in 1784 , shelburne [PERSON] , instead of receiving a place [PLACE] in the cabinet [ACT] , was created marquess [PERSON] of lansdowne [PERSON] . though giving general support [SET] to the policy [RULE] of pitt [PERSON] , he from this time [PERIOD] ceased to take an active part in public affairs [PERSON] . he was elected a foreign honorary member [PERSON] of the american academy [INSTITUTION] of arts [PERSON] and sciences [STATE] in 1803 . a personal act [ACT] , the marquis [PERSON] of lansdowne [PERSON] 's relief act [ACT] 1797 ( 37 geo [BODY] . 3. c. 22 pr. ) , relieved him " from disabilities [PROPERTY] in consequence [CONSEQUENCE] of his having [UNKNOWN] sat and voted in the house [PLACE] of lords [PERSON] without having [UNKNOWN] made the necessary oaths [LIGHT] and declarations [WORD] " . around 1762 , he founded the boodle [ABSTRACT ENTITY] 's club [INSTITUTION] , which would later have as members adam smith [PERSON] [PERSON] , the duke [PERSON] of wellington [PLACE] , sir winston churchill [PERSON] , and ian [PERSON] fleming , among others [UNKNOWN] , and is now the second oldest club [INSTITUTION] in the world [PLACE] . marriage [ACT] and issue lord lansdowne [PERSON] [PERSON] was twice married : first to lady sophia carteret [PERSON] ( 26 august [PERIOD] 1745 - 5 january [PERIOD] 1771 ) , daughter [PERSON] of john carteret [PERSON] , 2nd earl granville [PERSON] , through whom he obtained the lansdowne estates [ESTATE] near bath [PLACE] . they had at least one child [PERSON] : * john henry petty [PERSON] , 2nd marquess [PERSON] of lansdowne [PERSON] ( 6 december [PERIOD] 1765 - 15 november [PERIOD] 1809 ) , sat from 1786 in his father [PERSON] 's interest house [PLACE] of commons [RESULT] for chipping wycombe [PERSON] . after witnessing revolutionary events [EVENT] in paris [PLACE] , he began to establish an independent reputation [REPUTATION] as a critic [ACT] of the war [EVENT] with france [PLACE] and of the suppression [ACT] of democratic agitation [PROPERTY] at home [PLACE] . in ireland [PLACE] , to which he repaired in 1797 , he was suspected by the dublin castle administration [PERSON] of being a party [PLACE] to robert emmet [PERSON] 's conspiracy [FORM] to renew the united irish rebellion [PLACE] of 1798 with a rising dublin [PLACE] . he died , without issue [PERSON] , within four years [PERIOD] of his father [PERSON] 's death [EVENT] in 1809 , aged 43 . secondly , to lady louisa fitzpatrick [PERSON] ( 1755 - 7 august [PERIOD] 1789 ) , daughter [PERSON] of the 1st earl [PERSON] of upper ossory [PERSON] . they had at least one child [PERSON] : * henry petty-fitzmaurice , 3rd marquess [PERSON] of lansdowne [PERSON] ( 1780-1863 ) , who succeeded his half-brother in the title [ESTATE] . lord lansdowne [PERSON] 's brother [PERSON] , the hon [PERSON] . thomas fitzmaurice [PERSON] ( 1742-1793 ) of cliveden [UNKNOWN] , was also a member [PERSON] of parliament [HUMAN GROUP] . cabinet [ACT] of lord shelburne [PERSON] this section [ACT] is transcluded from shelburne ministry [INSTITUTION] . ( edit [ACT] | history [INSTANCE] ) caption [PORTION] : portfolio minister [HUMAN ROLE] took office [PLACE] left office [PLACE] party [PLACE] first lord [PERSON] of the treasury william petty [PERSON] [PERSON] , 2nd earl [PERSON] of shelburne [PERSON] ( head [HEAD] of ministry [INSTITUTION] ) 4 july [PERIOD] 1782 ( 1782-07-04 ) 26 march [PERIOD] 1783 ( 1783-03-26 ) whig lord chancellor [PERSON] edward thurlow [PERSON] , 1st baron [PERSON] thurlow 3 june [PERIOD] 1778 ( 1778-06-03 ) 7 april [PERIOD] 1783 ( 1783-04-07 ) independent lord president [PERSON] of the council charles pratt [PERSON] , 1st baron [PERSON] camden 27 march [PERIOD] 1782 ( 1782-03-27 ) 2 april [PERIOD] 1783 ( 1783-04-02 ) whig lord privy seal augustus fitzroy [PERSON] , 3rd duke [PERSON] of grafton [PERSON] 1782 ( 1782 ) 1783 ( 1783 ) whig chancellor [PERSON] of the exchequer william pitt [PERSON] [PERSON] the younger 10 july [PERIOD] 1782 ( 1782-07-10 ) 31 march [PERIOD] 1783 ( 1783-03-31 ) whig secretary [PERSON] of state [STATE] for the home [PLACE] department thomas townshend 10 july [PERIOD] 1782 ( 1782-07-10 ) 2 april [PERIOD] 1783 ( 1783-04-02 ) whig [PERSON] * secretary [PERSON] of state [STATE] for foreign affairs [PERSON] * first lord [PERSON] of trade thomas robinson [PERSON] , 2nd baron [PERSON] grantham 13 july [PERIOD] 1782 ( 1782-07-13 ) / 9 december [PERIOD] 1780 ( 1780-12-09 ) 2 april [PERIOD] 1783 ( 1783-04-02 ) whig first lord [PERSON] of the admiralty augustus keppel [PERSON] , 1st viscount keppel [PERSON] 1782 ( 1782 ) 1783 ( 1783 ) whig richard howe [PERSON] , 1st viscount howe [PERSON] 1783 ( 1783 ) 1788 ( 1788 ) independent chancellor [PERSON] of the duchy [UNKNOWN] of lancaster john [PERSON] dunning , 1st baron [PERSON] ashburton 17 april [PERIOD] 1782 ( 1782-04-17 ) 29 august [PERIOD] 1783 ( 1783-08-29 ) independent master-general of the ordnance charles lennox [PERSON] , 3rd duke [PERSON] of richmond [PLACE] 1782 ( 1782 ) 1783 ( 1783 ) whig ancestry ancestors [PERSON] of william petty [PERSON] , 2nd earl [PERSON] of shelburne [PERSON] 8 . william fitzmaurice [PERSON] , 20th baron kerry [PLACE] ( =12 ) 4 . thomas fitzmaurice [PERSON] , 1st earl [PERSON] of kerry [PLACE] 9 . constance long [PERSON] ( =13 ) 2 . john petty [PERSON] , 1st earl [PERSON] of shelburne [PERSON] 10 . sir william petty [PERSON] [PERSON] 5 . anne petty [PERSON] 11 . elizabeth waller [PERSON] 1 . william petty [PERSON] , 2nd earl [PERSON] of shelburne [PERSON] 12 . william fitzmaurice [PERSON] , 20th baron kerry [PLACE] ( =8 ) 6 . lt. col [PERSON] . hon [PERSON] . william fitzmaurice [PERSON] 13 . constance long [PERSON] ( =9 ) 3. mary fitzmaurice [PERSON] 14 . sir john brookes [PERSON] , 1st baronet [PERSON] 7 . deborah brookes [PERSON] 15 . mary waller collections [COLLECTION] university [INSTITUTION] college london [PLACE] holds over 4000 tracts [SPEECH ACT] in its lansdowne [PERSON] and halifax [PLACE] tracts [SPEECH ACT] collections [COLLECTION] , the former being named after petty [PERSON] . the tracts [SPEECH ACT] were published in england [PLACE] between 1559 and 1776 , and relate to the union [PLACE] between england [PLACE] and scotland [PLACE] , the civil war [EVENT] and the restoration [EVENT] . many of the tracts [SPEECH ACT] were written by daniel defoe [PERSON] and jonathan swift [PERSON] under pseudonyms [NAME] .

## Objects found

Id | Form | Freq | Tag | Context | Error
1 | shelburne | 45 | PERSON | prime minister of great britain from 1782 to 1783 " lord shelburne " and " the earl of shelburne " redirect here . |
2 | earl | 20 | PERSON | prime minister of great britain from 1782 to 1783 " lord shelburne " and " the earl of shelburne " redirect here . |
3 | years | 11 | PERIOD | alma mater christ church , oxford signature military service allegiance great britain branch/service british army rank general battles/wars seven years ' war coat of arms of william petty , 1st marquess of lansdowne , kg william petty fitzmaurice , 1st marquess of lansdowne ( 2 may 1737 - 7 may 1805 ) , known as the earl of shelburne between 1761 and 1784 , by which title he is generally known to history , was an anglo-irish whig statesman who was the first home secretary in 1782 and then prime minister in 1782-83 during the final months of the american war of independence . |
4 | marquess | 10 | PERSON | the most honourable the marquess of lansdowne kg pc portrait by jean-laurent mosnier , 1791 prime minister of great britain |
5 | duke | 9 | PERSON | the marquess of rockingham succeeded by the duke of portland |
6 | pitt | 9 | PERSON | shelburne was opposed to pitt , who had resigned from the government in 1761 . |
7 | lansdowne | 8 | PERSON | the most honourable the marquess of lansdowne kg pc portrait by jean-laurent mosnier , 1791 prime minister of great britain |
8 | house | 8 | PLACE | leader of the house of lords |
9 | prime minister | 8 | HUMAN ROLE | prime minister of great britain from 1782 to 1783 " lord shelburne " and " the earl of shelburne " redirect here . |
10 | commons | 7 | RESULT | on 2 june 1760 , while still abroad , fitzmaurice had been returned to the british house of commons as a member for wycombe . |
11 | father | 7 | PERSON | sophia carteret ​ ​ ( m. 1765 ; died 1771) ​ * louisa fitzpatrick ​ ​ ( m. 1779 ; died 1789) ​ children 3 parent * john petty , 1st earl of shelburne ( father ) |
12 | son | 7 | PERSON | the future marquess of lansdowne was born william fitzmaurice in dublin , the first son of john fitzmaurice , who was the second surviving son of the 1st earl of kerry . |
13 | king | 7 | PERSON | for his services he was appointed aide-de-camp to the new king , george iii , with the rank of colonel . |
14 | opposition | 7 | EVENT | he departed office during the corsican crisis and joined the opposition . |
15 | death | 7 | EVENT | after his father 's death in 1761 , he inherited his title and entered the house of lords . |
16 | war | 7 | EVENT | alma mater christ church , oxford signature military service allegiance great britain branch/service british army rank general battles/wars seven years ' war coat of arms of william petty , 1st marquess of lansdowne , kg william petty fitzmaurice , 1st marquess of lansdowne ( 2 may 1737 - 7 may 1805 ) , known as the earl of shelburne between 1761 and 1784 , by which title he is generally known to history , was an anglo-irish whig statesman who was the first home secretary in 1782 and then prime minister in 1782-83 during the final months of the american war of independence . |
17 | ireland | 6 | PLACE | the duke of grafton preceded by the duke of richmond succeeded by the viscount weymouth personal details born ( 1737-05-02 )2 may 1737 dublin , ireland died 7 may 1805( 1805-05-07 ) ( aged 68 ) |
18 | william petty | 6 | PERSON | find sources : " william petty , 2nd earl of shelburne " - news · newspapers · books · scholar · jstor ( september 2022 ) ( learn how and when to remove this message ) |
19 | april | 6 | PERIOD | in office 4 july 1782 - 2 april 1783 prime minister himself preceded by the marquess of rockingham succeeded by the duke of portland |
20 | rockingham | 6 | PERSON | the marquess of rockingham succeeded by the duke of portland |
21 | lords | 6 | PERSON | leader of the house of lords |
22 | united states | 6 | PLACE | shelburne ministry a portrait of lord shelburne by sir joshua reynolds in march 1782 , following the downfall of the north ministry , shelburne agreed to take office under lord rockingham on condition that the king would recognise the united states . |
23 | office | 6 | PLACE | in office 4 july 1782 - 26 |
24 | peace | 6 | EVENT | he succeeded in securing peace with america and this feat remains his most notable legacy . |
25 | life | 6 | EVENT | he blamed his poor education— although it was as good as that of most peers— and said the real problem was that " it has been my fate through life to fall in with clever but unpopular connections " . |
26 | paris | 6 | PLACE | he met in paris with leading french economists and intellectuals . |
27 | cabinet | 6 | ACT | this brought protests from several members of the cabinet as it meant he was promoted ahead of much more senior officers . |
28 | career | 5 | QUANTITY | shelburne lamented that his career had been a failure , despite the many high offices he held over 17 years , and his undoubted abilities as a debater . |
29 | trade | 5 | SPEECH ACT | shelburne , who was a descendant of the father of quantitative economics , william petty , displayed a serious interest in economic reform , and was a proselytizer for free trade . |
30 | parliament | 5 | HUMAN GROUP | he became involved in politics , becoming a member of parliament in 1760 . |
31 | government | 5 | GOVERNMENT | following the fall of the north government , shelburne joined its replacement under lord rockingham . |
32 | lord shelburne | 5 | PERSON | prime minister of great britain from 1782 to 1783 " lord shelburne " and " the earl of shelburne " redirect here . |
33 | july | 4 | PERIOD | in office 4 july 1782 - 26 |
34 | may | 4 | PERIOD | unsourced material may be challenged and removed . |
35 | town | 4 | PLACE | in 1757 he took part in the amphibious raid on rochefort which withdrew without making any serious attempt on the town . |
36 | support | 4 | SET | in 1761 shelburne was employed by bute to negotiate for the support of henry fox . |
37 | sources | 4 | RANK | please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . |
38 | citations | 4 | ACT | this article needs additional citations for verification . |
39 | william fitzmaurice | 4 | PERSON | the future marquess of lansdowne was born william fitzmaurice in dublin , the first son of john fitzmaurice , who was the second surviving son of the 1st earl of kerry . |
40 | time | 4 | PERIOD | the novelty of his principles , added to my youth and prejudices , made me unable to comprehend them at the time , but he urged them with so much benevolence , as well as eloquence , that they took a certain hold , which , though it did not develop itself so as to arrive at full conviction for some few years after , i can fairly say , has constituted , ever since , the happiness of my life , as well as any little consideration |
41 | great britain | 4 | PLACE | prime minister of great britain from 1782 to 1783 " lord shelburne " and " the earl of shelburne " redirect here . |
42 | fox | 4 | PERSON | in 1761 shelburne was employed by bute to negotiate for the support of henry fox . |
43 | title | 4 | ESTATE | for other holders of the title , see earl of shelburne . |
44 | treaty | 3 | ARTIFACT | led by fox , the government was able to push the peace treaty through parliament despite opposition led by pitt . |
45 | southern secretary | 3 | PERSON | in office 27 march 1782 - 10 july 1782 prime minister * the marquess of rockingham himself preceded by the earl of hillsborough ( southern secretary ) |
