# Tatatag: a semantic typing machine

https://tecling.com/textagram
Version: August 8, 2025: This version works with English and Spanish

Result for text extracleancorp/extra-clean-file-28.txt.tag

## Text without annotations

Scottish statesman and colonial administrator ( 1812-1860 ) The Most Honourable The Marquess of Dalhousie KT PC Governor-General of India In office 12 January 1848 - 28 February 1856 Monarch Victoria Prime Minister Lord John Russell The Earl of Derby The Earl of Aberdeen The Viscount Palmerston Preceded by The Viscount Hardinge Succeeded by The Viscount Canning President of the Board of Trade In office 5 February 1845 - 27 June 1846 Monarch Victoria Prime Minister Sir Robert Peel Preceded by William Ewart Gladstone Succeeded by The Earl of Clarendon Personal details Born 22 April 1812 ( 1812-04-22 ) Dalhousie Castle , Midlothian , Scotland Died 19 December 1860 ( 1860-12-20 ) ( aged 48 ) Dalhousie Castle , Midlothian Citizenship United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Spouse Lady Susan Hay ( d. 1853 ) Parents * George Ramsay ( father ) * Christian Broun ( mother ) Alma mater Christ Church , Oxford Known for Doctrine of Lapse James Andrew Broun-Ramsay , 1st Marquess of Dalhousie KT PC ( 22 April 1812 - 19 December 1860 ) , known as the Earl of Dalhousie between 1838 and 1849 , was a Scottish statesman and colonial administrator in British India . He served as Governor-General of India from 1848 to 1856 . He established the foundations of the colonial educational system in India by adding mass education in addition to elite higher education . He introduced passenger trains to the railways , the electric telegraph and uniform postage , which he described as the " three great engines of social improvement " . He also founded the Public Works Department in India . He stands out as the far-sighted Governor-General who consolidated East India Company rule in India , laid the foundations of its later administration , and by his sound policy enabled his successors to stem the tide of rebellion . His period of rule in India directly preceded the transformation into the Victorian Raj period of Indian administration . He was denounced by many in Britain on the eve of his death as having failed to notice the signs of the brewing Indian Rebellion of 1857 , having aggravated the crisis by his overbearing self-confidence , centralizing activity and expansive annexations . Early life James Andrew Broun-Ramsay was the third and youngest son of George Ramsay , 9th Earl of Dalhousie ( 1770-1838 ) , one of Wellington 's generals , who , after being Governor General of Canada , became Commander-in-Chief in India , and of his wife , Christian ( née Broun ) of Coalstoun , Haddingtonshire ( East Lothian ) . The 9th Earl was in 1815 created Baron Dalhousie of Dalhousie Castle in the Peerage of the United Kingdom , and had three sons , of whom the two elder died young . James Andrew Broun-Ramsay , his youngest son , was described as small in stature , with a firm chiseled mouth and high forehead . Several years of his early boyhood were spent with his father and mother in Canada . Returning to Scotland he was prepared for Harrow School , where he entered in 1825 . Two years later he and another student , Robert Adair , were expelled after bullying and nearly causing the death of George Rushout , nephew of John Rushout , 2nd Baron Northwick . Until he entered university , Dalhousie 's entire education being entrusted to the Rev. Mr Temple , incumbent of a quiet parish in Staffordshire . In October 1829 , he passed on to Christ Church , Oxford , where he worked fairly hard , won some distinction , and made many lifelong friends . His studies , however , were so greatly interrupted by the protracted illness and death in 1832 of his only surviving brother , that Lord Ramsay , as he then became , had to content himself with entering for a pass degree , though he was placed in fourth class of honours for Michaelmas 1833 . He then travelled in Italy and Switzerland , enriching with copious entries the diary which he religiously kept up through life , and storing his mind with valuable observations . Early political career Susan , Marchioness of Dalhousie An unsuccessful but courageous contest at the general election in 1835 for one of the seats in parliament for Edinburgh , fought against such veterans as the future speaker , James Abercrombie , afterwards Lord Dunfermline , and John Campbell , future lord chancellor , was followed in 1837 by Ramsay 's return to the House of Commons as member for Haddingtonshire . In the previous year he had married Lady Susan Hay , daughter of the Marquess of Tweeddale , whose companionship was his chief support in India , and whose death in 1853 left him a heartbroken man . In 1838 his father who died after a long illness , while less than a year later he lost his mother . Succeeding to the peerage , the new earl soon made his mark in a speech delivered on 16 June 1840 in support of Lord Aberdeen 's Church of Scotland Benefices Bill , a controversy arising out of the Auchterarder case , in which he had already taken part in the General Assembly in opposition to Dr Chalmers . In May 1843 he became Vice-President of the Board of Trade , Gladstone being President , and was sworn in as a privy counsellor . He was also given the honorary post of Captain of Deal Castle the same year . Succeeding Gladstone as President of the Board of Trade in 1845 , he threw himself into the work during the crisis of the Railway Mania with such energy that his health partially broke down under the strain . In the struggle over the Corn Laws he ranged himself on the side of Sir Robert Peel , and , after the failure of Lord John Russell to form a ministry he resumed his post at the board of trade , entering the cabinet on the retirement of Lord Stanley . When Peel resigned office in June 1846 , Lord John offered Dalhousie a seat in the cabinet , an offer which he declined from a fear that acceptance might involve the loss of public character . Another attempt to secure his services in the appointment of president of the railway board was equally unsuccessful ; but in 1847 he accepted the post of Governor-General of India in succession to Lord Hardinge , on the understanding that he was to be left in " entire and unquestioned possession " of his own " personal independence with reference to party politics " . Governor-General of India Dalhousie took charge of his dual duties as Governor-General of India and Governor of Bengal on 12 January 1848 , and shortly afterwards he was honoured with the green ribbon of the Order of the Thistle . During this period , he was an extremely hard worker , often working sixteen to eighteen hours a day . The shortest workday Dalhousie would take began at half-past eight and would continue until half-past five , remaining at his desk even during lunch . During this period , he sought to expand the reach of the empire and rode long distances on horseback , in spite of having a bad back . In contrast to many of the past leaders of the British Empire in India , he saw himself as an Orientalist monarch and believed his rule was that of a modernizer , attempting to bring the British intellectual revolution to India . A staunch utilitarian , he sought to improve Indian society under the prevalent Benthamite ideals of the period . However , in his attempt to do so he ruled with authoritarianism , believing these means were the most likely to increase the material development and progress of India . His policies , especially the doctrine of lapse , contributed to a growing sense of discontent among sectors of Indian society and therefore greatly contributed to the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , which directly followed his departure from India . In 1849 , under Dalhousie 's command , the British captured the princely state of Punjab . In the process he captured the famous Koh-i-Noor diamond from the twelve-year old Punjabi Maharaja Duleep Singh . According to usual practise the treasury of Duleep Singh was considered war booty and Duleep Singh was forced to hand over the diamond . The Koh-i-Noor diamond was presented to Queen Victoria and displayed in 1851 and at the Dublin Exhibition in 1853 and the World 's Fair in London in 1862 . He also commanded the Second Burmese War in 1852 , resulting in the capture of parts of Burma . Under his reign , the British implemented the policy of ' lapse and annexation ' which ensured that if a king did not have any sons for a natural heir , the kingdom would be annexed to the British Empire . Using this policy , the British annexed some of the princely states . The annexation of Awadh made Dalhousie very unpopular in the region . This and other callous actions of the governor-general created bitter feelings among the Indian soldiers in the British Army , which finally led to the Indian Rebellion of 1857 . Dalhousie and the British called this uprising the ' Sepoy mutiny ' - Sepoy being the common term for native Indian soldiers in British service . Dalhousie was an able administrator , though forceful and tough . His contribution in the development of communication — railways , roads , postal and telegraph services — contributed to the modernization and unity of India . His notable achievement was the creation of modern , centralized states . Shortly after assuming his duties , in writing to the president of the Board of Control , Sir John Hobhouse , he was able to assure him that everything was quiet . This statement , however , was to be falsified by events almost before it could reach Britain . Second Anglo-Sikh War On 19 April 1848 Vans Agnew of the civil service and Lieutenant Anderson of the Bombay European regiment , having been sent to take charge of Multan from Diwan Mulraj , were murdered there , and within a short time the troops and sardars joined in open rebellion . Dalhousie agreed with Sir Hugh Gough , the commander-in-chief , that the British East India Company 's military forces were neither adequately equipped with transport and supplies , nor otherwise prepared to take the field immediately . He afterward decided that the proper response was not merely for the capture of Multan , but also the entire subjugation of the Punjab . He therefore resolutely delayed to strike , organized a strong army for operations in November , and himself proceeded to the Punjab . With evidence that the revolt was spreading outwards , Dalhousie declared , " Unwarned by precedent , uninfluenced by example , the Sikh nation has called for war ; and on my words , sirs , war they shall have and with a vengeance . " Despite the successes gained by Herbert Edwardes in the Second Anglo-Sikh War with Mulraj , and Gough 's indecisive victories at Ramnagar in November , at Sadulpur in December , and at Chillianwala in the following month , the stubborn resistance at Multan showed that the task required the utmost resources of the government . At length , on 22 January 1849 , the Multan fortress was taken by General Whish , who was thus set at liberty to join Gough at Gujarat . Here a complete victory was won on 21 February at the Battle of Gujrat , the Sikh army surrendered at Rawalpindi , and their Afghan allies were chased out of India . In spite of substantial attempts by Sikh and Muslim forces to polarize opposition through religious and anti-British sentiment , Dalhousie 's military commanders were able to maintain the loyalty of troops , with the exception of a small number of Gurkah deserters . For his services the Earl of Dalhousie received the thanks of the Parliament and a step in the peerage , as Marquess . The war being now over , Dalhousie , without specific instructions from his superiors , annexed the Punjab . Believing in inherent superiority of British rule over the " archaic " Indian system of rule , Dalhousie attempted to dismantle local rule . However , the province quickly became ruled by a group of " audacious and eccentric and often Evangelical pioneers " . In an attempt to minimize further conflict , he removed a number of these officials , establishing what he believed to be a more logical and rational system in which the Punjab was systematically divided into districts and divisions , governed by District officers and Commissioners respectively . This lasting system of rule established governance through a young maharaja under a triumvirate of the Governor General . Governance under the established " Punjab School " of Henry and John Lawrence was initially successful , partially due to the system of local cultural respect , while still maintaining British values against acts of widow burning , female infanticide , and burying of lepers alive by small segments of the Indian populace . However , Punjabi rule eventually came to be seen as despotic , largely because of the expansion of judicial system . Although often unpredictable or despotic , many Indians in " rationalized " provinces preferred their previous native rule . Second Burmese War One further addition to the empire was made by conquest . The Burmese court at Ava was bound by the Treaty of Yandaboo , 1826 , to protect British ships in Burmese waters . But there arose a dispute between the Governor of Rangoon and certain British shipping interests ( the Monarch and the Champion ) . The facts of the event were obscured by conflicts between colonial administrators reporting to the admirals of the navy , rather than the company or civil authorities . The nature of the dispute was mis-represented to Parliament , and Parliament played a role in further " suppressing " the facts released to the public , but most of the facts were established by comparative reading of these conflicting accounts in what was originally an anonymous pamphlet , How Wars are Got Up in India ; this account by Richard Cobden remains almost the sole contemporaneous account of who actually made the decision to invade and annex Burma . In defending the pretext for invasion after the fact , Dalhousie quoted the maxim of Lord Wellesley that any insult offered to the British flag at the mouth of the Ganges should be resented as promptly and fully as an insult offered at the mouth of the Thames . Attempts were made to solve the dispute by diplomacy . The Burmese eventually removed the Governor of Rangoon but this not considered sufficient . Commodore Lambert , despatched personally by Dalhousie , deliberately provoked an incident and then announced a war . The Burmese Kingdom offered little in the way of resistance . Martaban was taken on 5 April 1852 , and Rangoon and Bassein shortly afterwards . Since , however , the court of Ava was unwilling to surrender half the country in the name of " peace " , the second campaign opened in October , and after the capture of Prome and Pegu the annexation of the province of Pegu was declared by a proclamation dated 20 December 1853 . To any further invasion of the Burmese empire Dalhousie was firmly opposed , being content to cut off Burma 's commercial and political access to the outside world by the annexation . Some strangely spoke of the war as " uniting " territory , but in practice Arakan , Tenasserim and the new territories were still only linked in practical terms by sea . By what his supporters considered wise policy he attempted to pacify the new province , placing Colonel Arthur Phayre in sole charge of it , personally visiting it , and establishing a system of telegraphs and communications . In practice , the new province was in language and culture very different from India . It could never successfully integrate into the Indian system . The result of the war was to add an expensive new military and political dependency which did not generate sufficient taxes to pay for itself . British Indian rule of Arakan and Tenasserim had been a financial disaster for the Indian Administration . Multiple times in the 1830s questions were raised about getting rid of these territories altogether . Why Dalhousie was so obsessed with increasing the size of a territory that did not generate sufficient revenue to pay for its own administration has never been explained . One consequential factor of this war was Dalhousie 's continuation of the requirement that Sepoys be forced to serve abroad . This created great discontent among Indian sepoys , because it violated the Hindu religious prohibition against travel . In fact , this resulted in the mutiny of several regiments in the Punjab . When this belief that the British were intentionally forcing caste breaking was combined with the widespread belief that the British were intentionally violating Hindu and Muslim purity laws with their new greased cartridges , the consequences ( culminating in 1857 ) , would prove to be extremely destructive . Policies of reforms Doctrine of Lapse Portrait of Lord Dalhousie by John Watson-Gordon , 1847 . Main article : Doctrine of Lapse The most controversial and tainted ' reform ' developed and implemented under Dalhousie was the policy of taking all legal ( often illegal too ) means possible to assume control over " lapsed " states . Dalhousie , driven by the conviction that all India needed to be brought under British administration , began to apply what was called the doctrine of lapse . Under the doctrine , the British annexed any non-British state where there was a lack of a proper male lineal heir . Under the policy he recommended the annexation of Satara in January 1849 , of Jaitpur and Sambalpur in the same year , and of Jhansi and Nagpur in 1853 . In these cases his action was approved by the home authorities , but his proposal to annex Karauli in 1849 was disallowed , while Baghat and the petty estate of Udaipur , which he had annexed in 1851 and 1852 respectively , were afterwards restored to native rule . These annexations are considered by critics to generally represent an uneconomic drain on the financial resources of the company in India . Educational reforms Dalhousie had a strong personal commitment to the establishment of a national system of education in India . He ensured the successful administration of the provisions contained in the 1854 dispatch . Dalhousie declared that no single change was likely to produce more important and beneficial consequences than female education . The Educational dispatch of 1854 favoured Women 's education . There was shift in government policy under him from higher education for elite towards mass education for both . He along with Bethune are credited with changing policy in favour of Women 's education . Dalhousie even personally supported the Bethune Women school from his own money set up by Bethune after his death . Before he left for England he took personal interest and introduced the Hindu Widows ' Remarriage Act , 1856 , permitting widow remarriage which became an act after being approved by his successor , Lord Canning . Development of infrastructure This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2019 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) Other measures with the same object