46 | battle | 3 | PERSON | as a reward for his conduct at the battle of kloster kampen , shelburne was appointed an aide-de-camp to george iii . |
47 | section | 3 | ACT | this section needs additional citations for verification . |
48 | march | 3 | PERIOD | march 1783 monarch george iii preceded by |
49 | wycombe | 3 | PERSON | westminster , england resting place all saints churchyard , high wycombe , england political party whig spouses * |
50 | lord rockingham | 3 | PERSON | following the fall of the north government , shelburne joined its replacement under lord rockingham . |
51 | smith | 3 | PERSON | shelburne said his conversion from mercantilism to free trade ultimately derived from long conversations in 1761 with adam smith . |
52 | england | 3 | PLACE | westminster , england resting place all saints churchyard , high wycombe , england political party whig spouses * |
53 | bute | 3 | PERSON | shelburne 's new military role close to the king brought him into communication with lord bute , who was the king 's closest advisor and a senior minister in the government . |
54 | office july | 3 | PERIOD |  |
55 | dublin | 3 | PLACE | the duke of grafton preceded by the duke of richmond succeeded by the viscount weymouth personal details born ( 1737-05-02 )2 may 1737 dublin , ireland died 7 may 1805( 1805-05-07 ) ( aged 68 ) |
56 | france | 3 | PLACE | eventually , a deal was agreed but it was heavily criticised for the perceived leniency of its terms as it handed back a number of captured territories to france and spain . |
57 | fall | 3 | ACT | following the fall of the north government , shelburne joined its replacement under lord rockingham . |
58 | fitzmaurice | 3 | PERSON | alma mater christ church , oxford signature military service allegiance great britain branch/service british army rank general battles/wars seven years ' war coat of arms of william petty , 1st marquess of lansdowne , kg william petty fitzmaurice , 1st marquess of lansdowne ( 2 may 1737 - 7 may 1805 ) , known as the earl of shelburne between 1761 and 1784 , by which title he is generally known to history , was an anglo-irish whig statesman who was the first home secretary in 1782 and then prime minister in 1782-83 during the final months of the american war of independence . |
59 | daughter | 3 | PERSON | lord kerry had married anne petty , the daughter of sir william petty , surveyor general of ireland , whose elder son had been created baron shelburne in 1688 and ( on the elder son 's death ) whose younger son had been created baron shelburne in 1699 and earl of shelburne in 1719 . |
60 | year | 3 | PERIOD | the following year he was sent to serve in germany and distinguished himself at minden and kloster-kampen . |
61 | article | 3 | ARTICLE | this article needs additional citations for verification . |
62 | terms | 3 | TERM | he was on good terms with benjamin franklin and david hume . |
63 | independence | 3 | QUALITY | alma mater christ church , oxford signature military service allegiance great britain branch/service british army rank general battles/wars seven years ' war coat of arms of william petty , 1st marquess of lansdowne , kg william petty fitzmaurice , 1st marquess of lansdowne ( 2 may 1737 - 7 may 1805 ) , known as the earl of shelburne between 1761 and 1784 , by which title he is generally known to history , was an anglo-irish whig statesman who was the first home secretary in 1782 and then prime minister in 1782-83 during the final months of the american war of independence . |
64 | britain | 3 | PLACE | prime minister of great britain from 1782 to 1783 " lord shelburne " and " the earl of shelburne " redirect here . |
65 | american war | 3 | EVENT | alma mater christ church , oxford signature military service allegiance great britain branch/service british army rank general battles/wars seven years ' war coat of arms of william petty , 1st marquess of lansdowne , kg william petty fitzmaurice , 1st marquess of lansdowne ( 2 may 1737 - 7 may 1805 ) , known as the earl of shelburne between 1761 and 1784 , by which title he is generally known to history , was an anglo-irish whig statesman who was the first home secretary in 1782 and then prime minister in 1782-83 during the final months of the american war of independence . |
66 | member | 3 | PERSON | he became involved in politics , becoming a member of parliament in 1760 . |
67 | december | 3 | PERIOD | in april 1783 the opposition forced shelburne 's resignation , and the new coalition government selected the duke of portland as prime minister until its fall in december that same year . |
68 | june | 3 | PERIOD | on 2 june 1760 , while still abroad , fitzmaurice had been returned to the british house of commons as a member for wycombe . |
69 | august | 3 | PERIOD | first to lady sophia carteret ( 26 august 1745 - 5 january 1771 ) , daughter of john carteret , 2nd earl granville , through whom he obtained the lansdowne estates near bath . |
70 | information | 3 | INFORMATION | military career and election to parliament further information : |
71 | state | 3 | STATE | succeeded by thomas townshend secretary of state for the southern department |
72 | richmond | 3 | PLACE | the duke of grafton preceded by the duke of richmond succeeded by the viscount weymouth personal details born ( 1737-05-02 )2 may 1737 dublin , ireland died 7 may 1805( 1805-05-07 ) ( aged 68 ) |
73 | negotiations | 3 | PROCESS | in 1762 negotiations for a peace agreement went on in london and paris . |
74 | tracts | 3 | SPEECH ACT | university college london holds over 4000 tracts in its lansdowne and halifax tracts collections , the former being named after petty . |
75 | anne petty | 2 | PERSON | lord kerry had married anne petty , the daughter of sir william petty , surveyor general of ireland , whose elder son had been created baron shelburne in 1688 and ( on the elder son 's death ) whose younger son had been created baron shelburne in 1699 and earl of shelburne in 1719 . |
76 | observations | 2 | UNKNOWN | dedication to shelburne in volume i of joseph priestly 's experiments and observations on different kinds of air ( 1774 ) |
77 | london | 2 | PLACE | in 1795 he described this to dugald stewart : i owe to a journey i made with mr smith from edinburgh to london , the difference between light and darkness through the best part of my life . |
78 | lord north | 2 | PERSON | whigs to attack the government of lord north . |
79 | politics | 2 | ACTION | he became involved in politics , becoming a member of parliament in 1760 . |
80 | different kinds | 2 | PLACE | dedication to shelburne in volume i of joseph priestly 's experiments and observations on different kinds of air ( 1774 ) |
81 | message | 2 | SPEECH ACT | find sources : " william petty , 2nd earl of shelburne " - news · newspapers · books · scholar · jstor ( september 2022 ) ( learn how and when to remove this message ) |
82 | canada | 2 | PLACE | he was succeeded in wycombe by one of his supporters colonel isaac barré who had a distinguished war record after serving with james wolfe in canada . |
83 | historians | 2 | PERSON | historians have often commented that the treaty was very generous to the united states in terms of greatly enlarged boundaries . |
84 | agreement | 2 | AGREEMENT | in 1762 negotiations for a peace agreement went on in london and paris . |
85 | borders | 2 | CONCEPT | shelburne 's own envoys negotiated a separate peace with american commissioners which eventually led to an agreement on american independence and the borders of the newly created united states . |
86 | months | 2 | PERIOD | alma mater christ church , oxford signature military service allegiance great britain branch/service british army rank general battles/wars seven years ' war coat of arms of william petty , 1st marquess of lansdowne , kg william petty fitzmaurice , 1st marquess of lansdowne ( 2 may 1737 - 7 may 1805 ) , known as the earl of shelburne between 1761 and 1784 , by which title he is generally known to history , was an anglo-irish whig statesman who was the first home secretary in 1782 and then prime minister in 1782-83 during the final months of the american war of independence . |
87 | ministry | 2 | INSTITUTION | shelburne joined the grenville ministry in 1763 as first lord of trade . |
88 | air | 2 | AIR | dedication to shelburne in volume i of joseph priestly 's experiments and observations on different kinds of air ( 1774 ) |
89 | account | 2 | INSTANCE | fitzmaurice spent his childhood " in the remotest parts of the south of ireland , " and , according to his own account , when he entered christ church , oxford , in 1755 , he had " both everything to learn and everything to unlearn " . |
90 | district | 2 | PLACE | in june 1768 the general court incorporated the district of shelburne , massachusetts from the area formerly known as " deerfield northeast " and in 1786 the district became a town . |
91 | volume | 2 | AMOUNT | dedication to shelburne in volume i of joseph priestly 's experiments and observations on different kinds of air ( 1774 ) |
92 | unsourced material | 2 | MATERIAL | unsourced material may be challenged and removed . |
93 | basis | 2 | RESULT | shelburne entertained a french peace envoy joseph matthias gérard de rayneval at his country estate in wiltshire , and they discreetly agreed on a number of points which formed a basis for peace . |
94 | william pitt | 2 | PERSON | shelburne went into opposition where he continued to associate with william pitt , 1st earl of chatham . |
95 | chatham | 2 | PERSON | in office 30 july 1766 - 20 october 1768 prime minister * the earl of chatham * |
96 | peerage | 2 | RANK | however , on 14 may 1761 , before either parliament met , he succeeded on his father 's death as the second earl of shelburne in the peerage of ireland and the second baron wycombe in the peerage of great britain . |
97 | jstor | 2 | UNKNOWN | find sources : " william petty , 2nd earl of shelburne " - news · newspapers · books · scholar · jstor ( september 2022 ) ( learn how and when to remove this message ) |
98 | learn | 2 | ACT | find sources : " william petty , 2nd earl of shelburne " - news · newspapers · books · scholar · jstor ( september 2022 ) ( learn how and when to remove this message ) |
99 | estate | 2 | ESTATE | having moreover on account of his support of pitt on the question of john wilkes 's expulsion from the house of commons incurred the displeasure of the king , he retired for a time to his estate . |
100 | portland | 2 | PERSON | the marquess of rockingham succeeded by the duke of portland |
101 | hon | 2 | PERSON | lord lansdowne 's brother , the hon . |
102 | books | 2 | ENTITY | find sources : " william petty , 2nd earl of shelburne " - news · newspapers · books · scholar · jstor ( september 2022 ) ( learn how and when to remove this message ) |
103 | james wolfe | 2 | PERSON | shortly after leaving the university , he served in 20th foot regiment commanded by james wolfe during the seven years ' war . |
104 | lord kerry | 2 | PERSON | lord kerry had married anne petty , the daughter of sir william petty , surveyor general of ireland , whose elder son had been created baron shelburne in 1688 and ( on the elder son 's death ) whose younger son had been created baron shelburne in 1699 and earl of shelburne in 1719 . |
105 | territories | 2 | PERSON | eventually , a deal was agreed but it was heavily criticised for the perceived leniency of its terms as it handed back a number of captured territories to france and spain . |
106 | constance long | 2 | PERSON | constance long ( =13 ) |
107 | thomas fitzmaurice | 2 | PERSON | thomas fitzmaurice ( 1742-1793 ) of cliveden , was also a member of parliament . |
108 | economists | 2 | PERSON | he consulted with numerous english , scottish , french and american economists and experts . |
109 | george iii | 2 | PERSON | march 1783 monarch george iii preceded by |
110 | replacement | 2 | ACT | following the fall of the north government , shelburne joined its replacement under lord rockingham . |
111 | security | 2 | FORCE | defending it in the house of lords , shelburne observed " the security of the british colonies in north america was the first cause of the war " asserting that security " has been wisely attended to in the negotiations for peace " . |
112 | john fitzmaurice | 2 | PERSON | the future marquess of lansdowne was born william fitzmaurice in dublin , the first son of john fitzmaurice , who was the second surviving son of the 1st earl of kerry . |
113 | joseph priestly | 2 | PERSON | dedication to shelburne in volume i of joseph priestly 's experiments and observations on different kinds of air ( 1774 ) |
114 | brother | 2 | PERSON | there is proof that shelburne did consult with smith on at least one occasion , and smith was close to shelburne 's father and his brother . |
115 | john petty | 2 | PERSON | sophia carteret ​ ​ ( m. 1765 ; died 1771) ​ * louisa fitzpatrick ​ ​ ( m. 1779 ; died 1789) ​ children 3 parent * john petty , 1st earl of shelburne ( father ) |
116 | minden | 2 | PLACE | great britain in the seven years ' war shelburne served with distinction during the seven years ' war participating in engagements such as the battle of minden in 1759 . |
117 | seat | 2 | PROPERTY | as a result , he lost his seat in both houses of commons and moved up to the house of lords , though he would not take his seat in the irish house of lords until april 1764 . |
118 | ritcheson | 2 | PERSON | ritcheson is dubious on whether the journey with smith actually happened , but provides no evidence to the contrary . |
119 | scholar | 2 | PERSON | find sources : " william petty , 2nd earl of shelburne " - news · newspapers · books · scholar · jstor ( september 2022 ) ( learn how and when to remove this message ) |
120 | world | 2 | PLACE | from a tutor whom he describes as " narrow-minded " he received advantageous guidance in his studies , but he attributes his improvement in manners and in knowledge of the world chiefly to the fact that , as was his " fate through life " , he fell in " with clever but unpopular connexions " . |