were carried out in the company 's own territories . Bengal , long ruled by the Governor-General or his delegate , was placed under its own Lieutenant-Governor in May 1854 . The military boards were swept away ; selection took the place of seniority in the higher commands ; an army clothing and a stud department were created , and the medical service underwent complete reorganization . A department of public works was established in each presidency , and engineering colleges were provided . An imperial system of telegraphs followed . The first link of railway communication was completed in 1855 , and well-considered plans mapped out the course of other lines and their method of administration . Dalhousie encouraged private enterprise to develop railways in India for the good of the people and also to reduce absolute dependence on the government . However , as an authoritarian , utilitarian ruler , Dalhousie brought the railways under state control-attempting to bring the greatest benefit to India from the expanding network . In addition , the Ganges Canal was completed ; and despite the cost of wars in the Punjab and Burma , liberal provision was made for metalled roads and bridges . The construction of massive irrigation works such as the 350-mile Ganges Canal , which contains thousands of miles of distributaries , was a substantial project that was particularly beneficial for the largely agricultural India . In spite of damaging certain areas of farmland by increasing soil salinity , overall the individuals living along the canal were noticeably better fed and clothed than those who were not . Increasing irrigated area resulted in increase in population . Reforms to improve the condition of the increased population such as immunization and establishment of educational institutions were never implemented . This kept the population poor and bonded to agricultural activities promoting bonded labour . Europeanization and consolidation of authority were the keynote of his policy . In nine minutes he suggested means for strengthening the Company 's European forces , calling attention to the dangers that threatened the British community , a handful of scattered strangers ; but beyond the additional powers of recruitment which at his entreaty were granted in the Government of India Act 1853 ( 16 & 17 Vict . c. 95 ) , his proposals were shelved by the home authorities as they represented yet more expense added to the cost of India . In his administration Dalhousie vigorously asserted his control over even minor military affairs , and when Sir Charles Napier ordered certain allowances , given as compensation for the dearness of provisions , to be granted to the sepoys on a system which had not been sanctioned from headquarters , and threatened to repeat the offence , the Governor-General rebuked him to such a degree that Napier resigned his command . Dalhousie 's reforms were not confined to the departments of public works and military affairs . He created an imperial system of post-offices , reducing the rates of carrying letters and introducing postage stamps . He created the department of public instruction ; he improved the system of inspection of goals , abolishing the practice of branding convicts ; freed converts to other religions from the loss of their civil rights ; inaugurated the system of administrative reports ; and enlarged the Legislative Council of India . His wide interest in everything that concerned the welfare of British economic interests in the country was shown in the encouragement he gave to the culture of tea , in his protection of forests , in the preservation of ancient and historic monuments . With the object of making the civil administration more European , he closed what he considered to be the useless college in Calcutta for the education of young civilians , establishing in its place a European system of training them in mufasal stations , and subjecting them to departmental examinations . He was equally careful of the well-being of the European soldier , providing him with healthy recreations and public gardens . Civil Service reform To the civil service he gave improved leave and pension rules , while he purified its moral by forbidding all share in trading concerns , by vigorously punishing insolvents , and by his personal example of careful selection in the matter of patronage . No Governor-General ever penned a larger number of weighty papers dealing with public affairs in India . Even after laying down office and while on his way home , he forced himself , ill as he was , to review his own administration in a document of such importance that the House of Commons gave orders for its being printed ( Blue Book 245 of 1856 ) . Another consequential set of reforms , were those aimed at modernizing the land tenure and revenue system . Throughout his time in office , Dalhousie disposed large landowners from portions of their estates . He also implemented policies attempting to end the rule of the zamindar tax farmers , as he viewed them as destructive " drones of the soil " . However , thousands of smaller landlords had their holdings completely removed as did the relatively poor who leased small parcels of their land while farming the rest . This was particularly significant as the sepoys were often recruited from these economic groups . He introduced a system of open competition as the basis of recruitment for civil servants of the company and thus deprived the Directors of their patronage system under Government of India Act 1853 . Foreign policy His foreign policy was guided by a desire to reduce the nominal independence of the larger native states , and to avoid extending the political relations of his government with foreign powers outside India . Pressed to intervene in Hyderabad , he refused to do so , claiming on this occasion that interference was only justified if the administration of native princes tends unquestionably to the injury of the subjects or of the allies of the British government . He negotiated in 1853 a treaty with the nizam , which provided funds for the maintenance of the contingent kept up by the British in support of that princes ' authority , by the assignment of the Berars in lieu of annual payments of the cost and large outstanding arrears . The Berar treaty , he told Sir Charles Wood , is more likely to keep the nizam on his throne than anything that has happened for 50 years to him , while at the same time the control thus acquired over a strip of territory intervening between Bombay and Nagpur promoted his policy of consolidation and his schemes of railway extension . The same spirit induced him to tolerate a war of succession in Bahawalpur , so long as the contending candidates did not violate British territory . He refrained from punishing Dost Mohammad for the part he had taken in the Sikh War , and resolutely to refuse to enter upon any negotiations until the amir himself came forward . Then he steered a middle course between the proposals of his own agent , Herbert Edwardes , who advocated an offensive alliance , and those of John Lawrence , who would have avoided any sort of engagement . He himself drafted the short treaty of peace and friendship which Lawrence signed in 1855 , that officer receiving in 1856 the Order of the Bath as a Knight Commander in acknowledgement of his services in the matter . While , however , Dalhousie was content with a mutual engagement with the Afghan chief , binding each party to respect the territories of the other , he saw that a larger measure of interference was needed in Baluchistan , and with the Khan of Kalat he authorized Major Jacob to negotiate a treaty of subordinate co-operation on 14 May 1854 . The khan was guaranteed an annual subsidy of Rs. 50,000 , in return for the treaty which bound him to the British wholly and exclusively . To this the home authorities demurred , but the engagement was duly ratified , and the subsidy was largely increased by Dalhousies successors . On the other hand , he insisted on leaving all matters concerning Persia and Central Asia to the decision of the queen 's advisers . After the conquest of the Punjab , he began the expensive process of attempting to police and control the Northwest Frontier region . The hillmen , he wrote , regard the plains as their food and prey , and the Afridis , Mohmands , Black Mountain tribes , Waziris and others had to be taught that their new neighbours would not tolerate outrages . But he proclaimed to one and all his desire for peace , and urged upon them the duty of tribal responsibility . Nevertheless , the military engagement on the northwest frontier of India he began grew yearly in cost and continued without pause until the British left Pakistan . The annexation of Oudh was reserved to the last . The home authorities had asked Dalhousie to prolong his tenure of office during the Crimean War , but the difficulties of the problem no less than complications elsewhere had induced him to delay operations . In 1854 he appointed Outram as resident at the court of Lucknow , directing him to submit a report on the condition of the province . This was furnished in March 1855 . The report provided the British an excuse for action based on " disorder and misrule " . Dalhousie , looking at the treaty of 1801 , decided that he could do as he wished with Oudh as long as he had the king 's consent . He then demanded a transfer to the Company of the entire administration of Oudh , the king merely retaining his royal rank , certain privileges in the courts , and a liberal allowance . If he should refuse this arrangement , a general rising would be arranged , and then the British government would intervene on its own terms . On 21 November 1855 , the court of directors instructed Dalhousie to assume the control of Oudh , and to give the king no option unless he was sure that his majesty would surrender the administration rather than risk a revolution . Dalhousie was in bad health and on the eve of retirement when the belated orders reached him ; but he at once laid down instructions for Outram in every detail , moved up troops , and elaborated a scheme of government with particular orders as to conciliating local opinion . The king refused to sign the ultimatum ( in the form of a " treaty " ) put before him , and a proclamation annexing the province was therefore issued on 13 February 1856 . In his mind , only one important matter now remained to him before quitting office . The insurrection of the Kolarian Santals of Bengal against the extortions of landlords and moneylenders had been severely repressed , but the causes of the insurrection had still to be reviewed and a remedy provided . By removing the tract of country from local rule , enforcing the residence of British officers there , and employing the Santal headmen in a local police , he created a system of administration which proved successful in maintaining order . Return to Britain Dalhousie , on 6 March 1856 , set sail for England on board the Company 's " Firoze , " an object of general sympathy and not less general respect . At Alexandria he was carried by H.M.S. " Caradoc " to Malta , and thence by the " Tribune " to Spithead , which he reached on 13 May . His return had been eagerly looked for by statesmen who hoped that he would resume his public career , by the Company which voted him an annual pension of £5,000 ( equivalent to £635,591.4 in 2023 ) , and by the queen who earnestly prayed for the blessing of restored health and strength ; conversely , the outbreak of the " Sepoy Mutiny " led to bitter attacks on the record of his policy , and to widespread criticisms ( both fair and unfair ) of his political interests and career . His health deteriorated in Malta and at Malvern , Edinburgh , where he sought medical treatment . In his correspondence and public statements , he was careful not to assign blame or cause embarrassment to colleagues in government . During this period , John Lawrence , 1st Baron Lawrence invoked his counsel and influence . By his last wish , his private journal and papers of personal interest were sealed against publication or inquiry for fully 50 years after his death . As he had no sons the marquessate became extinct on his death . Legacy and commemoration Dalhousie Park ( now Bogyoke Aung San Park ) in 1895 . Established in 1854 by the British Empire in India as a summer retreat for its troops and bureaucrats , the hill station of Dalhousie was named after Lord Dalhousie who was Governor-General of India at that time . Bogyoke Aung San Park in Yangon , Myanmar was formerly named after Lord Dalhousie .

Recall: 89.70%

## Annotated text

scottish statesman [PERSON] and colonial administrator [PERSON] ( 1812-1860 ) the most honourable the marquess [PERSON] of dalhousie kt pc [PERSON] governor-general of india [PLACE] in office [PLACE] 12 january [PERIOD] 1848 - 28 february [PERIOD] 1856 monarch [PERSON] victoria prime minister lord john [PERSON] russell [PERSON] the earl [PERSON] of derby [PERSON] the earl [PERSON] of aberdeen [PERSON] the viscount palmerston [PERSON] preceded by the viscount hardinge [PERSON] succeeded by the viscount [PERSON] canning president [PERSON] of the board [NUMBER] of trade [PROCESS] in office [PLACE] 5 february [PERIOD] 1845 - 27 june [PERIOD] 1846 monarch [PERSON] victoria prime minister sir robert peel [PERSON] preceded by william ewart gladstone [PERSON] succeeded by the earl [PERSON] of clarendon personal details [EVENT] born 22 april [PERIOD] 1812 ( 1812-04-22 ) dalhousie castle [PERSON] , midlothian [UNKNOWN] , scotland [PLACE] died 19 december [PERIOD] 1860 ( 1860-12-20 ) ( aged 48 ) dalhousie castle [PERSON] , midlothian citizenship united kingdom [PERSON] [PLACE] of great britain [PLACE] and ireland spouse lady susan hay [PERSON] ( d. 1853 ) parents [PERSON] * george ramsay [PERSON] ( father [PERSON] ) * christian broun [PERSON] ( mother [PERSON] ) alma mater christ church [PERSON] [PERSON] , oxford known [PERSON] for doctrine [PLACE] of lapse [NARRATIVE] james andrew broun-ramsay , 1st marquess [PERSON] of dalhousie kt pc [PERSON] ( 22 april [PERIOD] 1812 - 19 december [PERIOD] 1860 ) , known as the earl [PERSON] of dalhousie [PERSON] between 1838 and 1849 , was a scottish statesman [PERSON] and colonial administrator [PERSON] in british india [PLACE] . he served as governor-general of india [PLACE] from 1848 to 1856 . he established the foundations [ANYTHING] of the colonial educational system [SYSTEM] in india [PLACE] by adding mass education [PROCESS] in addition [PERSON] to elite [PERSON] higher education [PROCESS] . he introduced passenger trains [TRAIN] to the railways [SYSTEM] , the electric telegraph [PORTION] and uniform postage [AMOUNT] , which he described as the " three great engines [PERSON] of social improvement [ACT] " . he also founded the public works [UNKNOWN] department [PERSON] in india [PLACE] . he stands out as the far-sighted governor-general who consolidated east india [PLACE] company [INSTITUTION] rule [RULE] in india [PLACE] , laid the foundations [ANYTHING] of its later administration [PLACE] , and by his sound policy [PROPERTY] enabled his successors [PERSON] to stem the tide [ABSTRACT ENTITY] of rebellion [FORCE] . his period [PERIOD] of rule [RULE] in india [PLACE] directly preceded the transformation [RULE] into the victorian raj period [PERIOD] of indian administration [PLACE] . he was denounced by many in britain [PLACE] on the eve [PERSON] of his death [EVENT] as having failed to notice the signs [SIGN] of the brewing indian rebellion [FORCE] of 1857 , having aggravated the crisis [EVENT] by his overbearing self-confidence , centralizing activity [ACTIVITY] and expansive annexations [PLACE] . early life [EVENT] james andrew broun-ramsay was the third and youngest son [PERSON] of george ramsay [PERSON] , 9th earl [PERSON] of dalhousie [PERSON] ( 1770-1838 ) , one of wellington [PLACE] 's generals [PERSON] , who , after being governor general [PERSON] of canada [PLACE] , became commander-in-chief in india [PLACE] , and of his wife [PERSON] , christian [PERSON] ( née broun [PERSON] ) of coalstoun [UNKNOWN] , haddingtonshire [PLACE] ( east lothian [PERSON] ) . the 9th earl [PERSON] was in 1815 created baron dalhousie [PERSON] of dalhousie castle [PERSON] in the peerage [COLLECTION] of the united kingdom [PERSON] , and had three sons [PERSON] , of whom the two elder [PERSON] died young . james andrew broun-ramsay , his youngest son [PERSON] , was described as small in stature [EVENT] , with a firm [INSTITUTION] chiseled mouth [PERSON] and high forehead [PROPERTY] . several years [PERIOD] of his early boyhood [STATE] were spent with his father [PERSON] and mother [PERSON] in canada [PLACE] . returning to scotland [PLACE] he was prepared for harrow school [INSTITUTION] , where he entered in 1825 . two years [PERIOD] later he and another student [PERSON] , robert adair [PERSON] , were expelled after bullying and nearly causing the death [EVENT] of george [PERSON] rushout , nephew of john [PERSON] rushout , 2nd baron northwick [UNKNOWN] . until he entered university [INSTITUTION] , dalhousie [PERSON] 's entire education [PROCESS] being entrusted to the rev. mr temple , incumbent of a quiet parish [PERSON] in staffordshire [PLACE] . in october [PERIOD] 1829 , he passed on to christ church [PERSON] , oxford [PERSON] , where he worked fairly hard , won some distinction [SOUND] , and made many lifelong friends [PERSON] . his studies [STUDY] , however , were so greatly interrupted by the protracted illness [ILLNESS] and death [EVENT] in 1832 of his only surviving brother [PERSON] , that lord ramsay [PERSON] , as he then became , had to content himself with entering for a pass degree [EVENT] , though he was placed in fourth class [UNKNOWN] of honours [UNKNOWN] for michaelmas [UNKNOWN] 1833 . he then travelled in italy [PLACE] and switzerland [PLACE] , enriching with copious entries [INSTANCE] the diary [ABSTRACT ENTITY] which he religiously kept up through life [EVENT] , and storing his mind [FORM] with valuable observations [CONCLUSION] . early political career susan [PERSON] , marchioness [PROPERTY] of dalhousie [PERSON] an unsuccessful but courageous contest [CONDITION] at the general election [PROCESS] in 1835 for one of the seats [ABSTRACT ENTITY] in parliament [HUMAN GROUP] for edinburgh [PLACE] , fought against such veterans [GROUP] as the future speaker [CONCEPT] , james abercrombie [PERSON] , afterwards lord dunfermline [PERSON] , and john campbell [PERSON] , future lord [PERSON] chancellor [PERSON] , was followed in 1837 by ramsay [PERSON] 's return [STATEMENT] to the house [PLACE] of commons [UNKNOWN] as member [PERSON] for haddingtonshire [PLACE] . in the previous year [PERIOD] he had married lady susan hay [PERSON] , daughter [PERSON] of the marquess [PERSON] of tweeddale [PERSON] , whose companionship [ENTITY] was his chief support [ACT] in india [PLACE] , and whose death [EVENT] in 1853 left him a heartbroken man [PERSON] . in 1838 his father [PERSON] who died after a long illness [ILLNESS] , while less than a year [PERIOD] later he lost his mother [PERSON] . succeeding to the peerage [COLLECTION] , the new earl [PERSON] soon made his mark [ORGANISATION] in a speech [SPEECH] delivered on 16 june [PERIOD] 1840 in support [ACT] of lord aberdeen [PERSON] 's church [PERSON] of scotland benefices bill [PERSON] , a controversy [UNKNOWN] arising out of the auchterarder case [STUDY] , in which he had already taken part in the general assembly [HUMAN GROUP] in opposition [EVENT] to dr chalmers [PERSON] . in may [PERIOD] 1843 he became vice-president of the board [NUMBER] of trade [PROCESS] , gladstone [PERSON] being president [PERSON] , and was sworn in as a privy counsellor [PERSON] . he was also given the honorary post [UNKNOWN] of captain [PERSON] of deal castle [PERSON] the same year [PERIOD] . succeeding gladstone [PERSON] as president [PERSON] of the board [NUMBER] of trade [PROCESS] in 1845 , he threw himself into the work [ACTIVITY] during the crisis [EVENT] of the railway mania [PERSON] with such energy [ENERGY] that his health [PROPERTY] partially broke down under the strain [EVENT] . in the struggle [FORM] over the corn laws [PERSON] he ranged himself on the side [PLACE] of sir robert peel [PERSON] , and , after the failure [ABSTRACT ENTITY] of lord john [PERSON] russell [PERSON] to form [FORM] a ministry [INSTITUTION] he resumed his post [UNKNOWN] at the board [NUMBER] of trade [PROCESS] , entering the cabinet [ACT] on the retirement [ACT] of lord stanley [PERSON] . when peel [PERSON] resigned office [PLACE] in june [PERIOD] 1846 , lord [PERSON] john [PERSON] offered dalhousie [PERSON] a seat [ABSTRACT ENTITY] in the cabinet [ACT] , an offer [OFFER] which he declined from a fear [EMOTION] that acceptance [DOCUMENT] might involve the loss [PERSON] of public [PERSON] character [FORCE] . another attempt [ACTION] to secure his services [CONCEPT] in the appointment [DECISION] of president [PERSON] of the railway board [NUMBER] was equally unsuccessful ; but in 1847 he accepted the post [UNKNOWN] of governor-general of india [PLACE] in succession [SUCCESSION] to lord hardinge [PERSON] , on the understanding [PERSON] that he was to be left in " entire and unquestioned possession [STATE] " of his own " personal independence [STATE] with reference [NUMBER] to party politics [ACTION] " . governor-general of india dalhousie [PERSON] took charge [AMOUNT] of his dual duties [ATTITUDE] as governor-general of india [PLACE] and governor [PERSON] of bengal [PERSON] on 12 january [PERIOD] 1848 , and shortly afterwards he was honoured with the green ribbon [TOOL] of the order [GARMENT] of the thistle [PERSON] . during this period [PERIOD] , he was an extremely hard worker [PERSON] , often working sixteen to eighteen hours [PERIOD] a day [PERIOD] . the shortest workday dalhousie [PERSON] would take began [PERSON] at half-past eight [UNKNOWN] and would continue until half-past five , remaining at his desk [PERSON] even during lunch [FOOD] . during this period [PERIOD] , he sought to expand the reach [ACT] of the empire [STATE] and rode long distances [DISTANCE] on horseback [DRINK] , in spite [EVENT] of having a bad back [SUBSTANCE] . in contrast [RESULT] to many of the past leaders [PERSON] of the british empire [STATE] in india [PLACE] , he saw himself as an orientalist monarch [PERSON] and believed his rule [RULE] was that of a modernizer [UNKNOWN] , attempting to bring the british [UNKNOWN] intellectual revolution [STUDY] to india [PLACE] . a staunch utilitarian [PERSON] , he sought to improve indian society [INSTITUTION] under the prevalent benthamite ideals [EVENT] of the period [PERIOD] . however , in his attempt [ACTION] to do so he ruled with authoritarianism [PERSON] , believing these means [UNKNOWN] were the most likely to increase [INCREASE] the material development [UNKNOWN] and progress [EVENT] of india [PLACE] . his policies [PROPERTY] , especially the doctrine [PLACE] of lapse [NARRATIVE] , contributed to a growing sense [SOUND] of discontent [EVENT] among sectors [UNKNOWN] of indian society [INSTITUTION] and therefore greatly contributed to the indian rebellion [FORCE] of 1857 , which directly followed his departure [ACT] from india [PLACE] . in 1849 , under dalhousie [PERSON] 's command [COMMAND] , the british [UNKNOWN] captured the princely state [STATE] of punjab [PLACE] . in the process [PROCESS] he captured the famous koh-i-noor diamond [PERSON] from the twelve-year old punjabi maharaja [PERSON] duleep singh [PERSON] . according to usual practise the treasury [TERM] of duleep singh [PERSON] was considered war booty [ABSTRACT ENTITY] and duleep singh [PERSON] was forced to hand [PROCESS] over the diamond [PERSON] . the koh-i-noor diamond [PERSON] was presented to queen victoria [PERSON] and displayed in 1851 and at the dublin exhibition [PLACE] in 1853 and the world [PLACE] 's fair [PERSON] in london [PLACE] in 1862 . he also commanded the second burmese war [EVENT] [EVENT] in 1852 , resulting in the capture [EVENT] of parts [PART] of burma [PERSON] . under his reign [PLACE] , the british [UNKNOWN] implemented the policy [PROPERTY] of ' lapse [NARRATIVE] and annexation [PLACE] ' which ensured that if a king [PERSON] did not have any sons [PERSON] for a natural heir [PERSON] , the kingdom [PERSON] would be annexed to the british empire [STATE] . using this policy [PROPERTY] , the british [UNKNOWN] annexed some of the princely states [PLACE] . the annexation [PLACE] of awadh [PERSON] made dalhousie [PERSON] very unpopular in the region [PLACE] . this and other callous actions [ACTION] of the governor-general created bitter feelings [ACTIVITY] among the indian soldiers [UNKNOWN] in the british army [HUMAN GROUP] , which finally led to the indian rebellion [FORCE] of 1857 . dalhousie [PERSON] and the british [UNKNOWN] called this uprising [ACT] the ' sepoy mutiny [GOVERNMENT] ' - sepoy [UNKNOWN] being the common term [TERM] for native indian soldiers [UNKNOWN] in british [UNKNOWN] service [INSTITUTION] . dalhousie [PERSON] was an able administrator [PERSON] , though forceful and tough . his contribution [ABSTRACT ENTITY] in the development [UNKNOWN] of communication [PERSON] — railways [SYSTEM] , roads [PERSON] , postal and telegraph [PORTION] services [CONCEPT] — contributed to the modernization [PROCESS] and unity [EVENT] of india [PLACE] . his notable achievement [ACT] was the creation [ABSTRACT ENTITY] of modern , centralized states [PLACE] . shortly after assuming his duties [ATTITUDE] , in writing to the president [PERSON] of the board [NUMBER] of control [GROUP] , sir john [PERSON] hobhouse [PERSON] , he was able to assure him that everything [ACTIVITY] was quiet . this statement [STATEMENT] , however , was to be falsified by events [EVENT] almost before it could reach [ACT] britain [PLACE] . second anglo-sikh war [EVENT] on 19 april [PERIOD] 1848 vans agnew of the civil service [INSTITUTION] and lieutenant anderson [PERSON] of the bombay european regiment [HUMAN GROUP] , having been sent to take charge [AMOUNT] of multan [UNKNOWN] from diwan mulraj [PERSON] , were murdered there , and within a short time [PERIOD] the troops [HUMAN GROUP] and sardars [UNKNOWN] joined in open rebellion [FORCE] . dalhousie [PERSON] agreed with sir [PERSON] hugh gough [PERSON] , the commander-in-chief , that the british east india [PLACE] company [INSTITUTION] [INSTITUTION] 's military [UNKNOWN] forces [FORCE] were neither adequately equipped with transport [SYSTEM] and supplies [AMOUNT] , nor otherwise prepared to take the field [BALL] immediately . he afterward decided that the proper response [ACTION] was not merely for the capture [EVENT] of multan [UNKNOWN] , but also the entire subjugation [STATE] of the punjab [PLACE] . he therefore resolutely delayed to strike [STATEMENT] , organized a strong army [HUMAN GROUP] for operations [PROCESS] in november [PERIOD] , and himself proceeded to the punjab [PLACE] . with evidence [ABSTRACT ENTITY] that the revolt [ACT] was spreading outwards , dalhousie [PERSON] declared , " unwarned by precedent [EVENT] , uninfluenced by example [ABSTRACT ENTITY] , the sikh nation [PERSON] has called for war [EVENT] ; and on my words [WORD] , sirs [TERM] , war [EVENT] they shall have and with a vengeance [FORM] . " despite the successes [ACT] gained by herbert edwardes [PERSON] in the second anglo-sikh war [EVENT] with mulraj [PERSON] , and gough [PERSON] 's indecisive victories [CONDITION] at ramnagar [UNKNOWN] in november [PERIOD] , at sadulpur [UNKNOWN] in december [PERIOD] , and at chillianwala [UNKNOWN] in the following month [PERIOD] , the stubborn resistance [PERSON] at multan [UNKNOWN] showed that the task [EVENT] required the utmost resources [RESOURCE] of the government [GOVERNMENT] . at length [LENGTH] , on 22 january [PERIOD] 1849 , the multan fortress [POSITION] was taken by general whish [UNKNOWN] , who was thus set [SET] at liberty [PERSON] to join gough [PERSON] at gujarat [PLACE] . here a complete victory [PERSON] was won on 21 february [PERIOD] at the battle [PERSON] of gujrat [PLACE] , the sikh army [HUMAN GROUP] surrendered at rawalpindi [PLACE] , and their afghan allies [ABSTRACT ENTITY] were chased out of india [PLACE] . in spite [EVENT] of substantial attempts [ACTION] by sikh [UNKNOWN] and muslim [PERSON] forces [FORCE] to polarize opposition [EVENT] through religious and anti-british sentiment [EVENT] , dalhousie [PERSON] 's military [UNKNOWN] commanders [ACT] were able to maintain the loyalty [STATE] of troops [HUMAN GROUP] , with the exception [STATEMENT] of a small number [NUMBER] of gurkah deserters [PERSON] . for his services [CONCEPT] the earl [PERSON] of dalhousie [PERSON] received the thanks [EVENT] of the parliament [HUMAN GROUP] and a step [ACT] in the peerage [COLLECTION] , as marquess [PERSON] . the war [EVENT] being now over , dalhousie [PERSON] , without specific instructions [EVENT] from his superiors [PERSON] , annexed the punjab [PLACE] . believing in inherent superiority [STATE] of british [UNKNOWN] rule [RULE] over the " archaic " indian system [SYSTEM] of rule [RULE] , dalhousie [PERSON] attempted to dismantle local rule [RULE] . however , the province [PLACE] quickly became ruled by a group [GROUP] of " audacious and eccentric and often evangelical pioneers [PERSON] " . in an attempt [ACTION] to minimize further conflict [EVENT] , he removed a number [NUMBER] of these officials [UNKNOWN] , establishing what he believed to be a more logical and rational system [SYSTEM] in which the punjab [PLACE] was systematically divided into districts [CONCEPT] and divisions [PROCESS] , governed by district officers [PERSON] and commissioners [PERSON] respectively . this lasting system [SYSTEM] of rule [RULE] established governance [STATE] through a young maharaja [PERSON] under a triumvirate [UNKNOWN] of the governor general [PERSON] . governance [STATE] under the established " punjab school [INSTITUTION] " of henry [PERSON] and john lawrence [PERSON] was initially successful , partially due to the system [SYSTEM] of local cultural respect [EVENT] , while still maintaining british [UNKNOWN] values against acts [ACT] of widow burning [UNKNOWN] , female infanticide [PERSON] , and burying of lepers [PERSON] alive by small segments [UNKNOWN] of the indian populace [PERSON] . however , punjabi rule [RULE] eventually came to be seen as despotic , largely because of the expansion [ACT] of judicial system [SYSTEM] . although often unpredictable or despotic , many indians [UNKNOWN] in " rationalized " provinces [ENTITY] preferred their previous native rule [RULE] . second burmese war [EVENT] [EVENT] one further addition [PERSON] to the empire [STATE] was made by conquest [CONDITION] . the burmese court [EVENT] at ava [PLACE] was bound by the treaty [ARTIFACT] of yandaboo [UNKNOWN] , 1826 , to protect british [UNKNOWN] ships [SHIP] in burmese [PERSON] waters [WATER] . but there arose a dispute [DISPUTE] between the governor [PERSON] of rangoon [PLACE] and certain british [UNKNOWN] shipping interests [AMOUNT] ( the monarch [PERSON] and the champion [PERSON] ) . the facts [UNKNOWN] of the event [EVENT] were obscured by conflicts [EVENT] between colonial administrators [PERSON] reporting to the admirals [RANK] of the navy [PERSON] , rather than the company [INSTITUTION] or civil authorities [PERSON] . the nature [NATURE] of the dispute [DISPUTE] was mis-represented to parliament [HUMAN GROUP] , and parliament [HUMAN GROUP] played a role [ROLE] in further " suppressing " the facts [UNKNOWN] released to the public [PERSON] , but most of the facts [UNKNOWN] were established by comparative reading [PROPERTY] of these conflicting accounts [QUALITY] in what was originally an anonymous pamphlet [PERSON] , how wars [EVENT] are got up in india [PLACE] ; this account [QUALITY] by richard cobden [PERSON] remains almost the sole contemporaneous account [QUALITY] of who actually made the decision [DECISION] to invade and annex burma [PERSON] . in defending the pretext [PURPOSE] for invasion [FORCE] after the fact [UNKNOWN] , dalhousie [PERSON] quoted the maxim [STATE] of lord wellesley [PERSON] that any insult [SPEECH] offered to the british flag [FLAG] at the mouth [PERSON] of the ganges [PERSON] should be resented as promptly and fully as an insult [SPEECH] offered at the mouth [PERSON] of the thames [PERSON] . attempts [ACTION] were made to solve the dispute [DISPUTE] by diplomacy [BRANCH] . the burmese [PERSON] eventually removed the governor [PERSON] of rangoon [PLACE] but this not considered sufficient . commodore lambert [PERSON] , despatched personally by dalhousie [PERSON] , deliberately provoked an incident [EVENT] and then announced a war [EVENT] . the burmese kingdom [PERSON] offered little in the way [UNKNOWN] of resistance [PERSON] . martaban [UNKNOWN] was taken on 5 april [PERIOD] 1852 , and rangoon [PLACE] and bassein [UNKNOWN] shortly afterwards . since , however , the court [EVENT] of ava [PLACE] was unwilling to surrender half the country [PLACE] in the name [NAME] of " peace [EVENT] " , the second campaign [OCCURRENCE] opened in october [PERIOD] , and after the capture [EVENT] of prome [UNKNOWN] and pegu [UNKNOWN] the annexation [PLACE] of the province [PLACE] of pegu [UNKNOWN] was declared by a proclamation [STATEMENT] dated 20 december [PERIOD] 1853 . to any further invasion [FORCE] of the burmese empire [STATE] dalhousie [PERSON] was firmly opposed , being content to cut off burma [PERSON] 's commercial and political access [INCREASE] to the outside world [PLACE] by the annexation [PLACE] . some strangely spoke of the war [EVENT] as " uniting " territory [PLACE] , but in practice arakan [UNKNOWN] , tenasserim [UNKNOWN] and the new territories [PLACE] were still only linked in practical terms [TERM] by sea [PLACE] . by what his supporters [ABSTRACT ENTITY] considered wise policy [PROPERTY] he attempted to pacify the new province [PLACE] , placing colonel arthur phayre [PERSON] in sole charge [AMOUNT] of it , personally visiting it , and establishing a system [SYSTEM] of telegraphs [PORTION] and communications [UNKNOWN] . in practice [PROCESS] , the new province [PLACE] was in language [LANGUAGE] and culture [ABSTRACT ENTITY] very different from india [PLACE] . it could never successfully integrate into the indian system [SYSTEM] . the result [RESULT] of the war [EVENT] was to add an expensive new military [UNKNOWN] and political dependency [PLACE] which did not generate sufficient taxes [FORM] to pay for itself . british [UNKNOWN] indian rule [RULE] of arakan [UNKNOWN] and tenasserim [UNKNOWN] had been a financial disaster [EVENT] for the indian administration [PLACE] . multiple times [UNKNOWN] in the 1830s questions [QUESTION] were raised about getting rid of these territories [PLACE] altogether . why dalhousie [PERSON] was so obsessed with increasing the size [SIZE] of a territory [PLACE] that did not generate sufficient revenue [AMOUNT] to pay for its own administration [PLACE] has never been explained . one consequential factor [RESULT] of this war [EVENT] was dalhousie [PERSON] 's continuation [ACT] of the requirement [STATEMENT] that sepoys [UNKNOWN] be forced to serve abroad . this created great discontent [EVENT] among indian sepoys [UNKNOWN] , because it violated the hindu [UNKNOWN] religious prohibition [PERIOD] against travel [EVENT] . in fact [UNKNOWN] , this resulted in the mutiny [GOVERNMENT] of several regiments [RULE] in the punjab [PLACE] . when this belief [TRUST] that the british [UNKNOWN] were intentionally forcing caste breaking [NUMBER] was combined with the widespread belief [TRUST] that the british [UNKNOWN] were intentionally violating hindu [UNKNOWN] and muslim purity laws [PERSON] with their new greased cartridges [EVENT] , the consequences [CONSEQUENCE] ( culminating in 1857 ) , would prove to be extremely destructive . policies [PROPERTY] of reforms doctrine [PLACE] of lapse portrait [PERSON] of lord dalhousie [PERSON] by john [PERSON] watson-gordon , 1847 . main article [ARTICLE] : doctrine [PLACE] of lapse [NARRATIVE] the most controversial and tainted ' reform ' developed and implemented under dalhousie [PERSON] was the policy [PROPERTY] of taking all legal ( often illegal too ) means [UNKNOWN] possible to assume control [GROUP] over " lapsed " states [PLACE] . dalhousie [PERSON] , driven by the conviction [QUALITY] that all india [PLACE] needed to be brought under british administration [PLACE] , began [PERSON] to apply what was called the doctrine [PLACE] of lapse [NARRATIVE] . under the doctrine [PLACE] , the british [UNKNOWN] annexed any non-british state [STATE] where there was a lack [UNKNOWN] of a proper male lineal heir [PERSON] . under the policy [PROPERTY] he recommended the annexation [PLACE] of satara [PERSON] in january [PERIOD] 1849 , of jaitpur [UNKNOWN] and sambalpur [UNKNOWN] in the same year [PERIOD] , and of jhansi [PERSON] and nagpur [PLACE] in 1853 . in these cases [STUDY] his action [ACTION] was approved by the home authorities [PERSON] , but his proposal to annex karauli [UNKNOWN] in 1849 was disallowed , while baghat [UNKNOWN] and the petty estate [ESTATE] of udaipur [UNKNOWN] , which he had annexed in 1851 and 1852 respectively , were afterwards restored to native rule [RULE] . these annexations [PLACE] are considered by critics [PERSON] to generally represent an uneconomic drain [ABSTRACT ENTITY] on the financial resources [RESOURCE] of the company [INSTITUTION] in india [PLACE] . educational reforms [AMOUNT] dalhousie [PERSON] had a strong personal commitment [COMMITMENT] to the establishment [EVENT] of a national system [SYSTEM] of education [PROCESS] in india [PLACE] . he ensured the successful administration [PLACE] of the provisions [ACT] contained in the 1854 dispatch [ESTATE] . dalhousie [PERSON] declared that no single change [UNKNOWN] was likely to produce more important and beneficial consequences [CONSEQUENCE] than female education [PROCESS] . the educational dispatch [ESTATE] of 1854 favoured women [PERSON] 's education [PROCESS] . there was shift in government policy [PROPERTY] under him from higher education [PROCESS] for elite [PERSON] towards mass education [PROCESS] for both . he along with bethune [PERSON] are credited with changing policy [PROPERTY] in favour [PERSON] of women [PERSON] 's education [PROCESS] . dalhousie [PERSON] even personally supported the bethune women [PERSON] school [INSTITUTION] from his own money [MONEY] set [SET] up by bethune [PERSON] after his death [EVENT] . before he left for england [PLACE] he took personal interest [AMOUNT] and introduced the hindu widows [PERSON] ' remarriage act [ACT] , 1856 , permitting widow remarriage [EVENT] which became an act [ACT] after being approved by his successor [PERSON] , lord [PERSON] canning . development [UNKNOWN] of infrastructure [EVENT] this section [EVENT] needs additional citations [ACT] for verification [ACT] . please help improve this article [ARTICLE] by adding citations [ACT] to reliable sources [RANK] in this section [EVENT] . unsourced material [MATERIAL] may [PERIOD] be challenged and removed . ( august [PERIOD] 2019 ) ( learn how and when to remove this message [SPEECH ACT] ) other measures [MEASURE] with the same object [UNKNOWN] were carried out in the company [INSTITUTION] 's own territories [PLACE] . bengal [PERSON] , long ruled by the governor-general or his delegate [PERSON] , was placed under its own lieutenant-governor in may [PERIOD] 1854 . the military [UNKNOWN] boards [NUMBER] were swept away ; selection [RESOURCE] took the place [PLACE] of seniority [MEASURE] in the higher commands [COMMAND] ; an army [HUMAN GROUP] clothing [ACTIVITY] and a stud department [PERSON] were created , and the medical service [INSTITUTION] underwent complete reorganization [EVENT] . a department [PERSON] of public [PERSON] works [UNKNOWN] was established in each presidency [GROUP] , and engineering colleges [GROUP] were provided . an imperial system [SYSTEM] of telegraphs [PORTION] followed . the first link [EVENT] of railway communication [PERSON] was completed in 1855 , and well-considered plans [PLAN] mapped out the course [PERSON] of other lines [PERSON] and their method [SET] of administration [PLACE] . dalhousie [PERSON] encouraged private enterprise [EVENT] to develop railways [SYSTEM] in india [PLACE] for the good [UNKNOWN] of the people [HUMAN GROUP] and also to reduce absolute dependence [DEFICIENCY] on the government [GOVERNMENT] . however , as an authoritarian [PERSON] , utilitarian ruler [PERSON] , dalhousie [PERSON] brought the railways [SYSTEM] under state [STATE] control-attempting to bring the greatest benefit [INSTANCE] to india [PLACE] from the expanding network [PERSON] . in addition [PERSON] , the ganges canal [WATERWAY] was completed ; and despite the cost [EVENT] of wars [EVENT] in the punjab [PLACE] and burma [PERSON] , liberal provision [ACT] was made for metalled roads [PERSON] and bridges [PERSON] . the construction [ABSTRACT ENTITY] of massive irrigation works [UNKNOWN] such as the 350-mile ganges canal [WATERWAY] , which contains thousands [UNKNOWN] of miles [COLLECTION] of distributaries [UNKNOWN] , was a substantial project [ACTION] that was particularly beneficial for the largely agricultural india [PLACE] . in spite [EVENT] of damaging certain areas [PLACE] of farmland [ABSTRACT ENTITY] by increasing soil salinity [LAND] , overall the individuals [EVENT] living along the canal [WATERWAY] were noticeably better fed and clothed than those who were not . increasing irrigated area [AREA] resulted in increase [INCREASE] in population [PERSON] . reforms [AMOUNT] to improve the condition [CONDITION] of the increased population [PERSON] such as immunization [ACT] and establishment [EVENT] of educational institutions [INSTITUTION] were never implemented . this kept the population poor [UNKNOWN] and bonded to agricultural activities [ACTIVITY] promoting bonded labour [PERSON] . europeanization [UNKNOWN] and consolidation [TENDENCY] of authority [PERSON] were the keynote [EVENT] of his policy [PROPERTY] . in nine minutes [PERIOD] he suggested means [UNKNOWN] for strengthening the company [INSTITUTION] 's european forces [FORCE] , calling attention [PERSON] to the dangers [AMOUNT] that threatened the british [UNKNOWN] community [PROPERTY] , a handful [RESOURCE] of scattered strangers [PERSON] ; but beyond the additional powers [POWER] of recruitment [EVENT] which at his entreaty [ACTIVITY] were granted in the government [GOVERNMENT] of india act [ACT] 1853 ( 16 & 17 vict [UNKNOWN] . c. 95 ) , his proposals [ABSTRACT ENTITY] were shelved by the home authorities [PERSON] as they represented yet more expense [EVENT] added to the cost [EVENT] of india [PLACE] . in his administration dalhousie [PERSON] vigorously asserted his control [GROUP] over even minor military [UNKNOWN] affairs [ACTION] , and when sir [PERSON] charles napier [PERSON] ordered certain allowances [AMOUNT] , given as compensation [ABSTRACT ENTITY] for the dearness [PROPERTY] of provisions [ACT] , to be granted to the sepoys [UNKNOWN] on a system [SYSTEM] which had not been sanctioned from headquarters [UNKNOWN] , and threatened to repeat the offence [UNKNOWN] , the governor-general rebuked him to such a degree [EVENT] that napier [PERSON] resigned his command [COMMAND] . dalhousie [PERSON] 's reforms [AMOUNT] were not confined to the departments [PERSON] of public [PERSON] works [UNKNOWN] and military [UNKNOWN] affairs [ACTION] . he created an imperial system [SYSTEM] of post-offices , reducing the rates [RATE] of carrying letters [SPEECH ACT] and introducing postage stamps [QUANTITY] . he created the department [PERSON] of public [PERSON] instruction [EVENT] ; he improved the system [SYSTEM] of inspection [GROUP] of goals [GOAL] , abolishing the practice [PROCESS] of branding convicts [PERSON] ; freed converts [ABSTRACT ENTITY] to other religions [UNKNOWN] from the loss [PERSON] of their civil rights [UNKNOWN] ; inaugurated the system [SYSTEM] of administrative reports [SYMBOL] ; and enlarged the legislative council [HUMAN GROUP] of india [PLACE] . his wide interest [AMOUNT] in everything [ACTIVITY] that concerned the welfare [STATE] of british [UNKNOWN] economic interests [AMOUNT] in the country [PLACE] was shown in the encouragement [EVENT] he gave to the culture [ABSTRACT ENTITY] of tea [PLACE] , in his protection [DOCUMENT] of forests [PLACE] , in the preservation [ACT] of ancient and historic monuments [ACT] . with the object [UNKNOWN] of making the civil administration [PLACE] more european , he closed what he considered to be the useless college [INSTITUTION] in calcutta [PLACE] for the education [PROCESS] of young civilians [PERSON] , establishing in its place [PLACE] a european system [SYSTEM] of training [TRAIN] them in mufasal stations [PERSON] , and subjecting them to departmental examinations [GROUP] . he was equally careful of the well-being of the european soldier [UNKNOWN] , providing him with healthy recreations [ACTIVITY] and public [PERSON] gardens [PLACE] . civil service [INSTITUTION] reform [PERSON] to the civil service [INSTITUTION] he gave improved leave [UNKNOWN] and pension rules [RULE] , while he purified its moral [PERSON] by forbidding all share [ACTION] in trading concerns [INSTANCE] , by vigorously punishing insolvents [PERSON] , and by his personal example [ABSTRACT ENTITY] of careful selection [RESOURCE] in the matter [STATE] of patronage [EVENT] . no governor-general ever penned a larger number [NUMBER] of weighty papers [PERSON] dealing with public [PERSON] affairs [ACTION] in india [PLACE] . even after laying down office [PLACE] and while on his way home [PLACE] , he forced himself , ill as he was , to review his own administration [PLACE] in a document [DOCUMENT] of such importance [QUALITY] that the house [PLACE] of commons [UNKNOWN] gave orders [GARMENT] for its being printed ( blue book [PERSON] 245 of 1856 ) . another consequential set [SET] of reforms [AMOUNT] , were those aimed at modernizing the land tenure [PERIOD] and revenue system [SYSTEM] . throughout his time [PERIOD] in office [PLACE] , dalhousie [PERSON] disposed large landowners [PERSON] from portions [PORTION] of their estates [ESTATE] . he also implemented policies [PROPERTY] attempting to end the rule [RULE] of the zamindar tax farmers [PERSON] , as he viewed them as destructive " drones [DEVICE] of the soil [SOIL] " . however , thousands [UNKNOWN] of smaller landlords [FISH] had their holdings [ENTITY] completely removed as did the relatively poor [UNKNOWN] who leased small parcels [EVENT] of their land [LAND] while farming the rest [NUMBER] . this was particularly significant as the sepoys [UNKNOWN] were often recruited from these economic groups [GROUP] . he introduced a system [SYSTEM] of open competition [EVENT] as the basis [GROUP] of recruitment [EVENT] for civil servants [PERSON] of the company [INSTITUTION] and thus deprived the directors [ARTIFACT] of their patronage system [SYSTEM] under government [GOVERNMENT] of india act [ACT] 1853 . foreign policy [PROPERTY] his foreign policy [PROPERTY] was guided by a desire [EVENT] to reduce the nominal independence [STATE] of the larger native states [PLACE] , and to avoid extending the political relations [RELATION] of his government [GOVERNMENT] with foreign powers [POWER] outside india [PLACE] . pressed to intervene in hyderabad [PLACE] , he refused to do so , claiming on this occasion [EVENT] that interference [ACT] was only justified if the administration [PLACE] of native princes tends [PERSON] unquestionably to the injury [INJURY] of the subjects [EVENT] or of the allies [ABSTRACT ENTITY] of the british government [GOVERNMENT] . he negotiated in 1853 a treaty [ARTIFACT] with the nizam [PERSON] , which provided funds [AMOUNT] for the maintenance [AMOUNT] of the contingent [EVENT] kept up by the british [UNKNOWN] in support [ACT] of that princes [PERSON] ' authority [PERSON] , by the assignment [PROCESS] of the berars [UNKNOWN] in lieu [PERSON] of annual payments [INSTANCE] of the cost [EVENT] and large outstanding arrears [UNKNOWN] . the berar treaty [ARTIFACT] , he told sir charles wood [WOOD] , is more likely to keep the nizam [PERSON] on his throne [PERSON] than anything [ANYTHING] that has happened for 50 years [PERIOD] to him , while at the same time [PERIOD] the control [GROUP] thus acquired over a strip [PLACE] of territory [PLACE] intervening between bombay [PLACE] and nagpur [PLACE] promoted his policy [PROPERTY] of consolidation [TENDENCY] and his schemes [CONDITION] of railway extension [INSTITUTION] . the same spirit [STATE] induced him to tolerate a war [EVENT] of succession [SUCCESSION] in bahawalpur [PLACE] , so long as the contending candidates [AMOUNT] did not violate british [UNKNOWN] territory [PLACE] . he refrained from punishing dost mohammad [PERSON] for the part he had taken in the sikh war [EVENT] , and resolutely to refuse to enter upon any negotiations [PROCESS] until the amir [PERSON] himself came forward . then he steered a middle course [PERSON] between the proposals [ABSTRACT ENTITY] of his own agent [SET] , herbert edwardes [PERSON] , who advocated an offensive alliance [STATE] , and those of john lawrence [PERSON] , who would have avoided any sort [FORM] of engagement [STATE] . he himself drafted the short treaty [ARTIFACT] of peace [EVENT] and friendship [CONDITION] which lawrence [PERSON] signed in 1855 , that officer [PLACE] receiving in 1856 the order [GARMENT] of the bath [PLACE] as a knight commander [PERSON] in acknowledgement [UNKNOWN] of his services [CONCEPT] in the matter [STATE] . while , however , dalhousie [PERSON] was content with a mutual engagement [STATE] with the afghan chief [TERM] , binding each party [FORCE] to respect [EVENT] the territories [PLACE] of the other , he saw that a larger measure [MEASURE] of interference [ACT] was needed in baluchistan [UNKNOWN] , and with the khan [PERSON] of kalat [PERSON] he authorized major jacob [PERSON] to negotiate a treaty [ARTIFACT] of subordinate co-operation on 14 may [PERIOD] 1854 . the khan [PERSON] was guaranteed an annual subsidy [MONEY] of rs. 50,000 , in return [STATEMENT] for the treaty [ARTIFACT] which bound him to the british [UNKNOWN] wholly and exclusively . to this the home authorities [PERSON] demurred , but the engagement [STATE] was duly ratified , and the subsidy [MONEY] was largely increased by dalhousies successors [PERSON] . on the other hand [PROCESS] , he insisted on leaving all matters [STATE] concerning persia [PLACE] and central asia [PLACE] to the decision [DECISION] of the queen [PERSON] 's advisers [PERSON] . after the conquest [CONDITION] of the punjab [PLACE] , he began [PERSON] the expensive process [PROCESS] of attempting to police [GOVERNMENT] and control [GROUP] the northwest frontier [PERSON] region [PLACE] . the hillmen [STATE] , he wrote , regard the plains [BALL] as their food [FOOD] and prey [PHYSICAL OBJECT] , and the afridis [UNKNOWN] , mohmands [UNKNOWN] , black mountain tribes [PLACE] , waziris [UNKNOWN] and others [UNKNOWN] had to be taught that their new neighbours [ABSTRACT ENTITY] would not tolerate outrages [PERSON] . but he proclaimed to one and all his desire [EVENT] for peace [EVENT] , and urged upon them the duty [ATTITUDE] of tribal responsibility [RESPONSIBILITY] . nevertheless , the military [UNKNOWN] engagement [STATE] on the northwest frontier [PERSON] of india [PLACE] he began [PERSON] grew yearly in cost [EVENT] and continued without pause [ACT] until the british [UNKNOWN] left pakistan [PLACE] . the annexation [PLACE] of oudh [UNKNOWN] was reserved to the last [UNKNOWN] . the home authorities [PERSON] had asked dalhousie [PERSON] to prolong his tenure [PERIOD] of office [PLACE] during the crimean war [EVENT] , but the difficulties [PERSON] of the problem [EVENT] no less than complications [STATE] elsewhere had induced him to delay operations [PROCESS] . in 1854 he appointed outram [PERSON] as resident [PERSON] at the court [EVENT] of lucknow [PLACE] , directing him to submit a report [SYMBOL] on the condition [CONDITION] of the province [PLACE] . this was furnished in march [PERIOD] 1855 . the report [SYMBOL] provided the british [UNKNOWN] an excuse [STATE] for action [ACTION] based on " disorder [PROPERTY] and misrule [STATE] " . dalhousie [PERSON] , looking at the treaty [ARTIFACT] of 1801 , decided that he could do as he wished with oudh [UNKNOWN] as long as he had the king [PERSON] 's consent [UNKNOWN] . he then demanded a transfer [UNKNOWN] to the company [INSTITUTION] of the entire administration [PLACE] of oudh [UNKNOWN] , the king [PERSON] merely retaining his royal rank [RANK] , certain privileges [PRIVILEGE] in the courts [EVENT] , and a liberal allowance [AMOUNT] . if he should refuse this arrangement [ARRANGEMENT] , a general rising [GOVERNMENT] would be arranged , and then the british government [GOVERNMENT] would intervene on its own terms [TERM] . on 21 november [PERIOD] 1855 , the court [EVENT] of directors [ARTIFACT] instructed dalhousie [PERSON] to assume the control [GROUP] of oudh [UNKNOWN] , and to give the king [PERSON] no option [DEFICIENCY] unless he was sure that his majesty [QUALITY] would surrender the administration [PLACE] rather than risk a revolution [STUDY] . dalhousie [PERSON] was in bad health [PROPERTY] and on the eve [PERSON] of retirement [ACT] when the belated orders [GARMENT] reached him ; but he at once laid down instructions [EVENT] for outram [PERSON] in every detail [EVENT] , moved up troops [HUMAN GROUP] , and elaborated a scheme [CONDITION] of government [GOVERNMENT] with particular orders [GARMENT] as to conciliating local opinion [TRUST] . the king [PERSON] refused to sign the ultimatum [EVENT] ( in the form [FORM] of a " treaty [ARTIFACT] " ) put before him , and a proclamation [STATEMENT] annexing the province [PLACE] was therefore issued on 13 february [PERIOD] 1856 . in his mind [FORM] , only one important matter [STATE] now remained to him before quitting office [PLACE] . the insurrection [ACTION] of the kolarian santals [UNKNOWN] of bengal [PERSON] against the extortions [FORM] of landlords [FISH] and moneylenders [PERSON] had been severely repressed , but the causes [CAUSE] of the insurrection [ACTION] had still to be reviewed and a remedy [RESOURCE] provided . by removing the tract [NARRATIVE] of country [PLACE] from local rule [RULE] , enforcing the residence [PLACE] of british officers [PERSON] there , and employing the santal headmen [HEAD] in a local police [GOVERNMENT] , he created a system [SYSTEM] of administration [PLACE] which proved successful in maintaining order [GARMENT] . return [STATEMENT] to britain dalhousie [PERSON] , on 6 march [PERIOD] 1856 , set [SET] sail [EVENT] for england [PLACE] on board [NUMBER] the company [INSTITUTION] 's " firoze , " an object [UNKNOWN] of general sympathy [EVENT] and not less general respect [EVENT] . at alexandria [PLACE] he was carried by h.m.s. " caradoc [PERSON] " to malta [PLACE] , and thence [UNKNOWN] by the " tribune [PERSON] " to spithead , which he reached on 13 may [PERIOD] . his return [STATEMENT] had been eagerly looked for by statesmen [PERSON] who hoped that he would resume his public [PERSON] career [QUANTITY] , by the company [INSTITUTION] which voted him an annual pension [INSTANCE] of £5,000 ( equivalent [ABSTRACT ENTITY] to £635,591.4 in 2023 ) , and by the queen [PERSON] who earnestly prayed for the blessing [PERSON] of restored health [PROPERTY] and strength [PERSON] ; conversely , the outbreak [OCCURRENCE] of the " sepoy mutiny [GOVERNMENT] " led to bitter attacks [EVENT] on the record [NUMBER] of his policy [PROPERTY] , and to widespread criticisms [UNKNOWN] ( both fair [PERSON] and unfair [UNKNOWN] ) of his political interests [AMOUNT] and career [QUANTITY] . his health [PROPERTY] deteriorated in malta [PLACE] and at malvern [PERSON] , edinburgh [PLACE] , where he sought medical treatment [TREATMENT] . in his correspondence [SIMILARITY] and public [PERSON] statements [STATEMENT] , he was careful not to assign blame [EVENT] or cause embarrassment [STATE] to colleagues [PERSON] in government [GOVERNMENT] . during this period [PERIOD] , john lawrence [PERSON] , 1st baron lawrence [PERSON] invoked his counsel [PERSON] and influence [POWER] . by his last [UNKNOWN] wish [PERSON] , his private journal [ABSTRACT ENTITY] and papers [PERSON] of personal interest [AMOUNT] were sealed against publication [ACTION] or inquiry [ACT] for fully 50 years [PERIOD] after his death [EVENT] . as he had no sons [PERSON] the marquessate [UNKNOWN] became extinct on his death [EVENT] . legacy [PERSON] and commemoration dalhousie [PERSON] park [PLACE] ( now bogyoke aung san park [PLACE] ) in 1895 . established in 1854 by the british empire [STATE] in india [PLACE] as a summer retreat [PERSON] for its troops [HUMAN GROUP] and bureaucrats [UNKNOWN] , the hill station [PLACE] of dalhousie [PERSON] was named after lord dalhousie [PERSON] who was governor-general of india [PLACE] at that time [PERIOD] . bogyoke aung san park [PLACE] in yangon [PLACE] , myanmar [PLACE] was formerly named after lord dalhousie [PERSON] .