121 | everything | 2 | ACTIVITY | fitzmaurice spent his childhood " in the remotest parts of the south of ireland , " and , according to his own account , when he entered christ church , oxford , in 1755 , he had " both everything to learn and everything to unlearn " . |
122 | benjamin franklin | 2 | PERSON | he was on good terms with benjamin franklin and david hume . |
123 | dedication | 2 | ACT | dedication to shelburne in volume i of joseph priestly 's experiments and observations on different kinds of air ( 1774 ) |
124 | minister | 2 | HUMAN ROLE | prime minister of great britain from 1782 to 1783 " lord shelburne " and " the earl of shelburne " redirect here . |
125 | appointment | 2 | DECISION | in response to the appointment , the duke of richmond resigned a post in the royal household . |
126 | kerry | 2 | PLACE | the future marquess of lansdowne was born william fitzmaurice in dublin , the first son of john fitzmaurice , who was the second surviving son of the 1st earl of kerry . |
127 | reform | 2 | AMOUNT | shelburne , who was a descendant of the father of quantitative economics , william petty , displayed a serious interest in economic reform , and was a proselytizer for free trade . |
128 | news | 2 | SPEECH ACT | find sources : " william petty , 2nd earl of shelburne " - news · newspapers · books · scholar · jstor ( september 2022 ) ( learn how and when to remove this message ) |
129 | return | 2 | UNKNOWN | southern secretary after pitt 's return to power in 1766 , he became southern secretary , but during pitt 's illness his conciliatory policy towards |
130 | election | 2 | PERSON | military career and election to parliament further information : |
131 | child | 2 | PERSON | they had at least one child : * john henry petty , 2nd marquess of lansdowne ( 6 december 1765 - 15 november 1809 ) , sat from 1786 in his father 's interest house of commons for chipping wycombe . |
132 | family | 2 | HUMAN GROUP | on the younger son 's death , the petty estates passed to the aforementioned john fitzmaurice , who changed his branch of the family 's surname to " petty " in place of " fitzmaurice " , and was created viscount fitzmaurice later in 1751 and earl of shelburne in 1753 ( after which his elder son john was styled viscount fitzmaurice ) . |
133 | resignation | 2 | ACT | fox 's resignation in 1782 led to the unexpected creation of a coalition led by fox and lord north , previously bitter rivals , which soon dominated the opposition . |
134 | charles james fox | 2 | PERSON | shelburne 's appointment by the king provoked charles james fox and his supporters , including edmund burke , to resign their posts on 4 july 1782 . |
135 | colonel | 2 | PERSON | for his services he was appointed aide-de-camp to the new king , george iii , with the rank of colonel . |
136 | viscount fitzmaurice | 2 | PERSON | on the younger son 's death , the petty estates passed to the aforementioned john fitzmaurice , who changed his branch of the family 's surname to " petty " in place of " fitzmaurice " , and was created viscount fitzmaurice later in 1751 and earl of shelburne in 1753 ( after which his elder son john was styled viscount fitzmaurice ) . |
137 | baron shelburne | 2 | PERSON | lord kerry had married anne petty , the daughter of sir william petty , surveyor general of ireland , whose elder son had been created baron shelburne in 1688 and ( on the elder son 's death ) whose younger son had been created baron shelburne in 1699 and earl of shelburne in 1719 . |
138 | baron kerry | 2 | PERSON | whig ancestry ancestors of william petty , 2nd earl of shelburne 8 . william fitzmaurice , 20th baron kerry ( =12 ) 4 . thomas fitzmaurice , 1st earl of kerry 9 . |
139 | irish house | 2 | PLACE | he was re-elected unopposed at the general election of 1761 , and was also elected to the irish house of commons for county kerry . |
140 | clever | 2 | PERSON | he blamed his poor education— although it was as good as that of most peers— and said the real problem was that " it has been my fate through life to fall in with clever but unpopular connections " . |
141 | corsican crisis | 2 | EVENT | he departed office during the corsican crisis and joined the opposition . |
142 | number | 2 | NUMBER | eventually , a deal was agreed but it was heavily criticised for the perceived leniency of its terms as it handed back a number of captured territories to france and spain . |
143 | newspapers | 2 | SPEECH ACT | find sources : " william petty , 2nd earl of shelburne " - news · newspapers · books · scholar · jstor ( september 2022 ) ( learn how and when to remove this message ) |
144 | sir william petty | 2 | PERSON | lord kerry had married anne petty , the daughter of sir william petty , surveyor general of ireland , whose elder son had been created baron shelburne in 1688 and ( on the elder son 's death ) whose younger son had been created baron shelburne in 1699 and earl of shelburne in 1719 . |
145 | grafton | 2 | PERSON | the duke of grafton preceded by the duke of richmond succeeded by the viscount weymouth personal details born ( 1737-05-02 )2 may 1737 dublin , ireland died 7 may 1805( 1805-05-07 ) ( aged 68 ) |
146 | north government | 2 | GOVERNMENT | following the fall of the north government , shelburne joined its replacement under lord rockingham . |
147 | verification | 2 | ACT | this article needs additional citations for verification . |
148 | petty | 2 | PERSON | find sources : " william petty , 2nd earl of shelburne " - news · newspapers · books · scholar · jstor ( september 2022 ) ( learn how and when to remove this message ) |
149 | first lord | 2 | PERSON | shelburne joined the grenville ministry in 1763 as first lord of trade . |
150 | experiments | 2 | UNKNOWN | dedication to shelburne in volume i of joseph priestly 's experiments and observations on different kinds of air ( 1774 ) |
151 | history | 2 | INSTANCE | alma mater christ church , oxford signature military service allegiance great britain branch/service british army rank general battles/wars seven years ' war coat of arms of william petty , 1st marquess of lansdowne , kg william petty fitzmaurice , 1st marquess of lansdowne ( 2 may 1737 - 7 may 1805 ) , known as the earl of shelburne between 1761 and 1784 , by which title he is generally known to history , was an anglo-irish whig statesman who was the first home secretary in 1782 and then prime minister in 1782-83 during the final months of the american war of independence . |
152 | journey | 2 | PERSON | in 1795 he described this to dugald stewart : i owe to a journey i made with mr smith from edinburgh to london , the difference between light and darkness through the best part of my life . |
153 | kloster kampen | 2 | PERSON | as a reward for his conduct at the battle of kloster kampen , shelburne was appointed an aide-de-camp to george iii . |
154 | aide de camp | 2 | PERSON |  |
155 | place | 2 | PLACE | westminster , england resting place all saints churchyard , high wycombe , england political party whig spouses * |
156 | post | 2 | SEQUENCE | in response to the appointment , the duke of richmond resigned a post in the royal household . |
157 | chancellor | 1 | PERSON | one of the figures brought in as a replacement was the 23-year-old william pitt , son of shelburne 's former political ally , who became chancellor of the exchequer . |
158 | supporters colonel isaac barré | 1 | PERSON | he was succeeded in wycombe by one of his supporters colonel isaac barré who had a distinguished war record after serving with james wolfe in canada . |
159 | act | 1 | ACT | a personal act , the marquis of lansdowne 's relief act 1797 ( 37 geo . |
160 | south | 1 | PLACE | fitzmaurice spent his childhood " in the remotest parts of the south of ireland , " and , according to his own account , when he entered christ church , oxford , in 1755 , he had " both everything to learn and everything to unlearn " . |
161 | proselytizer | 1 | UNKNOWN | shelburne , who was a descendant of the father of quantitative economics , william petty , displayed a serious interest in economic reform , and was a proselytizer for free trade . |
162 | service | 1 | INSTITUTION | alma mater christ church , oxford signature military service allegiance great britain branch/service british army rank general battles/wars seven years ' war coat of arms of william petty , 1st marquess of lansdowne , kg william petty fitzmaurice , 1st marquess of lansdowne ( 2 may 1737 - 7 may 1805 ) , known as the earl of shelburne between 1761 and 1784 , by which title he is generally known to history , was an anglo-irish whig statesman who was the first home secretary in 1782 and then prime minister in 1782-83 during the final months of the american war of independence . |
163 | poor | 1 | UNKNOWN | he blamed his poor education— although it was as good as that of most peers— and said the real problem was that " it has been my fate through life to fall in with clever but unpopular connections " . |
164 | envoys | 1 | STATE | shelburne 's own envoys negotiated a separate peace with american commissioners which eventually led to an agreement on american independence and the borders of the newly created united states . |
165 | interest house | 1 | PLACE | they had at least one child : * john henry petty , 2nd marquess of lansdowne ( 6 december 1765 - 15 november 1809 ) , sat from 1786 in his father 's interest house of commons for chipping wycombe . |
166 | colleagues | 1 | PERSON | america was completely thwarted by his colleagues and the king , and in 1768 he was dismissed from office . |
167 | lansdowne estates | 1 | ESTATE | first to lady sophia carteret ( 26 august 1745 - 5 january 1771 ) , daughter of john carteret , 2nd earl granville , through whom he obtained the lansdowne estates near bath . |
168 | rank | 1 | RANK | alma mater christ church , oxford signature military service allegiance great britain branch/service british army rank general battles/wars seven years ' war coat of arms of william petty , 1st marquess of lansdowne , kg william petty fitzmaurice , 1st marquess of lansdowne ( 2 may 1737 - 7 may 1805 ) , known as the earl of shelburne between 1761 and 1784 , by which title he is generally known to history , was an anglo-irish whig statesman who was the first home secretary in 1782 and then prime minister in 1782-83 during the final months of the american war of independence . |
169 | costs | 1 | EVENT | the concession of the vast trans-appalachian areas was designed to facilitate the growth of the american population and create lucrative markets for british merchants , without any military or administrative costs to britain . |
170 | lansdowne kg pc portrait | 1 | PERSON | the most honourable the marquess of lansdowne kg pc portrait by jean-laurent mosnier , 1791 prime minister of great britain |
171 | foot regiment | 1 | HUMAN GROUP | shortly after leaving the university , he served in 20th foot regiment commanded by james wolfe during the seven years ' war . |
172 | westminster | 1 | PLACE | westminster , england resting place all saints churchyard , high wycombe , england political party whig spouses * |
173 | barré | 1 | PERSON | he was succeeded in wycombe by one of his supporters colonel isaac barré who had a distinguished war record after serving with james wolfe in canada . |
174 | seniority | 1 | MEASURE | though he had no active military career after this , his early promotion as colonel meant that he would be further promoted through seniority to major-general in 1765 , lieutenant-general in 1772 and general in 1783 . |
175 | colonies | 1 | SEQUENCE | defending it in the house of lords , shelburne observed " the security of the british colonies in north america was the first cause of the war " asserting that security " has been wisely attended to in the negotiations for peace " . |
176 | sir winston churchill | 1 | PERSON | around 1762 , he founded the boodle 's club , which would later have as members adam smith , the duke of wellington , sir winston churchill , and ian fleming , among others , and is now the second oldest club in the world . |
177 | studies | 1 | STUDY | from a tutor whom he describes as " narrow-minded " he received advantageous guidance in his studies , but he attributes his improvement in manners and in knowledge of the world chiefly to the fact that , as was his " fate through life " , he fell in " with clever but unpopular connexions " . |
178 | admirer | 1 | PERSON | by this stage , shelburne had changed his opinion of pitt and become an admirer of him . |
179 | markets | 1 | UNKNOWN | the concession of the vast trans-appalachian areas was designed to facilitate the growth of the american population and create lucrative markets for british merchants , without any military or administrative costs to britain . |
180 | henry fox | 1 | PERSON | in 1761 shelburne was employed by bute to negotiate for the support of henry fox . |
181 | general court | 1 | PERSON | in june 1768 the general court incorporated the district of shelburne , massachusetts from the area formerly known as " deerfield northeast " and in 1786 the district became a town . |
182 | position | 1 | POSITION | in 1766 , shelburne was appointed as southern secretary , a position which he held for two years . |
183 | january | 1 | PERIOD | first to lady sophia carteret ( 26 august 1745 - 5 january 1771 ) , daughter of john carteret , 2nd earl granville , through whom he obtained the lansdowne estates near bath . |
184 | lancaster john | 1 | PERSON | independent chancellor of the duchy of lancaster john dunning , 1st baron ashburton 17 april 1782 ( 1782-04-17 ) 29 august 1783 ( 1783-08-29 ) independent master-general of the ordnance charles lennox , 3rd duke of richmond 1782 ( 1782 ) 1783 ( 1783 ) |
185 | wiltshire | 1 | PERSON | shelburne entertained a french peace envoy joseph matthias gérard de rayneval at his country estate in wiltshire , and they discreetly agreed on a number of points which formed a basis for peace . |
186 | anglo irish whig statesman | 1 | PERSON |  |
187 | protests | 1 | GROUP | this brought protests from several members of the cabinet as it meant he was promoted ahead of much more senior officers . |
188 | role | 1 | ROLE | shelburne 's new military role close to the king brought him into communication with lord bute , who was the king 's closest advisor and a senior minister in the government . |
189 | decision | 1 | DECISION | although secret aid was given to the corsicans it was decided not to intervene militarily and provoke a war with france , a decision made easier by the departure of the hard-line shelburne from the cabinet . |
190 | members | 1 | STATE | this brought protests from several members of the cabinet as it meant he was promoted ahead of much more senior officers . |
191 | withdrawal | 1 | EVENT | after a british army was compelled to surrender at the battle of saratoga in 1777 , shelburne joined other leaders of the opposition to call for a total withdrawal of british troops . |
192 | result | 1 | RESULT | as a result , he lost his seat in both houses of commons and moved up to the house of lords , though he would not take his seat in the irish house of lords until april 1764 . |
193 | america | 1 | PLACE | he succeeded in securing peace with america and this feat remains his most notable legacy . |
194 | instructions | 1 | ACT | under instructions from shelburne , barré made a vehement attack on pitt in the house of commons . |
195 | opinion | 1 | AMOUNT | by this stage , shelburne had changed his opinion of pitt and become an admirer of him . |
196 | duchy | 1 | UNKNOWN | independent chancellor of the duchy of lancaster john dunning , 1st baron ashburton 17 april 1782 ( 1782-04-17 ) 29 august 1783 ( 1783-08-29 ) independent master-general of the ordnance charles lennox , 3rd duke of richmond 1782 ( 1782 ) 1783 ( 1783 ) |
197 | portland home secretary | 1 | PERSON |  |
198 | tenure | 1 | STATUS | the treaty of paris which formally ended the american revolutionary war was signed during portland 's tenure , but the agreement of peace terms that formed the basis of the treaty was the major achievement of shelburne 's time in office . |
199 | descendant | 1 | RESULT | shelburne , who was a descendant of the father of quantitative economics , william petty , displayed a serious interest in economic reform , and was a proselytizer for free trade . |
200 | members adam smith | 1 | PERSON | around 1762 , he founded the boodle 's club , which would later have as members adam smith , the duke of wellington , sir winston churchill , and ian fleming , among others , and is now the second oldest club in the world . |
201 | power base | 1 | PERSON | fox held the lucrative but unimportant post of paymaster of the forces , but commanded large support in the house of commons and could boost bute 's power base . |
202 | england resting place all saints churchyard | 1 | PLACE | westminster , england resting place all saints churchyard , high wycombe , england political party whig spouses * |
203 | attempt | 1 | ACTION | in 1757 he took part in the amphibious raid on rochefort which withdrew without making any serious attempt on the town . |
204 | viscount howe | 1 | PERSON | whig richard howe , 1st viscount howe 1783 ( 1783 ) 1788 ( 1788 ) |
205 | geo | 1 | BODY | a personal act , the marquis of lansdowne 's relief act 1797 ( 37 geo . |
206 | conversations | 1 | SITUATION | shelburne said his conversion from mercantilism to free trade ultimately derived from long conversations in 1761 with adam smith . |
207 | wellington | 1 | PLACE | around 1762 , he founded the boodle 's club , which would later have as members adam smith , the duke of wellington , sir winston churchill , and ian fleming , among others , and is now the second oldest club in the world . |
208 | sir joshua reynolds | 1 | PERSON | shelburne ministry a portrait of lord shelburne by sir joshua reynolds in march 1782 , following the downfall of the north ministry , shelburne agreed to take office under lord rockingham on condition that the king would recognise the united states . |
209 | major general | 1 | PERSON |  |
210 | war record | 1 | ARTIFACT | he was succeeded in wycombe by one of his supporters colonel isaac barré who had a distinguished war record after serving with james wolfe in canada . |
211 | conviction | 1 | ACT | the novelty of his principles , added to my youth and prejudices , made me unable to comprehend them at the time , but he urged them with so much benevolence , as well as eloquence , that they took a certain hold , which , though it did not develop itself so as to arrive at full conviction for some few years after , i can fairly say , has constituted , ever since , the happiness of my life , as well as any little consideration |
212 | interest | 1 | ELEMENT | shelburne , who was a descendant of the father of quantitative economics , william petty , displayed a serious interest in economic reform , and was a proselytizer for free trade . |
213 | may dublin | 1 | PLACE |  |
214 | lieutenant general | 1 | PERSON |  |
215 | oxford | 1 | PERSON | alma mater christ church , oxford signature military service allegiance great britain branch/service british army rank general battles/wars seven years ' war coat of arms of william petty , 1st marquess of lansdowne , kg william petty fitzmaurice , 1st marquess of lansdowne ( 2 may 1737 - 7 may 1805 ) , known as the earl of shelburne between 1761 and 1784 , by which title he is generally known to history , was an anglo-irish whig statesman who was the first home secretary in 1782 and then prime minister in 1782-83 during the final months of the american war of independence . |
216 | john wilkes | 1 | PERSON | having moreover on account of his support of pitt on the question of john wilkes 's expulsion from the house of commons incurred the displeasure of the king , he retired for a time to his estate . |
217 | head | 1 | HEAD | took office left office party first lord of the treasury william petty , 2nd earl of shelburne ( head of ministry ) 4 july 1782 ( 1782-07-04 ) 26 march 1783 ( 1783-03-26 ) whig lord chancellor edward thurlow , 1st baron |
218 | minister vergennes | 1 | PERSON | as the french foreign minister vergennes later put it , " the english buy peace rather than make it " . |
219 | disabilities | 1 | PROPERTY | 3. c. 22 pr. ) , relieved him " from disabilities in consequence of his having sat and voted in the house of lords without having made the necessary oaths and declarations " . |
220 | adam smith | 1 | PERSON | shelburne said his conversion from mercantilism to free trade ultimately derived from long conversations in 1761 with adam smith . |
221 | friends | 1 | PERSON | he became friends with his fellow officer charles |
222 | distinction | 1 | ACT | great britain in the seven years ' war shelburne served with distinction during the seven years ' war participating in engagements such as the battle of minden in 1759 . |
223 | tyrant | 1 | PERSON | his grandfather , lord kerry , died when he was four , but fitzmaurice grew up with other people 's grim memories of the old man as a " tyrant " , whose family and servants lived in permanent fear of him . |
224 | experts | 1 | PERSON | he consulted with numerous english , scottish , french and american economists and experts . |
225 | coalition | 1 | GROUP | fox 's resignation in 1782 led to the unexpected creation of a coalition led by fox and lord north , previously bitter rivals , which soon dominated the opposition . |
226 | sophia carteret ​ ​ | 1 | PERSON | sophia carteret ​ ​ ( m. 1765 ; died 1771) ​ * louisa fitzpatrick ​ ​ ( m. 1779 ; died 1789) ​ children 3 parent * john petty , 1st earl of shelburne ( father ) |
227 | massachusetts | 1 | PLACE | in june 1768 the general court incorporated the district of shelburne , massachusetts from the area formerly known as " deerfield northeast " and in 1786 the district became a town . |
228 | whig ancestry ancestors | 1 | PERSON | whig ancestry ancestors of william petty , 2nd earl of shelburne 8 . william fitzmaurice , 20th baron kerry ( =12 ) 4 . thomas fitzmaurice , 1st earl of kerry 9 . |
229 | party | 1 | PLACE | westminster , england resting place all saints churchyard , high wycombe , england political party whig spouses * |
230 | raid | 1 | PERSON | in 1757 he took part in the amphibious raid on rochefort which withdrew without making any serious attempt on the town . |
231 | coalition government | 1 | GOVERNMENT | in april 1783 the opposition forced shelburne 's resignation , and the new coalition government selected the duke of portland as prime minister until its fall in december that same year . |
232 | holders | 1 | CONCEPT | for other holders of the title , see earl of shelburne . |
233 | dublin castle administration | 1 | PERSON | in ireland , to which he repaired in 1797 , he was suspected by the dublin castle administration of being a party to robert emmet 's conspiracy to renew the united irish rebellion of 1798 with a rising dublin . |
234 | growth | 1 | ACT | the concession of the vast trans-appalachian areas was designed to facilitate the growth of the american population and create lucrative markets for british merchants , without any military or administrative costs to britain . |
235 | communication | 1 | UNKNOWN | shelburne 's new military role close to the king brought him into communication with lord bute , who was the king 's closest advisor and a senior minister in the government . |
236 | expulsion | 1 | ACT | having moreover on account of his support of pitt on the question of john wilkes 's expulsion from the house of commons incurred the displeasure of the king , he retired for a time to his estate . |
237 | october prime minister | 1 | HUMAN ROLE |  |
238 | cause | 1 | CAUSE | defending it in the house of lords , shelburne observed " the security of the british colonies in north america was the first cause of the war " asserting that security " has been wisely attended to in the negotiations for peace " . |
239 | daniel defoe | 1 | PERSON | many of the tracts were written by daniel defoe and jonathan swift under pseudonyms . |
240 | party whig spouses | 1 | PERSON | westminster , england resting place all saints churchyard , high wycombe , england political party whig spouses * |
241 | reputation | 1 | REPUTATION | after witnessing revolutionary events in paris , he began to establish an independent reputation as a critic of the war with france and of the suppression of democratic agitation at home . |
242 | april prime minister | 1 | HUMAN ROLE |  |
243 | oaths | 1 | LIGHT | 3. c. 22 pr. ) , relieved him " from disabilities in consequence of his having sat and voted in the house of lords without having made the necessary oaths and declarations " . |
244 | whig lord privy seal augustus fitzroy | 1 | PERSON | whig lord privy seal augustus fitzroy , 3rd duke of grafton 1782 ( 1782 ) 1783 ( 1783 ) |
245 | people | 1 | HUMAN GROUP | his grandfather , lord kerry , died when he was four , but fitzmaurice grew up with other people 's grim memories of the old man as a " tyrant " , whose family and servants lived in permanent fear of him . |
246 | difference | 1 | RESULT | in 1795 he described this to dugald stewart : i owe to a journey i made with mr smith from edinburgh to london , the difference between light and darkness through the best part of my life . |
247 | admiralty augustus keppel | 1 | PERSON | whig first lord of the admiralty augustus keppel , 1st viscount keppel 1782 ( 1782 ) 1783 ( 1783 ) |
248 | british statesman | 1 | PERSON | by the 1770s shelburne had become the most prominent british statesman to advocate free trade . |
249 | outbreak | 1 | OCCURRENCE | they were both critical of the policies of the north government in the years leading up to the outbreak of the american war of independence in 1775 . |
250 | engagements | 1 | STATE | great britain in the seven years ' war shelburne served with distinction during the seven years ' war participating in engagements such as the battle of minden in 1759 . |
251 | eloquence | 1 | ABILITY | the novelty of his principles , added to my youth and prejudices , made me unable to comprehend them at the time , but he urged them with so much benevolence , as well as eloquence , that they took a certain hold , which , though it did not develop itself so as to arrive at full conviction for some few years after , i can fairly say , has constituted , ever since , the happiness of my life , as well as any little consideration |
252 | darkness | 1 | PROPERTY | in 1795 he described this to dugald stewart : i owe to a journey i made with mr smith from edinburgh to london , the difference between light and darkness through the best part of my life . |
253 | supporters | 1 | PERSON | he was succeeded in wycombe by one of his supporters colonel isaac barré who had a distinguished war record after serving with james wolfe in canada . |
254 | council charles pratt | 1 | PERSON | thurlow 3 june 1778 ( 1778-06-03 ) 7 april 1783 ( 1783-04-07 ) independent lord president of the council charles pratt , 1st baron camden 27 march 1782 ( 1782-03-27 ) 2 april 1783 ( 1783-04-02 ) |
255 | manners | 1 | PERSON | from a tutor whom he describes as " narrow-minded " he received advantageous guidance in his studies , but he attributes his improvement in manners and in knowledge of the world chiefly to the fact that , as was his " fate through life " , he fell in " with clever but unpopular connexions " . |
256 | connexions | 1 | SET | from a tutor whom he describes as " narrow-minded " he received advantageous guidance in his studies , but he attributes his improvement in manners and in knowledge of the world chiefly to the fact that , as was his " fate through life " , he fell in " with clever but unpopular connexions " . |