## Objects found

Id | Form | Freq | Tag | Context | Error
1 | india | 31 | PLACE | scottish statesman and colonial administrator ( 1812-1860 ) the most honourable the marquess of dalhousie kt pc governor-general of india |
2 | dalhousie | 30 | PERSON | scottish statesman and colonial administrator ( 1812-1860 ) the most honourable the marquess of dalhousie kt pc governor-general of india |
3 | system | 17 | SYSTEM | he established the foundations of the colonial educational system in india by adding mass education in addition to elite higher education . |
4 | british | 14 | UNKNOWN | alma mater christ church , oxford known for doctrine of lapse james andrew broun-ramsay , 1st marquess of dalhousie kt pc ( 22 april 1812 - 19 december 1860 ) , known as the earl of dalhousie between 1838 and 1849 , was a scottish statesman and colonial administrator in british india . |
5 | governor general | 11 | PERSON | early life james andrew broun-ramsay was the third and youngest son of george ramsay , 9th earl of dalhousie ( 1770-1838 ) , one of wellington 's generals , who , after being governor general of canada , became commander-in-chief in india , and of his wife , christian ( née broun ) of coalstoun , haddingtonshire ( east lothian ) . |
6 | administration | 11 | PLACE | he stands out as the far-sighted governor-general who consolidated east india company rule in india , laid the foundations of its later administration , and by his sound policy enabled his successors to stem the tide of rebellion . |
7 | education | 10 | PROCESS | he established the foundations of the colonial educational system in india by adding mass education in addition to elite higher education . |
8 | policy | 10 | PROPERTY | he stands out as the far-sighted governor-general who consolidated east india company rule in india , laid the foundations of its later administration , and by his sound policy enabled his successors to stem the tide of rebellion . |
9 | rule | 10 | RULE | he stands out as the far-sighted governor-general who consolidated east india company rule in india , laid the foundations of its later administration , and by his sound policy enabled his successors to stem the tide of rebellion . |
10 | punjab | 8 | PLACE | in 1849 , under dalhousie 's command , the british captured the princely state of punjab . |
11 | war | 8 | EVENT | according to usual practise the treasury of duleep singh was considered war booty and duleep singh was forced to hand over the diamond . |
12 | company | 8 | INSTITUTION | he stands out as the far-sighted governor-general who consolidated east india company rule in india , laid the foundations of its later administration , and by his sound policy enabled his successors to stem the tide of rebellion . |
13 | earl | 7 | PERSON | in office 12 january 1848 - 28 february 1856 monarch victoria prime minister lord john russell the earl of derby |
14 | government | 7 | GOVERNMENT | despite the successes gained by herbert edwardes in the second anglo-sikh war with mulraj , and gough 's indecisive victories at ramnagar in november , at sadulpur in december , and at chillianwala in the following month , the stubborn resistance at multan showed that the task required the utmost resources of the government . |
15 | death | 7 | EVENT | he was denounced by many in britain on the eve of his death as having failed to notice the signs of the brewing indian rebellion of 1857 , having aggravated the crisis by his overbearing self-confidence , centralizing activity and expansive annexations . |
16 | treaty | 7 | ARTIFACT | the burmese court at ava was bound by the treaty of yandaboo , 1826 , to protect british ships in burmese waters . |
17 | board | 6 | NUMBER | the earl of aberdeen the viscount palmerston preceded by the viscount hardinge succeeded by the viscount canning president of the board of trade in office 5 february 1845 - 27 june 1846 monarch victoria prime minister sir robert peel preceded by william ewart gladstone succeeded by the earl of clarendon personal details born 22 april 1812 ( 1812-04-22 ) |
18 | province | 6 | PLACE | however , the province quickly became ruled by a group of " audacious and eccentric and often evangelical pioneers " . |
19 | annexation | 6 | PLACE | under his reign , the british implemented the policy of ' lapse and annexation ' which ensured that if a king did not have any sons for a natural heir , the kingdom would be annexed to the british empire . |
20 | doctrine | 5 | PLACE | alma mater christ church , oxford known for doctrine of lapse james andrew broun-ramsay , 1st marquess of dalhousie kt pc ( 22 april 1812 - 19 december 1860 ) , known as the earl of dalhousie between 1838 and 1849 , was a scottish statesman and colonial administrator in british india . |
21 | period | 5 | PERIOD | his period of rule in india directly preceded the transformation into the victorian raj period of indian administration . |
22 | control | 5 | GROUP | shortly after assuming his duties , in writing to the president of the board of control , sir john hobhouse , he was able to assure him that everything was quiet . |
23 | office | 5 | PLACE | in office 12 january 1848 - 28 february 1856 monarch victoria prime minister lord john russell the earl of derby |
24 | troops | 4 | HUMAN GROUP | second anglo-sikh war on 19 april 1848 vans agnew of the civil service and lieutenant anderson of the bombay european regiment , having been sent to take charge of multan from diwan mulraj , were murdered there , and within a short time the troops and sardars joined in open rebellion . |
25 | health | 4 | PROPERTY | succeeding gladstone as president of the board of trade in 1845 , he threw himself into the work during the crisis of the railway mania with such energy that his health partially broke down under the strain . |
26 | oudh | 4 | UNKNOWN | the annexation of oudh was reserved to the last . |
27 | years | 4 | PERIOD | several years of his early boyhood were spent with his father and mother in canada . |
28 | president | 4 | PERSON | the earl of aberdeen the viscount palmerston preceded by the viscount hardinge succeeded by the viscount canning president of the board of trade in office 5 february 1845 - 27 june 1846 monarch victoria prime minister sir robert peel preceded by william ewart gladstone succeeded by the earl of clarendon personal details born 22 april 1812 ( 1812-04-22 ) |
29 | year | 4 | PERIOD | in the previous year he had married lady susan hay , daughter of the marquess of tweeddale , whose companionship was his chief support in india , and whose death in 1853 left him a heartbroken man . |
30 | time | 4 | PERIOD | second anglo-sikh war on 19 april 1848 vans agnew of the civil service and lieutenant anderson of the bombay european regiment , having been sent to take charge of multan from diwan mulraj , were murdered there , and within a short time the troops and sardars joined in open rebellion . |
31 | return | 4 | STATEMENT | an unsuccessful but courageous contest at the general election in 1835 for one of the seats in parliament for edinburgh , fought against such veterans as the future speaker , james abercrombie , afterwards lord dunfermline , and john campbell , future lord chancellor , was followed in 1837 by ramsay 's return to the house of commons as member for haddingtonshire . |
32 | king | 4 | PERSON | under his reign , the british implemented the policy of ' lapse and annexation ' which ensured that if a king did not have any sons for a natural heir , the kingdom would be annexed to the british empire . |
33 | trade | 4 | PROCESS | the earl of aberdeen the viscount palmerston preceded by the viscount hardinge succeeded by the viscount canning president of the board of trade in office 5 february 1845 - 27 june 1846 monarch victoria prime minister sir robert peel preceded by william ewart gladstone succeeded by the earl of clarendon personal details born 22 april 1812 ( 1812-04-22 ) |
34 | territory | 4 | PLACE | some strangely spoke of the war as " uniting " territory , but in practice arakan , tenasserim and the new territories were still only linked in practical terms by sea . |
35 | may | 4 | PERIOD | in may 1843 he became vice-president of the board of trade , gladstone being president , and was sworn in as a privy counsellor . |
36 | burma | 4 | PERSON | he also commanded the second burmese war in 1852 , resulting in the capture of parts of burma . |
37 | engagement | 4 | STATE | then he steered a middle course between the proposals of his own agent , herbert edwardes , who advocated an offensive alliance , and those of john lawrence , who would have avoided any sort of engagement . |
38 | lapse | 4 | NARRATIVE | alma mater christ church , oxford known for doctrine of lapse james andrew broun-ramsay , 1st marquess of dalhousie kt pc ( 22 april 1812 - 19 december 1860 ) , known as the earl of dalhousie between 1838 and 1849 , was a scottish statesman and colonial administrator in british india . |
39 | december | 4 | PERIOD | december 1860 ( 1860-12-20 ) ( aged 48 ) |
40 | services | 4 | CONCEPT | another attempt to secure his services in the appointment of president of the railway board was equally unsuccessful ; but in 1847 he accepted the post of governor-general of india in succession to lord hardinge , on the understanding that he was to be left in " entire and unquestioned possession " of his own " personal independence with reference to party politics " . |
41 | parliament | 4 | HUMAN GROUP | an unsuccessful but courageous contest at the general election in 1835 for one of the seats in parliament for edinburgh , fought against such veterans as the future speaker , james abercrombie , afterwards lord dunfermline , and john campbell , future lord chancellor , was followed in 1837 by ramsay 's return to the house of commons as member for haddingtonshire . |
42 | sepoys | 4 | UNKNOWN | dalhousie 's continuation of the requirement that sepoys be forced to serve abroad . |
43 | home authorities | 4 | PERSON | in these cases his action was approved by the home authorities , but his proposal to annex karauli in 1849 was disallowed , while baghat and the petty estate of udaipur , which he had annexed in 1851 and 1852 respectively , were afterwards restored to native rule . |
44 | cost | 4 | EVENT | in addition , the ganges canal was completed ; and despite the cost of wars in the punjab and burma , liberal provision was made for metalled roads and bridges . |
45 | territories | 4 | PLACE | some strangely spoke of the war as " uniting " territory , but in practice arakan , tenasserim and the new territories were still only linked in practical terms by sea . |
46 | service | 4 | INSTITUTION | sepoy being the common term for native indian soldiers in british service . |
47 | number | 3 | NUMBER | in spite of substantial attempts by sikh and muslim forces to polarize opposition through religious and anti-british sentiment , dalhousie 's military commanders were able to maintain the loyalty of troops , with the exception of a small number of gurkah deserters . |
48 | object | 3 | UNKNOWN | other measures with the same object were carried out in the company 's own territories . |
49 | affairs | 3 | ACTION | in his administration dalhousie vigorously asserted his control over even minor military affairs , and when sir charles |
50 | state | 3 | STATE | in 1849 , under dalhousie 's command , the british captured the princely state of punjab . |
51 | country | 3 | PLACE | since , however , the court of ava was unwilling to surrender half the country in the name of " peace " , the second campaign opened in october , and after the capture of prome and pegu the annexation of the province of pegu was declared by a proclamation dated 20 december 1853 . |
52 | order | 3 | GARMENT | governor-general of india dalhousie took charge of his dual duties as governor-general of india and governor of bengal on 12 january 1848 , and shortly afterwards he was honoured with the green ribbon of the order of the thistle . |
53 | facts | 3 | UNKNOWN | the facts of the event were obscured by conflicts between colonial administrators reporting to the admirals of the navy , rather than the company or civil authorities . |
54 | court | 3 | EVENT | the burmese court at ava was bound by the treaty of yandaboo , 1826 , to protect british ships in burmese waters . |
55 | dalhousie castle | 3 | PERSON | dalhousie castle , midlothian , scotland died 19 |
56 | railways | 3 | SYSTEM | he introduced passenger trains to the railways , the electric telegraph and uniform postage , which he described as the " three great engines of social improvement " . |
57 | charge | 3 | AMOUNT | governor-general of india dalhousie took charge of his dual duties as governor-general of india and governor of bengal on 12 january 1848 , and shortly afterwards he was honoured with the green ribbon of the order of the thistle . |
58 | marquess | 3 | PERSON | scottish statesman and colonial administrator ( 1812-1860 ) the most honourable the marquess of dalhousie kt pc governor-general of india |
59 | john lawrence | 3 | PERSON | governance under the established " punjab school " of henry and john lawrence was initially successful , partially due to the system of local cultural respect , while still maintaining british values against acts of widow burning , female infanticide , and burying of lepers alive by small segments of the indian populace . |
60 | capture | 3 | EVENT | he also commanded the second burmese war in 1852 , resulting in the capture of parts of burma . |
61 | reforms | 3 | AMOUNT | policies of reforms doctrine of lapse portrait of lord dalhousie by john watson-gordon , 1847 . |
62 | matter | 3 | STATE | to the civil service he gave improved leave and pension rules , while he purified its moral by forbidding all share in trading concerns , by vigorously punishing insolvents , and by his personal example of careful selection in the matter of patronage . |
63 | indian rebellion | 3 | FORCE | he was denounced by many in britain on the eve of his death as having failed to notice the signs of the brewing indian rebellion of 1857 , having aggravated the crisis by his overbearing self-confidence , centralizing activity and expansive annexations . |
64 | rangoon | 3 | PLACE | but there arose a dispute between the governor of rangoon and certain british shipping interests ( the monarch and the champion ) . |
65 | support | 3 | ACT | in the previous year he had married lady susan hay , daughter of the marquess of tweeddale , whose companionship was his chief support in india , and whose death in 1853 left him a heartbroken man . |
66 | april | 3 | PERIOD | the earl of aberdeen the viscount palmerston preceded by the viscount hardinge succeeded by the viscount canning president of the board of trade in office 5 february 1845 - 27 june 1846 monarch victoria prime minister sir robert peel preceded by william ewart gladstone succeeded by the earl of clarendon personal details born 22 april 1812 ( 1812-04-22 ) |
67 | administrator | 3 | PERSON | scottish statesman and colonial administrator ( 1812-1860 ) the most honourable the marquess of dalhousie kt pc governor-general of india |
68 | policies | 3 | PROPERTY | his policies , especially the doctrine of lapse , contributed to a growing sense of discontent among sectors of indian society and therefore greatly contributed to the indian rebellion of 1857 , which directly followed his departure from india . |
69 | spite | 3 | EVENT | during this period , he sought to expand the reach of the empire and rode long distances on horseback , in spite of having a bad back . |
70 | interests | 3 | AMOUNT | but there arose a dispute between the governor of rangoon and certain british shipping interests ( the monarch and the champion ) . |
71 | sons | 3 | PERSON | the 9th earl was in 1815 created baron dalhousie of dalhousie castle in the peerage of the united kingdom , and had three sons , of whom the two elder died young . |
72 | post | 3 | UNKNOWN | he was also given the honorary post of captain of deal castle the same year . |
73 | orders | 3 | GARMENT | even after laying down office and while on his way home , he forced himself , ill as he was , to review his own administration in a document of such importance that the house of commons gave orders for its being printed ( blue book 245 of 1856 ) . |
74 | governor | 3 | PERSON | scottish statesman and colonial administrator ( 1812-1860 ) the most honourable the marquess of dalhousie kt pc governor general of india |
75 | mouth | 3 | PERSON | james andrew broun-ramsay , his youngest son , was described as small in stature , with a firm chiseled mouth and high forehead . |
76 | lord dalhousie | 3 | PERSON | policies of reforms doctrine of lapse portrait of lord dalhousie by john watson-gordon , 1847 . |
77 | peace | 3 | EVENT | since , however , the court of ava was unwilling to surrender half the country in the name of " peace " , the second campaign opened in october , and after the capture of prome and pegu the annexation of the province of pegu was declared by a proclamation dated 20 december 1853 . |
78 | states | 3 | PLACE | using this policy , the british annexed some of the princely states . |
79 | mother | 3 | PERSON | george ramsay ( father ) * christian broun ( mother ) |
80 | addition | 3 | PERSON | he established the foundations of the colonial educational system in india by adding mass education in addition to elite higher education . |
81 | multan | 3 | UNKNOWN | second anglo-sikh war on 19 april 1848 vans agnew of the civil service and lieutenant anderson of the bombay european regiment , having been sent to take charge of multan from diwan mulraj , were murdered there , and within a short time the troops and sardars joined in open rebellion . |
82 | november | 3 | PERIOD | he therefore resolutely delayed to strike , organized a strong army for operations in november , and himself proceeded to the punjab . |
83 | peerage | 3 | COLLECTION | the 9th earl was in 1815 created baron dalhousie of dalhousie castle in the peerage of the united kingdom , and had three sons , of whom the two elder died young . |
84 | british empire | 3 | STATE | in contrast to many of the past leaders of the british empire in india , he saw himself as an orientalist monarch and believed his rule was that of a modernizer , attempting to bring the british intellectual revolution to india . |
85 | january | 3 | PERIOD | in office 12 january 1848 - 28 february 1856 monarch victoria prime minister lord john russell the earl of derby |
86 | father | 3 | PERSON | george ramsay ( father ) * christian broun ( mother ) |
87 | attempt | 3 | ACTION | another attempt to secure his services in the appointment of president of the railway board was equally unsuccessful ; but in 1847 he accepted the post of governor-general of india in succession to lord hardinge , on the understanding that he was to be left in " entire and unquestioned possession " of his own " personal independence with reference to party politics " . |
88 | dispute | 3 | DISPUTE | but there arose a dispute between the governor of rangoon and certain british shipping interests ( the monarch and the champion ) . |