257 | british merchants | 1 | PERSON | the concession of the vast trans-appalachian areas was designed to facilitate the growth of the american population and create lucrative markets for british merchants , without any military or administrative costs to britain . |
258 | fear | 1 | EMOTION | his grandfather , lord kerry , died when he was four , but fitzmaurice grew up with other people 's grim memories of the old man as a " tyrant " , whose family and servants lived in permanent fear of him . |
259 | honour | 1 | UNKNOWN | the town was named in honour of lord shelburne , who , in return sent a church bell , which never reached the town . |
260 | economics | 1 | UNKNOWN | economics |
261 | memories | 1 | ABSTRACT ENTITY | his grandfather , lord kerry , died when he was four , but fitzmaurice grew up with other people 's grim memories of the old man as a " tyrant " , whose family and servants lived in permanent fear of him . |
262 | consideration | 1 | EVENT | the novelty of his principles , added to my youth and prejudices , made me unable to comprehend them at the time , but he urged them with so much benevolence , as well as eloquence , that they took a certain hold , which , though it did not develop itself so as to arrive at full conviction for some few years after , i can fairly say , has constituted , ever since , the happiness of my life , as well as any little consideration |
263 | viscount keppel | 1 | PERSON | whig first lord of the admiralty augustus keppel , 1st viscount keppel 1782 ( 1782 ) 1783 ( 1783 ) |
264 | ian | 1 | PERSON | around 1762 , he founded the boodle 's club , which would later have as members adam smith , the duke of wellington , sir winston churchill , and ian fleming , among others , and is now the second oldest club in the world . |
265 | peace treaty | 1 | ARTIFACT | led by fox , the government was able to push the peace treaty through parliament despite opposition led by pitt . |
266 | failure | 1 | STATE | shelburne lamented that his career had been a failure , despite the many high offices he held over 17 years , and his undoubted abilities as a debater . |
267 | offices | 1 | POSITION | shelburne lamented that his career had been a failure , despite the many high offices he held over 17 years , and his undoubted abilities as a debater . |
268 | portland leader | 1 | PERSON |  |
269 | childhood | 1 | PROPERTY | fitzmaurice spent his childhood " in the remotest parts of the south of ireland , " and , according to his own account , when he entered christ church , oxford , in 1755 , he had " both everything to learn and everything to unlearn " . |
270 | younger july | 1 | PERIOD |  |
271 | secretary | 1 | PERSON | home secretary |
272 | happiness | 1 | ABSTRACT ENTITY | the novelty of his principles , added to my youth and prejudices , made me unable to comprehend them at the time , but he urged them with so much benevolence , as well as eloquence , that they took a certain hold , which , though it did not develop itself so as to arrive at full conviction for some few years after , i can fairly say , has constituted , ever since , the happiness of my life , as well as any little consideration |
273 | deborah brookes | 1 | PERSON | deborah brookes 15 . |
274 | thomas townshend secretary | 1 | PERSON | succeeded by thomas townshend secretary of state for the southern department |
275 | knight | 1 | PERSON | that year , shelburne was appointed to the order of the garter as its 599th knight . |
276 | negotiator | 1 | SUBSTANCE | shelburne 's government continued negotiations begun in early 1782 under rockingham for peace in paris , using richard oswald as the chief negotiator . |
277 | advisor | 1 | PERSON | shelburne 's new military role close to the king brought him into communication with lord bute , who was the king 's closest advisor and a senior minister in the government . |
278 | november | 1 | PERIOD | they had at least one child : * john henry petty , 2nd marquess of lansdowne ( 6 december 1765 - 15 november 1809 ) , sat from 1786 in his father 's interest house of commons for chipping wycombe . |
279 | baron grantham july | 1 | PERIOD |  |
280 | secret | 1 | PLACE | although secret aid was given to the corsicans it was decided not to intervene militarily and provoke a war with france , a decision made easier by the departure of the hard-line shelburne from the cabinet . |
281 | mercantilism | 1 | CONCEPT | shelburne said his conversion from mercantilism to free trade ultimately derived from long conversations in 1761 with adam smith . |
282 | university | 1 | INSTITUTION | after attending oxford university , he served in the british army during the seven years ' war . |
283 | kg william petty fitzmaurice | 1 | PERSON | alma mater christ church , oxford signature military service allegiance great britain branch/service british army rank general battles/wars seven years ' war coat of arms of william petty , 1st marquess of lansdowne , kg william petty fitzmaurice , 1st marquess of lansdowne ( 2 may 1737 - 7 may 1805 ) , known as the earl of shelburne between 1761 and 1784 , by which title he is generally known to history , was an anglo-irish whig statesman who was the first home secretary in 1782 and then prime minister in 1782-83 during the final months of the american war of independence . |
284 | intellectuals | 1 | PERSON | he met in paris with leading french economists and intellectuals . |
285 | exchequer | 1 | AMOUNT | one of the figures brought in as a replacement was the 23-year-old william pitt , son of shelburne 's former political ally , who became chancellor of the exchequer . |
286 | cliveden | 1 | UNKNOWN | thomas fitzmaurice ( 1742-1793 ) of cliveden , was also a member of parliament . |
287 | others | 1 | UNKNOWN | around 1762 , he founded the boodle 's club , which would later have as members adam smith , the duke of wellington , sir winston churchill , and ian fleming , among others , and is now the second oldest club in the world . |
288 | foreign honorary member | 1 | PERSON | he was elected a foreign honorary member of the american academy of arts and sciences in 1803 . |
289 | agitation | 1 | PROPERTY | after witnessing revolutionary events in paris , he began to establish an independent reputation as a critic of the war with france and of the suppression of democratic agitation at home . |
290 | whig richard howe | 1 | PERSON | whig richard howe , 1st viscount howe 1783 ( 1783 ) 1788 ( 1788 ) |
291 | novelty | 1 | CHARACTERISTIC | the novelty of his principles , added to my youth and prejudices , made me unable to comprehend them at the time , but he urged them with so much benevolence , as well as eloquence , that they took a certain hold , which , though it did not develop itself so as to arrive at full conviction for some few years after , i can fairly say , has constituted , ever since , the happiness of my life , as well as any little consideration |
292 | cession | 1 | EVENT | shelburne agreed to generous borders in the illinois country , but rejected demands by benjamin franklin for the cession of canada and other territories . |
293 | concession | 1 | ABSTRACT ENTITY | the concession of the vast trans-appalachian areas was designed to facilitate the growth of the american population and create lucrative markets for british merchants , without any military or administrative costs to britain . |
294 | southern department | 1 | PLACE | succeeded by thomas townshend secretary of state for the southern department |
295 | edinburgh | 1 | PLACE | in 1795 he described this to dugald stewart : i owe to a journey i made with mr smith from edinburgh to london , the difference between light and darkness through the best part of my life . |
296 | stage | 1 | STAGE | by this stage , shelburne had changed his opinion of pitt and become an admirer of him . |
297 | ​ | 1 | PERSON | sophia carteret ​ ​ ( m. 1765 ; died 1771) ​ * louisa fitzpatrick ​ ​ ( m. 1779 ; died 1789) ​ children 3 parent * john petty , 1st earl of shelburne ( father ) |
298 | portrait | 1 | PERSON | the most honourable the marquess of lansdowne kg pc portrait by jean-laurent mosnier , 1791 prime minister of great britain |
299 | christ church | 1 | PERSON | alma mater christ church , oxford signature military service allegiance great britain branch/service british army rank general battles/wars seven years ' war coat of arms of william petty , 1st marquess of lansdowne , kg william petty fitzmaurice , 1st marquess of lansdowne ( 2 may 1737 - 7 may 1805 ) , known as the earl of shelburne between 1761 and 1784 , by which title he is generally known to history , was an anglo-irish whig statesman who was the first home secretary in 1782 and then prime minister in 1782-83 during the final months of the american war of independence . |
300 | british army | 1 | HUMAN GROUP | alma mater christ church , oxford signature military service allegiance great britain branch/service british army rank general battles/wars seven years ' war coat of arms of william petty , 1st marquess of lansdowne , kg william petty fitzmaurice , 1st marquess of lansdowne ( 2 may 1737 - 7 may 1805 ) , known as the earl of shelburne between 1761 and 1784 , by which title he is generally known to history , was an anglo-irish whig statesman who was the first home secretary in 1782 and then prime minister in 1782-83 during the final months of the american war of independence . |
301 | corsicans | 1 | UNKNOWN | although secret aid was given to the corsicans it was decided not to intervene militarily and provoke a war with france , a decision made easier by the departure of the hard-line shelburne from the cabinet . |
302 | british generosity | 1 | ACT | historians such as alvord , harlow and ritcheson have emphasized that british generosity was based on shelburne 's statesmanlike vision of close economic ties between britain and the united states . |
303 | oldest club | 1 | INSTITUTION | around 1762 , he founded the boodle 's club , which would later have as members adam smith , the duke of wellington , sir winston churchill , and ian fleming , among others , and is now the second oldest club in the world . |
304 | mr smith | 1 | PERSON | in 1795 he described this to dugald stewart : i owe to a journey i made with mr smith from edinburgh to london , the difference between light and darkness through the best part of my life . |
305 | age | 1 | PROPERTY | he lost his authority and influence after being driven out of office at the age of 45 in 1783 . |
306 | collections | 1 | COLLECTION | mary waller collections |
307 | securing peace | 1 | EVENT | he succeeded in securing peace with america and this feat remains his most notable legacy . |
308 | corsica | 1 | PERSON | during the corsican crisis , sparked by the french invasion of corsica , shelburne was the major voice in the cabinet who favoured assisting the corsican republic . |
309 | caption | 1 | PORTION | ( edit | history ) caption : portfolio minister |
310 | restoration | 1 | EVENT | the tracts were published in england between 1559 and 1776 , and relate to the union between england and scotland , the civil war and the restoration . |
311 | conspiracy | 1 | FORM | in ireland , to which he repaired in 1797 , he was suspected by the dublin castle administration of being a party to robert emmet 's conspiracy to renew the united irish rebellion of 1798 with a rising dublin . |
312 | peace envoy joseph matthias gérard de rayneval | 1 | PERSON | shelburne entertained a french peace envoy joseph matthias gérard de rayneval at his country estate in wiltshire , and they discreetly agreed on a number of points which formed a basis for peace . |
313 | north ministry | 1 | INSTITUTION | shelburne ministry a portrait of lord shelburne by sir joshua reynolds in march 1782 , following the downfall of the north ministry , shelburne agreed to take office under lord rockingham on condition that the king would recognise the united states . |
314 | condition | 1 | CONDITION | shelburne ministry a portrait of lord shelburne by sir joshua reynolds in march 1782 , following the downfall of the north ministry , shelburne agreed to take office under lord rockingham on condition that the king would recognise the united states . |
315 | treasury william petty | 1 | PERSON | took office left office party first lord of the treasury william petty , 2nd earl of shelburne ( head of ministry ) 4 july 1782 ( 1782-07-04 ) 26 march 1783 ( 1783-03-26 ) whig lord chancellor edward thurlow , 1st baron |
316 | baron wycombe | 1 | PERSON | however , on 14 may 1761 , before either parliament met , he succeeded on his father 's death as the second earl of shelburne in the peerage of ireland and the second baron wycombe in the peerage of great britain . |
317 | independent master general | 1 | PERSON |  |
318 | war coat | 1 | ABSTRACT ENTITY | alma mater christ church , oxford signature military service allegiance great britain branch/service british army rank general battles/wars seven years ' war coat of arms of william petty , 1st marquess of lansdowne , kg william petty fitzmaurice , 1st marquess of lansdowne ( 2 may 1737 - 7 may 1805 ) , known as the earl of shelburne between 1761 and 1784 , by which title he is generally known to history , was an anglo-irish whig statesman who was the first home secretary in 1782 and then prime minister in 1782-83 during the final months of the american war of independence . |
319 | henry petty fitzmaurice | 1 | PERSON |  |
320 | dugald stewart | 1 | PERSON | in 1795 he described this to dugald stewart : i owe to a journey i made with mr smith from edinburgh to london , the difference between light and darkness through the best part of my life . |
321 | response | 1 | ACT | in response to the appointment , the duke of richmond resigned a post in the royal household . |
322 | john henry petty | 1 | PERSON | they had at least one child : * john henry petty , 2nd marquess of lansdowne ( 6 december 1765 - 15 november 1809 ) , sat from 1786 in his father 's interest house of commons for chipping wycombe . |