89 | interest | 3 | AMOUNT | before he left for england he took personal interest and introduced the hindu widows ' remarriage act , 1856 , permitting widow remarriage which became an act after being approved by his successor , lord canning . development of infrastructure |
90 | women | 2 | PERSON | the educational dispatch of 1854 favoured women 's education . |
91 | eve | 2 | PERSON | he was denounced by many in britain on the eve of his death as having failed to notice the signs of the brewing indian rebellion of 1857 , having aggravated the crisis by his overbearing self-confidence , centralizing activity and expansive annexations . |
92 | thousands | 2 | UNKNOWN | the construction of massive irrigation works such as the 350-mile ganges canal , which contains thousands of miles of distributaries , was a substantial project that was particularly beneficial for the largely agricultural india . |
93 | process | 2 | PROCESS | in the process he captured the famous koh-i-noor diamond from the twelve-year old punjabi maharaja duleep singh . |
94 | british government | 2 | GOVERNMENT | pressed to intervene in hyderabad , he refused to do so , claiming on this occasion that interference was only justified if the administration of native princes tends unquestionably to the injury of the subjects or of the allies of the british government . |
95 | haddingtonshire | 2 | PLACE | early life james andrew broun-ramsay was the third and youngest son of george ramsay , 9th earl of dalhousie ( 1770-1838 ) , one of wellington 's generals , who , after being governor general of canada , became commander-in-chief in india , and of his wife , christian ( née broun ) of coalstoun , haddingtonshire ( east lothian ) . |
96 | culture | 2 | ABSTRACT ENTITY | in practice , the new province was in language and culture very different from india . |
97 | resources | 2 | RESOURCE | despite the successes gained by herbert edwardes in the second anglo-sikh war with mulraj , and gough 's indecisive victories at ramnagar in november , at sadulpur in december , and at chillianwala in the following month , the stubborn resistance at multan showed that the task required the utmost resources of the government . |
98 | illness | 2 | ILLNESS | his studies , however , were so greatly interrupted by the protracted illness and death in 1832 of his only surviving brother , that lord ramsay , as he then became , had to content himself with entering for a pass degree , though he was placed in fourth class of honours for michaelmas 1833 . |
99 | bogyoke aung san park | 2 | PLACE | legacy and commemoration dalhousie park ( now bogyoke aung san park ) in 1895 . |
100 | establishment | 2 | EVENT | dalhousie had a strong personal commitment to the establishment of a national system of education in india . |
101 | fact | 2 | UNKNOWN | in defending the pretext for invasion after the fact , dalhousie quoted the maxim of lord wellesley that any insult offered to the british flag at the mouth of the ganges should be resented as promptly and fully as an insult offered at the mouth of the thames . |
102 | place | 2 | PLACE | the military boards were swept away ; selection took the place of seniority in the higher commands ; an army clothing and a stud department were created , and the medical service underwent complete reorganization . |
103 | duties | 2 | ATTITUDE | governor-general of india dalhousie took charge of his dual duties as governor-general of india and governor of bengal on 12 january 1848 , and shortly afterwards he was honoured with the green ribbon of the order of the thistle . |
104 | operations | 2 | PROCESS | he therefore resolutely delayed to strike , organized a strong army for operations in november , and himself proceeded to the punjab . |
105 | subsidy | 2 | MONEY | the khan was guaranteed an annual subsidy of rs. 50,000 , in return for the treaty which bound him to the british wholly and exclusively . |
106 | selection | 2 | RESOURCE | the military boards were swept away ; selection took the place of seniority in the higher commands ; an army clothing and a stud department were created , and the medical service underwent complete reorganization . |
107 | world | 2 | PLACE | the koh-i-noor diamond was presented to queen victoria and displayed in 1851 and at the dublin exhibition in 1853 and the world 's fair in london in 1862 . |
108 | ava | 2 | PLACE | the burmese court at ava was bound by the treaty of yandaboo , 1826 , to protect british ships in burmese waters . |
109 | outram | 2 | PERSON | in 1854 he appointed outram as resident at the court of lucknow , directing him to submit a report on the condition of the province . |
110 | revolution | 2 | STUDY | in contrast to many of the past leaders of the british empire in india , he saw himself as an orientalist monarch and believed his rule was that of a modernizer , attempting to bring the british intellectual revolution to india . |
111 | citations | 2 | ACT | this section needs additional citations for verification . |
112 | rebellion | 2 | FORCE | he stands out as the far-sighted governor-general who consolidated east india company rule in india , laid the foundations of its later administration , and by his sound policy enabled his successors to stem the tide of rebellion . |
113 | example | 2 | ABSTRACT ENTITY | with evidence that the revolt was spreading outwards , dalhousie declared , " unwarned by precedent , uninfluenced by example , the sikh nation has called for war ; and on my words , sirs , war they shall have and with a vengeance . " |
114 | department | 2 | PERSON | he also founded the public works department in india . |
115 | independence | 2 | STATE | another attempt to secure his services in the appointment of president of the railway board was equally unsuccessful ; but in 1847 he accepted the post of governor-general of india in succession to lord hardinge , on the understanding that he was to be left in " entire and unquestioned possession " of his own " personal independence with reference to party politics " . |
116 | britain | 2 | PLACE | dalhousie castle , midlothian citizenship united kingdom of great britain and ireland spouse lady susan hay ( d. 1853 ) parents * |
117 | provisions | 2 | ACT | he ensured the successful administration of the provisions contained in the 1854 dispatch . |
118 | powers | 2 | POWER | in nine minutes he suggested means for strengthening the company 's european forces , calling attention to the dangers that threatened the british community , a handful of scattered strangers ; but beyond the additional powers of recruitment which at his entreaty were granted in the government of india act 1853 ( 16 & 17 vict . c. 95 ) , his proposals were shelved by the home authorities as they represented yet more expense added to the cost of india . |
119 | report | 2 | SYMBOL | in 1854 he appointed outram as resident at the court of lucknow , directing him to submit a report on the condition of the province . |
120 | empire | 2 | STATE | during this period , he sought to expand the reach of the empire and rode long distances on horseback , in spite of having a bad back . |
121 | resistance | 2 | PERSON | despite the successes gained by herbert edwardes in the second anglo-sikh war with mulraj , and gough 's indecisive victories at ramnagar in november , at sadulpur in december , and at chillianwala in the following month , the stubborn resistance at multan showed that the task required the utmost resources of the government . |
122 | practice | 2 | PROCESS | some strangely spoke of the war as " uniting " territory , but in practice arakan , tenasserim and the new territories were still only linked in practical terms by sea . |
123 | conquest | 2 | CONDITION | one further addition to the empire was made by conquest . |
124 | ganges canal | 2 | WATERWAY | in addition , the ganges canal was completed ; and despite the cost of wars in the punjab and burma , liberal provision was made for metalled roads and bridges . |
125 | nizam | 2 | PERSON | he negotiated in 1853 a treaty with the nizam , which provided funds for the maintenance of the contingent kept up by the british in support of that princes ' authority , by the assignment of the berars in lieu of annual payments of the cost and large outstanding arrears . |
126 | gladstone | 2 | PERSON | the earl of aberdeen the viscount palmerston preceded by the viscount hardinge succeeded by the viscount canning president of the board of trade in office 5 february 1845 - 27 june 1846 monarch victoria prime minister sir robert peel preceded by william ewart gladstone succeeded by the earl of clarendon personal details born 22 april 1812 ( 1812-04-22 ) |
127 | discontent | 2 | EVENT | his policies , especially the doctrine of lapse , contributed to a growing sense of discontent among sectors of indian society and therefore greatly contributed to the indian rebellion of 1857 , which directly followed his departure from india . |
128 | interference | 2 | ACT | pressed to intervene in hyderabad , he refused to do so , claiming on this occasion that interference was only justified if the administration of native princes tends unquestionably to the injury of the subjects or of the allies of the british government . |
129 | telegraphs | 2 | PORTION | by what his supporters considered wise policy he attempted to pacify the new province , placing colonel arthur phayre in sole charge of it , personally visiting it , and establishing a system of telegraphs and communications . |
130 | annexations | 2 | PLACE | he was denounced by many in britain on the eve of his death as having failed to notice the signs of the brewing indian rebellion of 1857 , having aggravated the crisis by his overbearing self-confidence , centralizing activity and expansive annexations . |
131 | herbert edwardes | 2 | PERSON | despite the successes gained by herbert edwardes in the second anglo-sikh war with mulraj , and gough 's indecisive victories at ramnagar in november , at sadulpur in december , and at chillianwala in the following month , the stubborn resistance at multan showed that the task required the utmost resources of the government . |
132 | india act | 2 | ACT | in nine minutes he suggested means for strengthening the company 's european forces , calling attention to the dangers that threatened the british community , a handful of scattered strangers ; but beyond the additional powers of recruitment which at his entreaty were granted in the government of india act 1853 ( 16 & 17 vict . c. 95 ) , his proposals were shelved by the home authorities as they represented yet more expense added to the cost of india . |
133 | october | 2 | PERIOD | in october 1829 , he passed on to christ church , oxford , where he worked fairly hard , won some distinction , and made many lifelong friends . |
134 | consequences | 2 | CONSEQUENCE | when this belief that the british were intentionally forcing caste breaking was combined with the widespread belief that the british were intentionally violating hindu and muslim purity laws with their new greased cartridges , the consequences ( culminating in 1857 ) , would prove to be extremely destructive . |
135 | account | 2 | QUALITY | the nature of the dispute was mis-represented to parliament , and parliament played a role in further " suppressing " the facts released to the public , but most of the facts were established by comparative reading of these conflicting accounts in what was originally an anonymous pamphlet , how wars are got up in india ; this account by richard cobden remains almost the sole contemporaneous account of who actually made the decision to invade and annex burma . |
136 | george ramsay | 2 | PERSON | george ramsay ( father ) * christian broun ( mother ) |
137 | march | 2 | PERIOD | this was furnished in march 1855 . |
138 | canada | 2 | PLACE | early life james andrew broun-ramsay was the third and youngest son of george ramsay , 9th earl of dalhousie ( 1770-1838 ) , one of wellington 's generals , who , after being governor general of canada , became commander-in-chief in india , and of his wife , christian ( née broun ) of coalstoun , haddingtonshire ( east lothian ) . |
139 | consolidation | 2 | TENDENCY | europeanization and consolidation of authority were the keynote of his policy . |
140 | foundations | 2 | ANYTHING | he established the foundations of the colonial educational system in india by adding mass education in addition to elite higher education . |
141 | desire | 2 | EVENT | his foreign policy was guided by a desire to reduce the nominal independence of the larger native states , and to avoid extending the political relations of his government with foreign powers outside india . |
142 | works | 2 | UNKNOWN | he also founded the public works department in india . |
143 | cabinet | 2 | ACT | in the struggle over the corn laws he ranged himself on the side of sir robert peel , and , after the failure of lord john russell to form a ministry he resumed his post at the board of trade , entering the cabinet on the retirement of lord stanley . |
144 | roads | 2 | PERSON | his contribution in the development of communication — railways , roads , postal and telegraph services — contributed to the modernization and unity of india . |
145 | malta | 2 | PLACE | at alexandria he was carried by h.m.s. " caradoc " to malta , and thence by the " tribune " to spithead , which he reached on 13 may . |
146 | crisis | 2 | EVENT | he was denounced by many in britain on the eve of his death as having failed to notice the signs of the brewing indian rebellion of 1857 , having aggravated the crisis by his overbearing self-confidence , centralizing activity and expansive annexations . |
147 | population | 2 | PERSON | increasing irrigated area resulted in increase in population . |
148 | directors | 2 | ARTIFACT | he introduced a system of open competition as the basis of recruitment for civil servants of the company and thus deprived the directors of their patronage system under government of india act 1853 . |
149 | recruitment | 2 | EVENT | in nine minutes he suggested means for strengthening the company 's european forces , calling attention to the dangers that threatened the british community , a handful of scattered strangers ; but beyond the additional powers of recruitment which at his entreaty were granted in the government of india act 1853 ( 16 & 17 vict . c. 95 ) , his proposals were shelved by the home authorities as they represented yet more expense added to the cost of india . |
150 | house | 2 | PLACE | an unsuccessful but courageous contest at the general election in 1835 for one of the seats in parliament for edinburgh , fought against such veterans as the future speaker , james abercrombie , afterwards lord dunfermline , and john campbell , future lord chancellor , was followed in 1837 by ramsay 's return to the house of commons as member for haddingtonshire . |
151 | june | 2 | PERIOD | the earl of aberdeen the viscount palmerston preceded by the viscount hardinge succeeded by the viscount canning president of the board of trade in office 5 february 1845 - 27 june 1846 monarch victoria prime minister sir robert peel preceded by william ewart gladstone succeeded by the earl of clarendon personal details born 22 april 1812 ( 1812-04-22 ) |
152 | koh i noor diamond | 2 | PERSON |  |
153 | papers | 2 | PERSON | no governor-general ever penned a larger number of weighty papers dealing with public affairs in india . |
154 | everything | 2 | ACTIVITY | shortly after assuming his duties , in writing to the president of the board of control , sir john hobhouse , he was able to assure him that everything was quiet . |
155 | course | 2 | PERSON | the first link of railway communication was completed in 1855 , and well-considered plans mapped out the course of other lines and their method of administration . |
156 | invasion | 2 | FORCE | in defending the pretext for invasion after the fact , dalhousie quoted the maxim of lord wellesley that any insult offered to the british flag at the mouth of the ganges should be resented as promptly and fully as an insult offered at the mouth of the thames . |
157 | action | 2 | ACTION | in these cases his action was approved by the home authorities , but his proposal to annex karauli in 1849 was disallowed , while baghat and the petty estate of udaipur , which he had annexed in 1851 and 1852 respectively , were afterwards restored to native rule . |
158 | opposition | 2 | EVENT | succeeding to the peerage , the new earl soon made his mark in a speech delivered on 16 june 1840 in support of lord aberdeen 's church of scotland benefices bill , a controversy arising out of the auchterarder case , in which he had already taken part in the general assembly in opposition to dr chalmers . |
159 | queen | 2 | PERSON | the koh-i-noor diamond was presented to queen victoria and displayed in 1851 and at the dublin exhibition in 1853 and the world 's fair in london in 1862 . |
160 | authority | 2 | PERSON | europeanization and consolidation of authority were the keynote of his policy . |
161 | insurrection | 2 | ACTION | the insurrection of the kolarian santals of bengal against the extortions of landlords and moneylenders had been severely repressed , but the causes of the insurrection had still to be reviewed and a remedy provided . |
162 | terms | 2 | TERM | some strangely spoke of the war as " uniting " territory , but in practice arakan , tenasserim and the new territories were still only linked in practical terms by sea . |
163 | attempts | 2 | ACTION | in spite of substantial attempts by sikh and muslim forces to polarize opposition through religious and anti-british sentiment , dalhousie 's military commanders were able to maintain the loyalty of troops , with the exception of a small number of gurkah deserters . |
164 | landlords | 2 | FISH | however , thousands of smaller landlords had their holdings completely removed as did the relatively poor who leased small parcels of their land while farming the rest . |
165 | insult | 2 | SPEECH | in defending the pretext for invasion after the fact , dalhousie quoted the maxim of lord wellesley that any insult offered to the british flag at the mouth of the ganges should be resented as promptly and fully as an insult offered at the mouth of the thames . |
166 | forces | 2 | FORCE | dalhousie agreed with sir hugh gough , the commander-in-chief , that the british east india company 's military forces were neither adequately equipped with transport and supplies , nor otherwise prepared to take the field immediately . |
167 | mind | 2 | FORM | he then travelled in italy and switzerland , enriching with copious entries the diary which he religiously kept up through life , and storing his mind with valuable observations . |
168 | proposals | 2 | ABSTRACT ENTITY | in nine minutes he suggested means for strengthening the company 's european forces , calling attention to the dangers that threatened the british community , a handful of scattered strangers ; but beyond the additional powers of recruitment which at his entreaty were granted in the government of india act 1853 ( 16 & 17 vict . c. 95 ) , his proposals were shelved by the home authorities as they represented yet more expense added to the cost of india . |