323 | club | 1 | INSTITUTION | around 1762 , he founded the boodle 's club , which would later have as members adam smith , the duke of wellington , sir winston churchill , and ian fleming , among others , and is now the second oldest club in the world . |
324 | union | 1 | PLACE | the tracts were published in england between 1559 and 1776 , and relate to the union between england and scotland , the civil war and the restoration . |
325 | bell | 1 | PERSON | the town was named in honour of lord shelburne , who , in return sent a church bell , which never reached the town . |
326 | home | 1 | PLACE | home secretary |
327 | louisa fitzpatrick ​ ​ | 1 | PERSON | sophia carteret ​ ​ ( m. 1765 ; died 1771) ​ * louisa fitzpatrick ​ ​ ( m. 1779 ; died 1789) ​ children 3 parent * john petty , 1st earl of shelburne ( father ) |
328 | creation | 1 | ACT | fox 's resignation in 1782 led to the unexpected creation of a coalition led by fox and lord north , previously bitter rivals , which soon dominated the opposition . |
329 | suppression | 1 | ACT | after witnessing revolutionary events in paris , he began to establish an independent reputation as a critic of the war with france and of the suppression of democratic agitation at home . |
330 | july prime minister | 1 | HUMAN ROLE |  |
331 | area | 1 | AREA | in june 1768 the general court incorporated the district of shelburne , massachusetts from the area formerly known as " deerfield northeast " and in 1786 the district became a town . |
332 | parts | 1 | PART | fitzmaurice spent his childhood " in the remotest parts of the south of ireland , " and , according to his own account , when he entered christ church , oxford , in 1755 , he had " both everything to learn and everything to unlearn " . |
333 | mary fitzmaurice | 1 | PERSON | 3. mary fitzmaurice 14 . |
334 | declarations | 1 | WORD | 3. c. 22 pr. ) , relieved him " from disabilities in consequence of his having sat and voted in the house of lords without having made the necessary oaths and declarations " . |
335 | invasion | 1 | FORCE | during the corsican crisis , sparked by the french invasion of corsica , shelburne was the major voice in the cabinet who favoured assisting the corsican republic . |
336 | ties | 1 | PERSON | historians such as alvord , harlow and ritcheson have emphasized that british generosity was based on shelburne 's statesmanlike vision of close economic ties between britain and the united states . |
337 | downfall shelburne | 1 | PERSON | downfall shelburne , charles james fox and frederick north , 2nd earl of guilford by james gillray ( 1783 ) |
338 | office march | 1 | PERIOD |  |
339 | col | 1 | PERSON | col . |
340 | leniency | 1 | ACT | eventually , a deal was agreed but it was heavily criticised for the perceived leniency of its terms as it handed back a number of captured territories to france and spain . |
341 | benevolence | 1 | ACT | the novelty of his principles , added to my youth and prejudices , made me unable to comprehend them at the time , but he urged them with so much benevolence , as well as eloquence , that they took a certain hold , which , though it did not develop itself so as to arrive at full conviction for some few years after , i can fairly say , has constituted , ever since , the happiness of my life , as well as any little consideration |
342 | services | 1 | CONCEPT | for his services he was appointed aide-de-camp to the new king , george iii , with the rank of colonel . |
343 | deerfield northeast | 1 | SPACE | in june 1768 the general court incorporated the district of shelburne , massachusetts from the area formerly known as " deerfield northeast " and in 1786 the district became a town . |
344 | american academy | 1 | INSTITUTION | he was elected a foreign honorary member of the american academy of arts and sciences in 1803 . |
345 | saratoga | 1 | ELEMENT | after a british army was compelled to surrender at the battle of saratoga in 1777 , shelburne joined other leaders of the opposition to call for a total withdrawal of british troops . |
346 | upper ossory | 1 | PERSON | secondly , to lady louisa fitzpatrick ( 1755 - 7 august 1789 ) , daughter of the 1st earl of upper ossory . |
347 | james gillray | 1 | PERSON | downfall shelburne , charles james fox and frederick north , 2nd earl of guilford by james gillray ( 1783 ) |
348 | question | 1 | QUESTION | having moreover on account of his support of pitt on the question of john wilkes 's expulsion from the house of commons incurred the displeasure of the king , he retired for a time to his estate . |
349 | american revolutionary war | 1 | EVENT | the treaty of paris which formally ended the american revolutionary war was signed during portland 's tenure , but the agreement of peace terms that formed the basis of the treaty was the major achievement of shelburne 's time in office . |
350 | order | 1 | RANK | that year , shelburne was appointed to the order of the garter as its 599th knight . |
351 | portfolio minister took office left office party first lord | 1 | PERSON |  |
352 | independent chancellor | 1 | PERSON | independent chancellor of the duchy of lancaster john dunning , 1st baron ashburton 17 april 1782 ( 1782-04-17 ) 29 august 1783 ( 1783-08-29 ) independent master-general of the ordnance charles lennox , 3rd duke of richmond 1782 ( 1782 ) 1783 ( 1783 ) |
353 | president | 1 | PERSON | thurlow 3 june 1778 ( 1778-06-03 ) 7 april 1783 ( 1783-04-07 ) independent lord president of the council charles pratt , 1st baron camden 27 march 1782 ( 1782-03-27 ) 2 april 1783 ( 1783-04-02 ) |
354 | houses | 1 | UNKNOWN | as a result , he lost his seat in both houses of commons and moved up to the house of lords , though he would not take his seat in the irish house of lords until april 1764 . |
355 | foreign affairs | 1 | PERSON | secretary of state for foreign affairs * |
356 | demands | 1 | REQUEST | shelburne agreed to generous borders in the illinois country , but rejected demands by benjamin franklin for the cession of canada and other territories . |
357 | whig first lord | 1 | PERSON | whig first lord of the admiralty augustus keppel , 1st viscount keppel 1782 ( 1782 ) 1783 ( 1783 ) |
358 | boodle | 1 | ABSTRACT ENTITY | around 1762 , he founded the boodle 's club , which would later have as members adam smith , the duke of wellington , sir winston churchill , and ian fleming , among others , and is now the second oldest club in the world . |
359 | conversion | 1 | SPEECH ACT | shelburne said his conversion from mercantilism to free trade ultimately derived from long conversations in 1761 with adam smith . |
360 | british house | 1 | PLACE | on 2 june 1760 , while still abroad , fitzmaurice had been returned to the british house of commons as a member for wycombe . |
361 | harlow | 1 | PERSON | historians such as alvord , harlow and ritcheson have emphasized that british generosity was based on shelburne 's statesmanlike vision of close economic ties between britain and the united states . |
362 | posts | 1 | SEQUENCE | shelburne 's appointment by the king provoked charles james fox and his supporters , including edmund burke , to resign their posts on 4 july 1782 . |
363 | hold | 1 | PLACE | the novelty of his principles , added to my youth and prejudices , made me unable to comprehend them at the time , but he urged them with so much benevolence , as well as eloquence , that they took a certain hold , which , though it did not develop itself so as to arrive at full conviction for some few years after , i can fairly say , has constituted , ever since , the happiness of my life , as well as any little consideration |
364 | departure | 1 | ACT | although secret aid was given to the corsicans it was decided not to intervene militarily and provoke a war with france , a decision made easier by the departure of the hard-line shelburne from the cabinet . |
365 | sciences | 1 | STATE | he was elected a foreign honorary member of the american academy of arts and sciences in 1803 . |
366 | issue lord lansdowne | 1 | PERSON | marriage and issue lord lansdowne was twice married : |
367 | home secretary | 1 | PERSON | home secretary |
368 | tutor | 1 | INSTITUTION | from a tutor whom he describes as " narrow-minded " he received advantageous guidance in his studies , but he attributes his improvement in manners and in knowledge of the world chiefly to the fact that , as was his " fate through life " , he fell in " with clever but unpopular connexions " . |
369 | halifax | 1 | PLACE | university college london holds over 4000 tracts in its lansdowne and halifax tracts collections , the former being named after petty . |
370 | spain | 1 | PLACE | eventually , a deal was agreed but it was heavily criticised for the perceived leniency of its terms as it handed back a number of captured territories to france and spain . |
371 | trade thomas robinson | 1 | PERSON | first lord of trade thomas robinson , 2nd baron grantham 13 july 1782 ( 1782-07-13 ) / 9 december 1780 ( 1780-12-09 ) 2 april 1783 ( 1783-04-02 ) |
372 | man | 1 | PERSON | his grandfather , lord kerry , died when he was four , but fitzmaurice grew up with other people 's grim memories of the old man as a " tyrant " , whose family and servants lived in permanent fear of him . |
373 | hillsborough | 1 | UNKNOWN | in office 27 march 1782 - 10 july 1782 prime minister * the marquess of rockingham himself preceded by the earl of hillsborough ( southern secretary ) |
374 | lord lansdowne | 1 | PERSON | marriage and issue lord lansdowne was twice married : |
375 | commissioners | 1 | PERSON | shelburne 's own envoys negotiated a separate peace with american commissioners which eventually led to an agreement on american independence and the borders of the newly created united states . |
376 | baron | 1 | PERSON | lord kerry had married anne petty , the daughter of sir william petty , surveyor general of ireland , whose elder son had been created baron shelburne in 1688 and ( on the elder son 's death ) whose younger son had been created baron shelburne in 1699 and earl of shelburne in 1719 . |
377 | peace terms | 1 | TERM | the treaty of paris which formally ended the american revolutionary war was signed during portland 's tenure , but the agreement of peace terms that formed the basis of the treaty was the major achievement of shelburne 's time in office . |
378 | points | 1 | UNKNOWN | shelburne entertained a french peace envoy joseph matthias gérard de rayneval at his country estate in wiltshire , and they discreetly agreed on a number of points which formed a basis for peace . |
379 | lady louisa fitzpatrick | 1 | PERSON | secondly , to lady louisa fitzpatrick ( 1755 - 7 august 1789 ) , daughter of the 1st earl of upper ossory . |
380 | petty estates | 1 | PERSON | on the younger son 's death , the petty estates passed to the aforementioned john fitzmaurice , who changed his branch of the family 's surname to " petty " in place of " fitzmaurice " , and was created viscount fitzmaurice later in 1751 and earl of shelburne in 1753 ( after which his elder son john was styled viscount fitzmaurice ) . |
381 | feat | 1 | UNKNOWN | he succeeded in securing peace with america and this feat remains his most notable legacy . |
382 | forces | 1 | FORCE | fox held the lucrative but unimportant post of paymaster of the forces , but commanded large support in the house of commons and could boost bute 's power base . |
383 | debater | 1 | PERSON | shelburne lamented that his career had been a failure , despite the many high offices he held over 17 years , and his undoubted abilities as a debater . |
384 | critic | 1 | ACT | after witnessing revolutionary events in paris , he began to establish an independent reputation as a critic of the war with france and of the suppression of democratic agitation at home . |
385 | sir john brookes | 1 | PERSON | sir john brookes , 1st baronet 7 . |
386 | lord bute | 1 | PERSON | shelburne 's new military role close to the king brought him into communication with lord bute , who was the king 's closest advisor and a senior minister in the government . |
387 | whig lord chancellor edward thurlow | 1 | PERSON | took office left office party first lord of the treasury william petty , 2nd earl of shelburne ( head of ministry ) 4 july 1782 ( 1782-07-04 ) 26 march 1783 ( 1783-03-26 ) whig lord chancellor edward thurlow , 1st baron |
388 | robert emmet | 1 | PERSON | in ireland , to which he repaired in 1797 , he was suspected by the dublin castle administration of being a party to robert emmet 's conspiracy to renew the united irish rebellion of 1798 with a rising dublin . |
389 | connections | 1 | DEFICIENCY | he blamed his poor education— although it was as good as that of most peers— and said the real problem was that " it has been my fate through life to fall in with clever but unpopular connections " . |
390 | david hume | 1 | PERSON | he was on good terms with benjamin franklin and david hume . |
391 | surname | 1 | PORTION | on the younger son 's death , the petty estates passed to the aforementioned john fitzmaurice , who changed his branch of the family 's surname to " petty " in place of " fitzmaurice " , and was created viscount fitzmaurice later in 1751 and earl of shelburne in 1753 ( after which his elder son john was styled viscount fitzmaurice ) . |
392 | grandfather | 1 | PERSON | his grandfather , lord kerry , died when he was four , but fitzmaurice grew up with other people 's grim memories of the old man as a " tyrant " , whose family and servants lived in permanent fear of him . |
393 | north america | 1 | PLACE | defending it in the house of lords , shelburne observed " the security of the british colonies in north america was the first cause of the war " asserting that security " has been wisely attended to in the negotiations for peace " . |
394 | household | 1 | PERSON | in response to the appointment , the duke of richmond resigned a post in the royal household . |