169 | tenasserim | 2 | UNKNOWN | some strangely spoke of the war as " uniting " territory , but in practice arakan , tenasserim and the new territories were still only linked in practical terms by sea . |
170 | career | 2 | QUANTITY | early political career susan , marchioness of dalhousie |
171 | february | 2 | PERIOD | in office 12 january 1848 - 28 february 1856 monarch victoria prime minister lord john russell the earl of derby |
172 | retirement | 2 | ACT | in the struggle over the corn laws he ranged himself on the side of sir robert peel , and , after the failure of lord john russell to form a ministry he resumed his post at the board of trade , entering the cabinet on the retirement of lord stanley . |
173 | respect | 2 | EVENT | governance under the established " punjab school " of henry and john lawrence was initially successful , partially due to the system of local cultural respect , while still maintaining british values against acts of widow burning , female infanticide , and burying of lepers alive by small segments of the indian populace . |
174 | england | 2 | PLACE | before he left for england he took personal interest and introduced the hindu widows ' remarriage act , 1856 , permitting widow remarriage which became an act after being approved by his successor , lord canning . development of infrastructure |
175 | bengal | 2 | PERSON | governor-general of india dalhousie took charge of his dual duties as governor-general of india and governor of bengal on 12 january 1848 , and shortly afterwards he was honoured with the green ribbon of the order of the thistle . |
176 | command | 2 | COMMAND | in 1849 , under dalhousie 's command , the british captured the princely state of punjab . |
177 | development | 2 | UNKNOWN | however , in his attempt to do so he ruled with authoritarianism , believing these means were the most likely to increase the material development and progress of india . |
178 | fair | 2 | PERSON | the koh-i-noor diamond was presented to queen victoria and displayed in 1851 and at the dublin exhibition in 1853 and the world 's fair in london in 1862 . |
179 | pegu | 2 | UNKNOWN | since , however , the court of ava was unwilling to surrender half the country in the name of " peace " , the second campaign opened in october , and after the capture of prome and pegu the annexation of the province of pegu was declared by a proclamation dated 20 december 1853 . |
180 | condition | 2 | CONDITION | reforms to improve the condition of the increased population such as immunization and establishment of educational institutions were never implemented . |
181 | bethune | 2 | PERSON | he along with bethune are credited with changing policy in favour of women 's education . |
182 | society | 2 | INSTITUTION | a staunch utilitarian , he sought to improve indian society under the prevalent benthamite ideals of the period . |
183 | khan | 2 | PERSON | while , however , dalhousie was content with a mutual engagement with the afghan chief , binding each party to respect the territories of the other , he saw that a larger measure of interference was needed in baluchistan , and with the khan of kalat he authorized major jacob to negotiate a treaty of subordinate co-operation on 14 may 1854 . |
184 | edinburgh | 2 | PLACE | an unsuccessful but courageous contest at the general election in 1835 for one of the seats in parliament for edinburgh , fought against such veterans as the future speaker , james abercrombie , afterwards lord dunfermline , and john campbell , future lord chancellor , was followed in 1837 by ramsay 's return to the house of commons as member for haddingtonshire . |
185 | duleep singh | 2 | PERSON | in the process he captured the famous koh-i-noor diamond from the twelve-year old punjabi maharaja duleep singh . |
186 | hindu | 2 | UNKNOWN | this created great discontent among indian sepoys , because it violated the hindu religious prohibition against travel . |
187 | nagpur | 2 | PLACE | under the policy he recommended the annexation of satara in january 1849 , of jaitpur and sambalpur in the same year , and of jhansi and nagpur in 1853 . |
188 | decision | 2 | DECISION | the nature of the dispute was mis-represented to parliament , and parliament played a role in further " suppressing " the facts released to the public , but most of the facts were established by comparative reading of these conflicting accounts in what was originally an anonymous pamphlet , how wars are got up in india ; this account by richard cobden remains almost the sole contemporaneous account of who actually made the decision to invade and annex burma . |
189 | instructions | 2 | EVENT | the war being now over , dalhousie , without specific instructions from his superiors , annexed the punjab . |
190 | loss | 2 | PERSON | john offered dalhousie a seat in the cabinet , an offer which he declined from a fear that acceptance might involve the loss of public character . |
191 | commander in chief | 2 | TERM |  |
192 | statesman | 2 | PERSON | scottish statesman and colonial administrator ( 1812-1860 ) the most honourable the marquess of dalhousie kt pc governor-general of india |
193 | commons | 2 | UNKNOWN | an unsuccessful but courageous contest at the general election in 1835 for one of the seats in parliament for edinburgh , fought against such veterans as the future speaker , james abercrombie , afterwards lord dunfermline , and john campbell , future lord chancellor , was followed in 1837 by ramsay 's return to the house of commons as member for haddingtonshire . |
194 | succession | 2 | SUCCESSION | another attempt to secure his services in the appointment of president of the railway board was equally unsuccessful ; but in 1847 he accepted the post of governor-general of india in succession to lord hardinge , on the understanding that he was to be left in " entire and unquestioned possession " of his own " personal independence with reference to party politics " . |
195 | dispatch | 2 | ESTATE | he ensured the successful administration of the provisions contained in the 1854 dispatch . |
196 | soldiers | 2 | UNKNOWN | this and other callous actions of the governor-general created bitter feelings among the indian soldiers in the british army , which finally led to the indian rebellion of 1857 . |
197 | wars | 2 | EVENT | the nature of the dispute was mis-represented to parliament , and parliament played a role in further " suppressing " the facts released to the public , but most of the facts were established by comparative reading of these conflicting accounts in what was originally an anonymous pamphlet , how wars are got up in india ; this account by richard cobden remains almost the sole contemporaneous account of who actually made the decision to invade and annex burma . |
198 | son | 2 | PERSON | early life james andrew broun-ramsay was the third and youngest son of george ramsay , 9th earl of dalhousie ( 1770-1838 ) , one of wellington 's generals , who , after being governor general of canada , became commander-in-chief in india , and of his wife , christian ( née broun ) of coalstoun , haddingtonshire ( east lothian ) . |
199 | section | 2 | EVENT | this section needs additional citations for verification . |
200 | proclamation | 2 | STATEMENT | since , however , the court of ava was unwilling to surrender half the country in the name of " peace " , the second campaign opened in october , and after the capture of prome and pegu the annexation of the province of pegu was declared by a proclamation dated 20 december 1853 . |
201 | monarch | 2 | PERSON | in office 12 january 1848 - 28 february 1856 monarch victoria prime minister lord john russell the earl of derby |
202 | governance | 2 | STATE | this lasting system of rule established governance through a young maharaja under a triumvirate of the governor general . |
203 | lord john | 1 | PERSON | in office 12 january 1848 - 28 february 1856 monarch victoria prime minister lord john russell the earl of derby |
204 | remedy | 1 | RESOURCE | the insurrection of the kolarian santals of bengal against the extortions of landlords and moneylenders had been severely repressed , but the causes of the insurrection had still to be reviewed and a remedy provided . |
205 | bombay european regiment | 1 | HUMAN GROUP | second anglo-sikh war on 19 april 1848 vans agnew of the civil service and lieutenant anderson of the bombay european regiment , having been sent to take charge of multan from diwan mulraj , were murdered there , and within a short time the troops and sardars joined in open rebellion . |
206 | importance | 1 | QUALITY | even after laying down office and while on his way home , he forced himself , ill as he was , to review his own administration in a document of such importance that the house of commons gave orders for its being printed ( blue book 245 of 1856 ) . |
207 | leaders | 1 | PERSON | in contrast to many of the past leaders of the british empire in india , he saw himself as an orientalist monarch and believed his rule was that of a modernizer , attempting to bring the british intellectual revolution to india . |
208 | reference | 1 | NUMBER | another attempt to secure his services in the appointment of president of the railway board was equally unsuccessful ; but in 1847 he accepted the post of governor-general of india in succession to lord hardinge , on the understanding that he was to be left in " entire and unquestioned possession " of his own " personal independence with reference to party politics " . |
209 | bath | 1 | PLACE | he himself drafted the short treaty of peace and friendship which lawrence signed in 1855 , that officer receiving in 1856 the order of the bath as a knight commander in acknowledgement of his services in the matter . |
210 | john campbell | 1 | PERSON | an unsuccessful but courageous contest at the general election in 1835 for one of the seats in parliament for edinburgh , fought against such veterans as the future speaker , james abercrombie , afterwards lord dunfermline , and john campbell , future lord chancellor , was followed in 1837 by ramsay 's return to the house of commons as member for haddingtonshire . |
211 | james andrew broun ramsay | 1 | PERSON |  |
212 | burmese war | 1 | EVENT | he also commanded the second burmese war in 1852 , resulting in the capture of parts of burma . |
213 | ramnagar | 1 | UNKNOWN | despite the successes gained by herbert edwardes in the second anglo-sikh war with mulraj , and gough 's indecisive victories at ramnagar in november , at sadulpur in december , and at chillianwala in the following month , the stubborn resistance at multan showed that the task required the utmost resources of the government . |
214 | achievement | 1 | ACT | his notable achievement was the creation of modern , centralized states . |
215 | began | 1 | PERSON | the shortest workday dalhousie would take began at half-past eight and would continue until half-past five , remaining at his desk even during lunch . |
216 | martaban | 1 | UNKNOWN | martaban was taken on 5 april 1852 , and rangoon and bassein shortly afterwards . |
217 | aberdeen | 1 | PERSON | the earl of aberdeen the viscount palmerston preceded by the viscount hardinge succeeded by the viscount canning president of the board of trade in office 5 february 1845 - 27 june 1846 monarch victoria prime minister sir robert peel preceded by william ewart gladstone succeeded by the earl of clarendon personal details born 22 april 1812 ( 1812-04-22 ) |
218 | strike | 1 | STATEMENT | he therefore resolutely delayed to strike , organized a strong army for operations in november , and himself proceeded to the punjab . |
219 | anglo sikh war | 1 | EVENT |  |
220 | times | 1 | UNKNOWN | multiple times in the 1830s questions were raised about getting rid of these territories altogether . |
221 | activities | 1 | ACTIVITY | this kept the population poor and bonded to agricultural activities promoting bonded labour . |
222 | dangers | 1 | AMOUNT | in nine minutes he suggested means for strengthening the company 's european forces , calling attention to the dangers that threatened the british community , a handful of scattered strangers ; but beyond the additional powers of recruitment which at his entreaty were granted in the government of india act 1853 ( 16 & 17 vict . c. 95 ) , his proposals were shelved by the home authorities as they represented yet more expense added to the cost of india . |
223 | blame | 1 | EVENT | in his correspondence and public statements , he was careful not to assign blame or cause embarrassment to colleagues in government . |
224 | viscount hardinge | 1 | PERSON | the earl of aberdeen the viscount palmerston preceded by the viscount hardinge succeeded by the viscount canning president of the board of trade in office 5 february 1845 - 27 june 1846 monarch victoria prime minister sir robert peel preceded by william ewart gladstone succeeded by the earl of clarendon personal details born 22 april 1812 ( 1812-04-22 ) |
225 | reign | 1 | PLACE | under his reign , the british implemented the policy of ' lapse and annexation ' which ensured that if a king did not have any sons for a natural heir , the kingdom would be annexed to the british empire . |
226 | blue book | 1 | PERSON | even after laying down office and while on his way home , he forced himself , ill as he was , to review his own administration in a document of such importance that the house of commons gave orders for its being printed ( blue book 245 of 1856 ) . |
227 | increase | 1 | INCREASE | however , in his attempt to do so he ruled with authoritarianism , believing these means were the most likely to increase the material development and progress of india . |
228 | railway communication | 1 | PERSON | the first link of railway communication was completed in 1855 , and well-considered plans mapped out the course of other lines and their method of administration . |
229 | sepoy mutiny | 1 | GOVERNMENT | dalhousie and the british called this uprising the ' sepoy mutiny ' - |
230 | feelings | 1 | ACTIVITY | this and other callous actions of the governor-general created bitter feelings among the indian soldiers in the british army , which finally led to the indian rebellion of 1857 . |
231 | afridis | 1 | UNKNOWN | the hillmen , he wrote , regard the plains as their food and prey , and the afridis , mohmands , black mountain tribes , waziris and others had to be taught that their new neighbours would not tolerate outrages . |
232 | name | 1 | NAME | since , however , the court of ava was unwilling to surrender half the country in the name of " peace " , the second campaign opened in october , and after the capture of prome and pegu the annexation of the province of pegu was declared by a proclamation dated 20 december 1853 . |
233 | controversy | 1 | UNKNOWN | succeeding to the peerage , the new earl soon made his mark in a speech delivered on 16 june 1840 in support of lord aberdeen 's church of scotland benefices bill , a controversy arising out of the auchterarder case , in which he had already taken part in the general assembly in opposition to dr chalmers . |
234 | struggle | 1 | FORM | in the struggle over the corn laws he ranged himself on the side of sir robert peel , and , after the failure of lord john russell to form a ministry he resumed his post at the board of trade , entering the cabinet on the retirement of lord stanley . |
235 | rates | 1 | RATE | he created an imperial system of post-offices , reducing the rates of carrying letters and introducing postage stamps . |
236 | central asia | 1 | PLACE | on the other hand , he insisted on leaving all matters concerning persia and central asia to the decision of the queen 's advisers . |
237 | worker | 1 | PERSON | during this period , he was an extremely hard worker , often working sixteen to eighteen hours a day . |
238 | community | 1 | PROPERTY | in nine minutes he suggested means for strengthening the company 's european forces , calling attention to the dangers that threatened the british community , a handful of scattered strangers ; but beyond the additional powers of recruitment which at his entreaty were granted in the government of india act 1853 ( 16 & 17 vict . c. 95 ) , his proposals were shelved by the home authorities as they represented yet more expense added to the cost of india . |
239 | british india | 1 | PLACE | alma mater christ church , oxford known for doctrine of lapse james andrew broun-ramsay , 1st marquess of dalhousie kt pc ( 22 april 1812 - 19 december 1860 ) , known as the earl of dalhousie between 1838 and 1849 , was a scottish statesman and colonial administrator in british india . |
240 | treasury | 1 | TERM | according to usual practise the treasury of duleep singh was considered war booty and duleep singh was forced to hand over the diamond . |
241 | dr chalmers | 1 | PERSON | succeeding to the peerage , the new earl soon made his mark in a speech delivered on 16 june 1840 in support of lord aberdeen 's church of scotland benefices bill , a controversy arising out of the auchterarder case , in which he had already taken part in the general assembly in opposition to dr chalmers . |
242 | desk | 1 | PERSON | the shortest workday dalhousie would take began at half-past eight and would continue until half-past five , remaining at his desk even during lunch . |
243 | instruction | 1 | EVENT | he created the department of public instruction ; he improved the system of inspection of goals , abolishing the practice of branding convicts ; freed converts to other religions from the loss of their civil rights ; inaugurated the system of administrative reports ; and enlarged the legislative council of india . |
244 | scotland | 1 | PLACE | dalhousie castle , midlothian , scotland died 19 |
245 | rawalpindi | 1 | PLACE | here a complete victory was won on 21 february at the battle of gujrat , the sikh army surrendered at rawalpindi , and their afghan allies were chased out of india . |
246 | form | 1 | FORM | in the struggle over the corn laws he ranged himself on the side of sir robert peel , and , after the failure of lord john russell to form a ministry he resumed his post at the board of trade , entering the cabinet on the retirement of lord stanley . |
247 | land | 1 | LAND | another consequential set of reforms , were those aimed at modernizing the land tenure and revenue system . |
248 | civilians | 1 | PERSON | with the object of making the civil administration more european , he closed what he considered to be the useless college in calcutta for the education of young civilians , establishing in its place a european system of training them in mufasal stations , and subjecting them to departmental examinations . |
249 | police | 1 | GOVERNMENT | after the conquest of the punjab , he began the expensive process of attempting to police and control the northwest frontier region . |
250 | berars | 1 | UNKNOWN | he negotiated in 1853 a treaty with the nizam , which provided funds for the maintenance of the contingent kept up by the british in support of that princes ' authority , by the assignment of the berars in lieu of annual payments of the cost and large outstanding arrears . |