395 | exchequer william pitt | 1 | PERSON | whig chancellor of the exchequer william pitt the younger 10 july 1782 ( 1782-07-10 ) 31 march 1783 ( 1783-03-31 ) |
396 | army | 1 | HUMAN GROUP | alma mater christ church , oxford signature military service allegiance great britain branch/service british army rank general battles/wars seven years ' war coat of arms of william petty , 1st marquess of lansdowne , kg william petty fitzmaurice , 1st marquess of lansdowne ( 2 may 1737 - 7 may 1805 ) , known as the earl of shelburne between 1761 and 1784 , by which title he is generally known to history , was an anglo-irish whig statesman who was the first home secretary in 1782 and then prime minister in 1782-83 during the final months of the american war of independence . |
397 | peace agreement | 1 | AGREEMENT | in 1762 negotiations for a peace agreement went on in london and paris . |
398 | son john | 1 | PERSON | on the younger son 's death , the petty estates passed to the aforementioned john fitzmaurice , who changed his branch of the family 's surname to " petty " in place of " fitzmaurice " , and was created viscount fitzmaurice later in 1751 and earl of shelburne in 1753 ( after which his elder son john was styled viscount fitzmaurice ) . |
399 | guilford | 1 | PERSON | downfall shelburne , charles james fox and frederick north , 2nd earl of guilford by james gillray ( 1783 ) |
400 | predecessor rockingham | 1 | PERSON | burke scathingly compared shelburne to his predecessor rockingham . |
401 | september | 1 | PERIOD | find sources : " william petty , 2nd earl of shelburne " - news · newspapers · books · scholar · jstor ( september 2022 ) ( learn how and when to remove this message ) |
402 | trading partner | 1 | GROUP | the point was the united states would become a major trading partner . |
403 | downfall | 1 | PERSON | shelburne ministry a portrait of lord shelburne by sir joshua reynolds in march 1782 , following the downfall of the north ministry , shelburne agreed to take office under lord rockingham on condition that the king would recognise the united states . |
404 | economics shelburne | 1 | PERSON |  |
405 | sudden | 1 | OCCURRENCE | following the sudden and unexpected death of lord rockingham on 1 july 1782 , shelburne succeeded him as prime minister . |
406 | proof | 1 | FORCE | there is proof that shelburne did consult with smith on at least one occasion , and smith was close to shelburne 's father and his brother . |
407 | english | 1 | EVENT | he consulted with numerous english , scottish , french and american economists and experts . |
408 | authority | 1 | STATUS | he lost his authority and influence after being driven out of office at the age of 45 in 1783 . |
409 | policy towards america | 1 | PLACE |  |
410 | illinois country | 1 | PLACE | shelburne agreed to generous borders in the illinois country , but rejected demands by benjamin franklin for the cession of canada and other territories . |
411 | contrary | 1 | EVENT | ritcheson is dubious on whether the journey with smith actually happened , but provides no evidence to the contrary . |
412 | legacy | 1 | PERSON | he succeeded in securing peace with america and this feat remains his most notable legacy . |
413 | home department thomas townshend july | 1 | PERIOD |  |
414 | officer charles | 1 | PERSON | he became friends with his fellow officer charles |
415 | rivals | 1 | GROUP | fox 's resignation in 1782 led to the unexpected creation of a coalition led by fox and lord north , previously bitter rivals , which soon dominated the opposition . |
416 | marriage | 1 | ACT | marriage and issue lord lansdowne was twice married : |
417 | policy | 1 | RULE | southern secretary after pitt 's return to power in 1766 , he became southern secretary , but during pitt 's illness his conciliatory policy towards |
418 | evidence | 1 | ABSTRACT ENTITY | ritcheson is dubious on whether the journey with smith actually happened , but provides no evidence to the contrary . |
419 | scottish | 1 | UNKNOWN | he consulted with numerous english , scottish , french and american economists and experts . |
420 | burke | 1 | PERSON | shelburne 's appointment by the king provoked charles james fox and his supporters , including edmund burke , to resign their posts on 4 july 1782 . |
421 | frederick north | 1 | PERSON | downfall shelburne , charles james fox and frederick north , 2nd earl of guilford by james gillray ( 1783 ) |
422 | jean laurent mosnier | 1 | PERSON |  |
423 | march monarch george iii | 1 | PERSON |  |
424 | edit | 1 | ACT | ( edit | history ) caption : portfolio minister |
425 | illness | 1 | ILLNESS | southern secretary after pitt 's return to power in 1766 , he became southern secretary , but during pitt 's illness his conciliatory policy towards |
426 | rochefort | 1 | PLACE | in 1757 he took part in the amphibious raid on rochefort which withdrew without making any serious attempt on the town . |
427 | policies | 1 | RULE | they were both critical of the policies of the north government in the years leading up to the outbreak of the american war of independence in 1775 . |
428 | relief act | 1 | ACT | a personal act , the marquis of lansdowne 's relief act 1797 ( 37 geo . |
429 | county kerry | 1 | PERSON | he was re-elected unopposed at the general election of 1761 , and was also elected to the irish house of commons for county kerry . |
430 | contemplation | 1 | ACT | he had also in contemplation a bill to promote free trade between britain and the united states . |
431 | germany | 1 | PLACE | the following year he was sent to serve in germany and distinguished himself at minden and kloster-kampen . |
432 | garter | 1 | WORD | that year , shelburne was appointed to the order of the garter as its 599th knight . |
433 | elizabeth waller | 1 | PERSON | elizabeth waller 1 . william petty , 2nd earl of shelburne 12 . |
434 | vehement attack | 1 | EVENT | under instructions from shelburne , barré made a vehement attack on pitt in the house of commons . |
435 | guidance | 1 | SPEECH ACT | from a tutor whom he describes as " narrow-minded " he received advantageous guidance in his studies , but he attributes his improvement in manners and in knowledge of the world chiefly to the fact that , as was his " fate through life " , he fell in " with clever but unpopular connexions " . |
436 | whig secretary | 1 | PERSON | whig secretary of state for the home department thomas townshend 10 july 1782 ( 1782-07-10 ) |
437 | pseudonyms | 1 | NAME | many of the tracts were written by daniel defoe and jonathan swift under pseudonyms . |
438 | population | 1 | ACT | the concession of the vast trans-appalachian areas was designed to facilitate the growth of the american population and create lucrative markets for british merchants , without any military or administrative costs to britain . |
439 | marquis | 1 | PERSON | a personal act , the marquis of lansdowne 's relief act 1797 ( 37 geo . |
440 | power | 1 | POWER | fox held the lucrative but unimportant post of paymaster of the forces , but commanded large support in the house of commons and could boost bute 's power base . |
441 | vision | 1 | ACT | historians such as alvord , harlow and ritcheson have emphasized that british generosity was based on shelburne 's statesmanlike vision of close economic ties between britain and the united states . |
442 | consequence | 1 | CONSEQUENCE | 3. c. 22 pr. ) , relieved him " from disabilities in consequence of his having sat and voted in the house of lords without having made the necessary oaths and declarations " . |
443 | leaders | 1 | PERSON | after a british army was compelled to surrender at the battle of saratoga in 1777 , shelburne joined other leaders of the opposition to call for a total withdrawal of british troops . |
444 | whig | 1 | PERSON | westminster , england resting place all saints churchyard , high wycombe , england political party whig spouses * |
445 | baron ashburton april | 1 | PERIOD |  |
446 | occasion | 1 | ABSTRACT ENTITY | there is proof that shelburne did consult with smith on at least one occasion , and smith was close to shelburne 's father and his brother . |
447 | abilities | 1 | ABILITY | shelburne lamented that his career had been a failure , despite the many high offices he held over 17 years , and his undoubted abilities as a debater . |
448 | displeasure | 1 | CAUSE | having moreover on account of his support of pitt on the question of john wilkes 's expulsion from the house of commons incurred the displeasure of the king , he retired for a time to his estate . |
449 | point | 1 | PLACE | the point was the united states would become a major trading partner . |
450 | bath | 1 | PLACE | first to lady sophia carteret ( 26 august 1745 - 5 january 1771 ) , daughter of john carteret , 2nd earl granville , through whom he obtained the lansdowne estates near bath . |
451 | knowledge | 1 | AMOUNT | from a tutor whom he describes as " narrow-minded " he received advantageous guidance in his studies , but he attributes his improvement in manners and in knowledge of the world chiefly to the fact that , as was his " fate through life " , he fell in " with clever but unpopular connexions " . |
452 | troops | 1 | HUMAN GROUP | after a british army was compelled to surrender at the battle of saratoga in 1777 , shelburne joined other leaders of the opposition to call for a total withdrawal of british troops . |
453 | boundaries | 1 | SET | historians have often commented that the treaty was very generous to the united states in terms of greatly enlarged boundaries . |
454 | arts | 1 | PERSON | he was elected a foreign honorary member of the american academy of arts and sciences in 1803 . |
455 | problem | 1 | STATEMENT | he blamed his poor education— although it was as good as that of most peers— and said the real problem was that " it has been my fate through life to fall in with clever but unpopular connections " . |
456 | ordnance charles lennox | 1 | PERSON | independent chancellor of the duchy of lancaster john dunning , 1st baron ashburton 17 april 1782 ( 1782-04-17 ) 29 august 1783 ( 1783-08-29 ) independent master-general of the ordnance charles lennox , 3rd duke of richmond 1782 ( 1782 ) 1783 ( 1783 ) |
457 | war shelburne | 1 | PERSON | great britain in the seven years ' war shelburne served with distinction during the seven years ' war participating in engagements such as the battle of minden in 1759 . |
458 | richard oswald | 1 | PERSON | shelburne 's government continued negotiations begun in early 1782 under rockingham for peace in paris , using richard oswald as the chief negotiator . |
459 | arms | 1 | PERSON | alma mater christ church , oxford signature military service allegiance great britain branch/service british army rank general battles/wars seven years ' war coat of arms of william petty , 1st marquess of lansdowne , kg william petty fitzmaurice , 1st marquess of lansdowne ( 2 may 1737 - 7 may 1805 ) , known as the earl of shelburne between 1761 and 1784 , by which title he is generally known to history , was an anglo-irish whig statesman who was the first home secretary in 1782 and then prime minister in 1782-83 during the final months of the american war of independence . |
460 | principles | 1 | RULE | the novelty of his principles , added to my youth and prejudices , made me unable to comprehend them at the time , but he urged them with so much benevolence , as well as eloquence , that they took a certain hold , which , though it did not develop itself so as to arrive at full conviction for some few years after , i can fairly say , has constituted , ever since , the happiness of my life , as well as any little consideration |
461 | figures | 1 | FIGURE | one of the figures brought in as a replacement was the 23-year-old william pitt , son of shelburne 's former political ally , who became chancellor of the exchequer . |
462 | influence | 1 | POWER | he lost his authority and influence after being driven out of office at the age of 45 in 1783 . |
463 | john carteret | 1 | PERSON | first to lady sophia carteret ( 26 august 1745 - 5 january 1771 ) , daughter of john carteret , 2nd earl granville , through whom he obtained the lansdowne estates near bath . |
464 | achievement | 1 | ACT | the treaty of paris which formally ended the american revolutionary war was signed during portland 's tenure , but the agreement of peace terms that formed the basis of the treaty was the major achievement of shelburne 's time in office . |
465 | deal | 1 | SITUATION | eventually , a deal was agreed but it was heavily criticised for the perceived leniency of its terms as it handed back a number of captured territories to france and spain . |
466 | baronet | 1 | PERSON | sir john brookes , 1st baronet 7 . |
467 | united irish rebellion | 1 | PLACE | in ireland , to which he repaired in 1797 , he was suspected by the dublin castle administration of being a party to robert emmet 's conspiracy to renew the united irish rebellion of 1798 with a rising dublin . |
468 | plans | 1 | PLAN | shelburn 's fall was perhaps hastened by his plans for the reform of the public service . |
469 | promotion | 1 | ACT | though he had no active military career after this , his early promotion as colonel meant that he would be further promoted through seniority to major-general in 1765 , lieutenant-general in 1772 and general in 1783 . |
470 | viscount weymouth personal details born | 1 | PERSON | the duke of grafton preceded by the duke of richmond succeeded by the viscount weymouth personal details born ( 1737-05-02 )2 may 1737 dublin , ireland died 7 may 1805( 1805-05-07 ) ( aged 68 ) |
471 | half brother | 1 | PERSON |  |
472 | areas | 1 | PLACE | the concession of the vast trans-appalachian areas was designed to facilitate the growth of the american population and create lucrative markets for british merchants , without any military or administrative costs to britain . |
473 | shelburne ministry | 1 | INSTITUTION | shelburne ministry a portrait of lord shelburne by sir joshua reynolds in march 1782 , following the downfall of the north ministry , shelburne agreed to take office under lord rockingham on condition that the king would recognise the united states . |
474 | lady sophia carteret | 1 | PERSON | first to lady sophia carteret ( 26 august 1745 - 5 january 1771 ) , daughter of john carteret , 2nd earl granville , through whom he obtained the lansdowne estates near bath . |
475 | reward | 1 | ACTION | as a reward for his conduct at the battle of kloster kampen , shelburne was appointed an aide-de-camp to george iii . |
476 | civil war | 1 | EVENT | the tracts were published in england between 1559 and 1776 , and relate to the union between england and scotland , the civil war and the restoration . |
477 | paymaster | 1 | PERSON | fox held the lucrative but unimportant post of paymaster of the forces , but commanded large support in the house of commons and could boost bute 's power base . |
478 | events | 1 | EVENT | after witnessing revolutionary events in paris , he began to establish an independent reputation as a critic of the war with france and of the suppression of democratic agitation at home . |
479 | oxford university | 1 | INSTITUTION | after attending oxford university , he served in the british army during the seven years ' war . |
480 | issue | 1 | PERSON | marriage and issue lord lansdowne was twice married : |
481 | bill | 1 | PERSON | he had also in contemplation a bill to promote free trade between britain and the united states . |
482 | ​ children parent | 1 | PERSON |  |
483 | scotland | 1 | PLACE | the tracts were published in england between 1559 and 1776 , and relate to the union between england and scotland , the civil war and the restoration . |
484 | george grenville | 1 | PERSON | shortly afterwards , bute chose to resign as prime minister and retire from politics and was replaced by george grenville . |
485 | peace negotiations | 1 | PROCESS | peace negotiations |
486 | inclusion | 1 | ABSTRACT ENTITY | pitt 's inclusion in the cabinet he resigned office after only a few months . |
487 | corsican republic | 1 | PLACE | during the corsican crisis , sparked by the french invasion of corsica , shelburne was the major voice in the cabinet who favoured assisting the corsican republic . |
488 | officers | 1 | PERSON | this brought protests from several members of the cabinet as it meant he was promoted ahead of much more senior officers . |
489 | having | 1 | UNKNOWN | having moreover on account of his support of pitt on the question of john wilkes 's expulsion from the house of commons incurred the displeasure of the king , he retired for a time to his estate . |
490 | earl granville | 1 | PERSON | first to lady sophia carteret ( 26 august 1745 - 5 january 1771 ) , daughter of john carteret , 2nd earl granville , through whom he obtained the lansdowne estates near bath . |
491 | surveyor general | 1 | PERSON | lord kerry had married anne petty , the daughter of sir william petty , surveyor general of ireland , whose elder son had been created baron shelburne in 1688 and ( on the elder son 's death ) whose younger son had been created baron shelburne in 1699 and earl of shelburne in 1719 . |
492 | youth | 1 | PERIOD | the novelty of his principles , added to my youth and prejudices , made me unable to comprehend them at the time , but he urged them with so much benevolence , as well as eloquence , that they took a certain hold , which , though it did not develop itself so as to arrive at full conviction for some few years after , i can fairly say , has constituted , ever since , the happiness of my life , as well as any little consideration |
493 | edmund burke | 1 | PERSON | shelburne 's appointment by the king provoked charles james fox and his supporters , including edmund burke , to resign their posts on 4 july 1782 . |
494 | fact | 1 | UNKNOWN | from a tutor whom he describes as " narrow-minded " he received advantageous guidance in his studies , but he attributes his improvement in manners and in knowledge of the world chiefly to the fact that , as was his " fate through life " , he fell in " with clever but unpopular connexions " . |
495 | whig chancellor | 1 | PERSON | whig chancellor of the exchequer william pitt the younger 10 july 1782 ( 1782-07-10 ) 31 march 1783 ( 1783-03-31 ) |
496 | jonathan swift | 1 | PERSON | many of the tracts were written by daniel defoe and jonathan swift under pseudonyms . |
497 | prejudices | 1 | CONCLUSION | the novelty of his principles , added to my youth and prejudices , made me unable to comprehend them at the time , but he urged them with so much benevolence , as well as eloquence , that they took a certain hold , which , though it did not develop itself so as to arrive at full conviction for some few years after , i can fairly say , has constituted , ever since , the happiness of my life , as well as any little consideration |
498 | light | 1 | LIGHT | in 1795 he described this to dugald stewart : i owe to a journey i made with mr smith from edinburgh to london , the difference between light and darkness through the best part of my life . |
499 | improvement | 1 | ACT | from a tutor whom he describes as " narrow-minded " he received advantageous guidance in his studies , but he attributes his improvement in manners and in knowledge of the world chiefly to the fact that , as was his " fate through life " , he fell in " with clever but unpopular connexions " . |
500 | affairs | 1 | PERSON | though giving general support to the policy of pitt , he from this time ceased to take an active part in public affairs . |
501 | alvord | 1 | PERSON | historians such as alvord , harlow and ritcheson have emphasized that british generosity was based on shelburne 's statesmanlike vision of close economic ties between britain and the united states . |
502 | voice | 1 | DECISION | during the corsican crisis , sparked by the french invasion of corsica , shelburne was the major voice in the cabinet who favoured assisting the corsican republic . |
503 | baron camden march | 1 | PERIOD |  |
504 | high wycombe | 1 | PERSON | westminster , england resting place all saints churchyard , high wycombe , england political party whig spouses * |
505 | servants | 1 | PERSON | his grandfather , lord kerry , died when he was four , but fitzmaurice grew up with other people 's grim memories of the old man as a " tyrant " , whose family and servants lived in permanent fear of him . |
506 | alma mater christ church | 1 | PERSON | alma mater christ church , oxford signature military service allegiance great britain branch/service british army rank general battles/wars seven years ' war coat of arms of william petty , 1st marquess of lansdowne , kg william petty fitzmaurice , 1st marquess of lansdowne ( 2 may 1737 - 7 may 1805 ) , known as the earl of shelburne between 1761 and 1784 , by which title he is generally known to history , was an anglo-irish whig statesman who was the first home secretary in 1782 and then prime minister in 1782-83 during the final months of the american war of independence . |
507 | shelburn | 1 | PERSON | shelburn 's fall was perhaps hastened by his plans for the reform of the public service . |
508 | mary waller collections university college london | 1 | PLACE |  |
509 | southern secretary after pitt | 1 | PERSON | southern secretary after pitt 's return to power in 1766 , he became southern secretary , but during pitt 's illness his conciliatory policy towards |

## Objects sorted by category

Categoría | Objetos
PERSON | adam smith admiralty augustus keppel admirer advisor affairs aide de camp alma mater christ church alvord anglo irish whig statesman anne petty arms arts baron baron kerry baron shelburne baron wycombe baronet barré battle bell benjamin franklin bill british merchants british statesman brother burke bute chancellor charles james fox chatham child christ church clever col colleagues colonel commissioners constance long corsica council charles pratt county kerry daniel defoe daughter david hume debater deborah brookes downfall downfall shelburne dublin castle administration dugald stewart duke earl earl granville economics shelburne economists edmund burke election elizabeth waller exchequer william pitt experts father first lord fitzmaurice foreign affairs foreign honorary member fox frederick north friends general court george grenville george iii grafton grandfather guilford half brother harlow henry fox henry petty fitzmaurice high wycombe historians home secretary hon household ian independent chancellor independent master general intellectuals issue issue lord lansdowne james gillray james wolfe jean laurent mosnier john carteret john fitzmaurice john henry petty john petty john wilkes jonathan swift joseph priestly journey kg william petty fitzmaurice king kloster kampen knight lady louisa fitzpatrick lady sophia carteret lancaster john lansdowne lansdowne kg pc portrait leaders legacy lieutenant general lord bute lord kerry lord lansdowne lord north lord rockingham lord shelburne lords louisa fitzpatrick ​ ​ major general man manners march monarch george iii marquess marquis mary fitzmaurice member members adam smith minister vergennes mr smith officer charles officers ordnance charles lennox oxford party whig spouses paymaster peace envoy joseph matthias gérard de rayneval petty petty estates pitt portfolio minister took office left office party first lord portland portland home secretary portland leader portrait power base predecessor rockingham president raid richard oswald ritcheson robert emmet rockingham scholar secretary servants shelburn shelburne sir john brookes sir joshua reynolds sir william petty sir winston churchill smith son son john sophia carteret ​ ​ southern secretary southern secretary after pitt supporters supporters colonel isaac barré surveyor general territories thomas fitzmaurice thomas townshend secretary ties trade thomas robinson treasury william petty tyrant upper ossory viscount fitzmaurice viscount howe viscount keppel viscount weymouth personal details born war shelburne whig whig ancestry ancestors whig chancellor whig first lord whig lord chancellor edward thurlow whig lord privy seal augustus fitzroy whig richard howe whig secretary william fitzmaurice william petty william pitt wiltshire wycombe ​ ​ children parent
PLACE | america areas bath britain british house canada corsican republic different kinds district dublin edinburgh england england resting place all saints churchyard france germany great britain halifax hold home house illinois country interest house ireland irish house kerry london mary waller collections university college london massachusetts may dublin minden north america office paris party place point policy towards america richmond rochefort scotland secret south southern department spain town union united irish rebellion united states wellington westminster world
ACT | achievement act benevolence british generosity cabinet citations contemplation conviction creation critic dedication departure distinction edit expulsion fall growth improvement instructions learn leniency marriage population promotion relief act replacement resignation response section suppression verification vision
PERIOD | april august baron ashburton april baron camden march baron grantham july december home department thomas townshend july january july june march may months november office july office march september time year years younger july youth
EVENT | american revolutionary war american war cession civil war consideration contrary corsican crisis costs death english events life opposition peace restoration securing peace vehement attack war withdrawal
INSTITUTION | american academy club ministry north ministry oldest club oxford university service shelburne ministry tutor university
ABSTRACT ENTITY | boodle concession evidence happiness inclusion memories occasion war coat
SPEECH ACT | conversion guidance message news newspapers tracts trade
HUMAN GROUP | army british army family foot regiment parliament people troops
PROPERTY | age agitation childhood darkness disabilities seat
STATE | engagements envoys failure members sciences state
RESULT | basis commons descendant difference result
AMOUNT | exchequer knowledge opinion reform volume
HUMAN ROLE | april prime minister july prime minister minister october prime minister prime minister
CONCEPT | borders holders mercantilism services
FORCE | forces invasion proof security
RANK | order peerage rank sources
GROUP | coalition protests rivals trading partner
ARTIFACT | peace treaty treaty war record
DECISION | appointment decision voice
RULE | policies policy principles
SET | boundaries connexions support
GOVERNMENT | coalition government government north government
ESTATE | estate lansdowne estates title
ACTION | attempt politics reward
SEQUENCE | colonies post posts
PORTION | caption surname
OCCURRENCE | outbreak sudden
STATUS | authority tenure
WORD | declarations garter
PROCESS | negotiations peace negotiations
ELEMENT | interest saratoga
LIGHT | light oaths
TERM | peace terms terms
AGREEMENT | agreement peace agreement
CAUSE | cause displeasure
POWER | influence power
INSTANCE | account history
POSITION | offices position
ABILITY | abilities eloquence
SITUATION | conversations deal
CHARACTERISTIC | novelty
PLAN | plans
AREA | area
STATEMENT | problem
MATERIAL | unsourced material
PART | parts
COLLECTION | collections
STAGE | stage
QUALITY | independence
SUBSTANCE | negotiator
FORM | conspiracy
SPACE | deerfield northeast
DEFICIENCY | connections
NUMBER | number
REPUTATION | reputation
HEAD | head
AIR | air
ARTICLE | article
EMOTION | fear
QUANTITY | career
ROLE | role
FIGURE | figures
CONCLUSION | prejudices
STUDY | studies
CONDITION | condition
CONSEQUENCE | consequence
QUESTION | question
BODY | geo
ILLNESS | illness
REQUEST | demands
ENTITY | books
MEASURE | seniority
INFORMATION | information
NAME | pseudonyms
ACTIVITY | everything