251 | minutes | 1 | PERIOD | in nine minutes he suggested means for strengthening the company 's european forces , calling attention to the dangers that threatened the british community , a handful of scattered strangers ; but beyond the additional powers of recruitment which at his entreaty were granted in the government of india act 1853 ( 16 & 17 vict . c. 95 ) , his proposals were shelved by the home authorities as they represented yet more expense added to the cost of india . |
252 | wise policy | 1 | PROPERTY | by what his supporters considered wise policy he attempted to pacify the new province , placing colonel arthur phayre in sole charge of it , personally visiting it , and establishing a system of telegraphs and communications . |
253 | lines | 1 | PERSON | the first link of railway communication was completed in 1855 , and well-considered plans mapped out the course of other lines and their method of administration . |
254 | speech | 1 | SPEECH | succeeding to the peerage , the new earl soon made his mark in a speech delivered on 16 june 1840 in support of lord aberdeen 's church of scotland benefices bill , a controversy arising out of the auchterarder case , in which he had already taken part in the general assembly in opposition to dr chalmers . |
255 | acknowledgement | 1 | UNKNOWN | he himself drafted the short treaty of peace and friendship which lawrence signed in 1855 , that officer receiving in 1856 the order of the bath as a knight commander in acknowledgement of his services in the matter . |
256 | maintenance | 1 | AMOUNT | he negotiated in 1853 a treaty with the nizam , which provided funds for the maintenance of the contingent kept up by the british in support of that princes ' authority , by the assignment of the berars in lieu of annual payments of the cost and large outstanding arrears . |
257 | plains | 1 | BALL | the hillmen , he wrote , regard the plains as their food and prey , and the afridis , mohmands , black mountain tribes , waziris and others had to be taught that their new neighbours would not tolerate outrages . |
258 | immunization | 1 | ACT | reforms to improve the condition of the increased population such as immunization and establishment of educational institutions were never implemented . |
259 | punjabi maharaja duleep singh | 1 | PERSON | in the process he captured the famous koh-i-noor diamond from the twelve-year old punjabi maharaja duleep singh . |
260 | career susan | 1 | PERSON | early political career susan , marchioness of dalhousie |
261 | administrators | 1 | PERSON | the facts of the event were obscured by conflicts between colonial administrators reporting to the admirals of the navy , rather than the company or civil authorities . |
262 | jaitpur | 1 | UNKNOWN | under the policy he recommended the annexation of satara in january 1849 , of jaitpur and sambalpur in the same year , and of jhansi and nagpur in 1853 . |
263 | servants | 1 | PERSON | he introduced a system of open competition as the basis of recruitment for civil servants of the company and thus deprived the directors of their patronage system under government of india act 1853 . |
264 | gujarat | 1 | PLACE | at length , on 22 january 1849 , the multan fortress was taken by general whish , who was thus set at liberty to join gough at gujarat . |
265 | remarriage | 1 | EVENT | before he left for england he took personal interest and introduced the hindu widows ' remarriage act , 1856 , permitting widow remarriage which became an act after being approved by his successor , lord canning . development of infrastructure |
266 | verification | 1 | ACT | this section needs additional citations for verification . |
267 | multan fortress | 1 | POSITION | at length , on 22 january 1849 , the multan fortress was taken by general whish , who was thus set at liberty to join gough at gujarat . |
268 | privileges | 1 | PRIVILEGE | he then demanded a transfer to the company of the entire administration of oudh , the king merely retaining his royal rank , certain privileges in the courts , and a liberal allowance . |
269 | muslim purity laws | 1 | PERSON | when this belief that the british were intentionally forcing caste breaking was combined with the widespread belief that the british were intentionally violating hindu and muslim purity laws with their new greased cartridges , the consequences ( culminating in 1857 ) , would prove to be extremely destructive . |
270 | liberty | 1 | PERSON | at length , on 22 january 1849 , the multan fortress was taken by general whish , who was thus set at liberty to join gough at gujarat . |
271 | infrastructure | 1 | EVENT | before he left for england he took personal interest and introduced the hindu widows ' remarriage act , 1856 , permitting widow remarriage which became an act after being approved by his successor , lord canning . development of infrastructure |
272 | lord dunfermline | 1 | PERSON | an unsuccessful but courageous contest at the general election in 1835 for one of the seats in parliament for edinburgh , fought against such veterans as the future speaker , james abercrombie , afterwards lord dunfermline , and john campbell , future lord chancellor , was followed in 1837 by ramsay 's return to the house of commons as member for haddingtonshire . |
273 | elder | 1 | PERSON | the 9th earl was in 1815 created baron dalhousie of dalhousie castle in the peerage of the united kingdom , and had three sons , of whom the two elder died young . |
274 | dalhousies successors | 1 | PERSON | to this the home authorities demurred , but the engagement was duly ratified , and the subsidy was largely increased by dalhousies successors . |
275 | waters | 1 | WATER | the burmese court at ava was bound by the treaty of yandaboo , 1826 , to protect british ships in burmese waters . |
276 | muslim | 1 | PERSON | in spite of substantial attempts by sikh and muslim forces to polarize opposition through religious and anti-british sentiment , dalhousie 's military commanders were able to maintain the loyalty of troops , with the exception of a small number of gurkah deserters . |
277 | co operation | 1 | PROCESS |  |
278 | lieu | 1 | PERSON | he negotiated in 1853 a treaty with the nizam , which provided funds for the maintenance of the contingent kept up by the british in support of that princes ' authority , by the assignment of the berars in lieu of annual payments of the cost and large outstanding arrears . |
279 | afghan allies | 1 | ABSTRACT ENTITY | here a complete victory was won on 21 february at the battle of gujrat , the sikh army surrendered at rawalpindi , and their afghan allies were chased out of india . |
280 | government policy | 1 | PROPERTY | there was shift in government policy under him from higher education for elite towards mass education for both . |
281 | equivalent | 1 | ABSTRACT ENTITY | his return had been eagerly looked for by statesmen who hoped that he would resume his public career , by the company which voted him an annual pension of £5,000 ( equivalent to £635,591.4 in 2023 ) , and by the queen who earnestly prayed for the blessing of restored health and strength ; conversely , the outbreak of the " sepoy mutiny " led to bitter attacks on the record of his policy , and to widespread criticisms ( both fair and unfair ) of his political interests and career . |
282 | understanding | 1 | PERSON | another attempt to secure his services in the appointment of president of the railway board was equally unsuccessful ; but in 1847 he accepted the post of governor-general of india in succession to lord hardinge , on the understanding that he was to be left in " entire and unquestioned possession " of his own " personal independence with reference to party politics " . |
283 | commitment | 1 | COMMITMENT | dalhousie had a strong personal commitment to the establishment of a national system of education in india . |
284 | districts | 1 | CONCEPT | in an attempt to minimize further conflict , he removed a number of these officials , establishing what he believed to be a more logical and rational system in which the punjab was systematically divided into districts and divisions , governed by district officers and commissioners respectively . |
285 | campaign | 1 | OCCURRENCE | since , however , the court of ava was unwilling to surrender half the country in the name of " peace " , the second campaign opened in october , and after the capture of prome and pegu the annexation of the province of pegu was declared by a proclamation dated 20 december 1853 . |
286 | triumvirate | 1 | UNKNOWN | this lasting system of rule established governance through a young maharaja under a triumvirate of the governor general . |
287 | honours | 1 | UNKNOWN | his studies , however , were so greatly interrupted by the protracted illness and death in 1832 of his only surviving brother , that lord ramsay , as he then became , had to content himself with entering for a pass degree , though he was placed in fourth class of honours for michaelmas 1833 . |
288 | tribune | 1 | PERSON | at alexandria he was carried by h.m.s. " caradoc " to malta , and thence by the " tribune " to spithead , which he reached on 13 may . |
289 | patronage | 1 | EVENT | to the civil service he gave improved leave and pension rules , while he purified its moral by forbidding all share in trading concerns , by vigorously punishing insolvents , and by his personal example of careful selection in the matter of patronage . |
290 | way home | 1 | PLACE | even after laying down office and while on his way home , he forced himself , ill as he was , to review his own administration in a document of such importance that the house of commons gave orders for its being printed ( blue book 245 of 1856 ) . |
291 | baghat | 1 | UNKNOWN | in these cases his action was approved by the home authorities , but his proposal to annex karauli in 1849 was disallowed , while baghat and the petty estate of udaipur , which he had annexed in 1851 and 1852 respectively , were afterwards restored to native rule . |
292 | burmese kingdom | 1 | PERSON | the burmese kingdom offered little in the way of resistance . |
293 | appointment | 1 | DECISION | another attempt to secure his services in the appointment of president of the railway board was equally unsuccessful ; but in 1847 he accepted the post of governor-general of india in succession to lord hardinge , on the understanding that he was to be left in " entire and unquestioned possession " of his own " personal independence with reference to party politics " . |
294 | goals | 1 | GOAL | he created the department of public instruction ; he improved the system of inspection of goals , abolishing the practice of branding convicts ; freed converts to other religions from the loss of their civil rights ; inaugurated the system of administrative reports ; and enlarged the legislative council of india . |
295 | group | 1 | GROUP | however , the province quickly became ruled by a group of " audacious and eccentric and often evangelical pioneers " . |
296 | pretext | 1 | PURPOSE | in defending the pretext for invasion after the fact , dalhousie quoted the maxim of lord wellesley that any insult offered to the british flag at the mouth of the ganges should be resented as promptly and fully as an insult offered at the mouth of the thames . |
297 | event | 1 | EVENT | the facts of the event were obscured by conflicts between colonial administrators reporting to the admirals of the navy , rather than the company or civil authorities . |
298 | transformation | 1 | RULE | his period of rule in india directly preceded the transformation into the victorian raj period of indian administration . |
299 | satara | 1 | PERSON | under the policy he recommended the annexation of satara in january 1849 , of jaitpur and sambalpur in the same year , and of jhansi and nagpur in 1853 . |
300 | thence | 1 | UNKNOWN | at alexandria he was carried by h.m.s. " caradoc " to malta , and thence by the " tribune " to spithead , which he reached on 13 may . |
301 | presidency | 1 | GROUP | a department of public works was established in each presidency , and engineering colleges were provided . |
302 | counsellor | 1 | PERSON | in may 1843 he became vice-president of the board of trade , gladstone being president , and was sworn in as a privy counsellor . |
303 | response | 1 | ACTION | he afterward decided that the proper response was not merely for the capture of multan , but also the entire subjugation of the punjab . |
304 | daughter | 1 | PERSON | in the previous year he had married lady susan hay , daughter of the marquess of tweeddale , whose companionship was his chief support in india , and whose death in 1853 left him a heartbroken man . |
305 | viscount palmerston | 1 | PERSON | the earl of aberdeen the viscount palmerston preceded by the viscount hardinge succeeded by the viscount canning president of the board of trade in office 5 february 1845 - 27 june 1846 monarch victoria prime minister sir robert peel preceded by william ewart gladstone succeeded by the earl of clarendon personal details born 22 april 1812 ( 1812-04-22 ) |
306 | generals | 1 | PERSON | early life james andrew broun-ramsay was the third and youngest son of george ramsay , 9th earl of dalhousie ( 1770-1838 ) , one of wellington 's generals , who , after being governor general of canada , became commander-in-chief in india , and of his wife , christian ( née broun ) of coalstoun , haddingtonshire ( east lothian ) . |
307 | parts | 1 | PART | he also commanded the second burmese war in 1852 , resulting in the capture of parts of burma . |
308 | officials | 1 | UNKNOWN | in an attempt to minimize further conflict , he removed a number of these officials , establishing what he believed to be a more logical and rational system in which the punjab was systematically divided into districts and divisions , governed by district officers and commissioners respectively . |
309 | counsel | 1 | PERSON | during this period , john lawrence , 1st baron lawrence invoked his counsel and influence . |
310 | creation | 1 | ABSTRACT ENTITY | his notable achievement was the creation of modern , centralized states . |
311 | region | 1 | PLACE | the annexation of awadh made dalhousie very unpopular in the region . |
312 | share | 1 | ACTION | to the civil service he gave improved leave and pension rules , while he purified its moral by forbidding all share in trading concerns , by vigorously punishing insolvents , and by his personal example of careful selection in the matter of patronage . |
313 | sir charles napier | 1 | PERSON |  |
314 | napier | 1 | PERSON | napier ordered certain allowances , given as compensation for the dearness of provisions , to be granted to the sepoys on a system which had not been sanctioned from headquarters , and threatened to repeat the offence , the governor-general rebuked him to such a degree that napier resigned his command . |
315 | workday dalhousie | 1 | PERSON | the shortest workday dalhousie would take began at half-past eight and would continue until half-past five , remaining at his desk even during lunch . |
316 | compensation | 1 | ABSTRACT ENTITY | napier ordered certain allowances , given as compensation for the dearness of provisions , to be granted to the sepoys on a system which had not been sanctioned from headquarters , and threatened to repeat the offence , the governor-general rebuked him to such a degree that napier resigned his command . |
317 | british administration | 1 | PLACE | dalhousie , driven by the conviction that all india needed to be brought under british administration , began to apply what was called the doctrine of lapse . |
318 | soil salinity | 1 | LAND | in spite of damaging certain areas of farmland by increasing soil salinity , overall the individuals living along the canal were noticeably better fed and clothed than those who were not . |
319 | richard cobden | 1 | PERSON | the nature of the dispute was mis-represented to parliament , and parliament played a role in further " suppressing " the facts released to the public , but most of the facts were established by comparative reading of these conflicting accounts in what was originally an anonymous pamphlet , how wars are got up in india ; this account by richard cobden remains almost the sole contemporaneous account of who actually made the decision to invade and annex burma . |
320 | resident | 1 | PERSON | in 1854 he appointed outram as resident at the court of lucknow , directing him to submit a report on the condition of the province . |
321 | headquarters | 1 | UNKNOWN | napier ordered certain allowances , given as compensation for the dearness of provisions , to be granted to the sepoys on a system which had not been sanctioned from headquarters , and threatened to repeat the offence , the governor-general rebuked him to such a degree that napier resigned his command . |
322 | accounts | 1 | QUALITY | the nature of the dispute was mis-represented to parliament , and parliament played a role in further " suppressing " the facts released to the public , but most of the facts were established by comparative reading of these conflicting accounts in what was originally an anonymous pamphlet , how wars are got up in india ; this account by richard cobden remains almost the sole contemporaneous account of who actually made the decision to invade and annex burma . |
323 | war booty | 1 | ABSTRACT ENTITY | according to usual practise the treasury of duleep singh was considered war booty and duleep singh was forced to hand over the diamond . |
324 | network | 1 | PERSON | however , as an authoritarian , utilitarian ruler , dalhousie brought the railways under state control-attempting to bring the greatest benefit to india from the expanding network . |
325 | statements | 1 | STATEMENT | in his correspondence and public statements , he was careful not to assign blame or cause embarrassment to colleagues in government . |
326 | railway board | 1 | PERSON | another attempt to secure his services in the appointment of president of the railway board was equally unsuccessful ; but in 1847 he accepted the post of governor-general of india in succession to lord hardinge , on the understanding that he was to be left in " entire and unquestioned possession " of his own " personal independence with reference to party politics " . |
327 | practice arakan | 1 | UNKNOWN | some strangely spoke of the war as " uniting " territory , but in practice arakan , tenasserim and the new territories were still only linked in practical terms by sea . |
328 | way | 1 | UNKNOWN | the burmese kingdom offered little in the way of resistance . |
329 | dependence | 1 | DEFICIENCY | dalhousie encouraged private enterprise to develop railways in india for the good of the people and also to reduce absolute dependence on the government . |
330 | link | 1 | EVENT | the first link of railway communication was completed in 1855 , and well-considered plans mapped out the course of other lines and their method of administration . |
331 | provision | 1 | ACT | in addition , the ganges canal was completed ; and despite the cost of wars in the punjab and burma , liberal provision was made for metalled roads and bridges . |
332 | estates | 1 | ESTATE | throughout his time in office , dalhousie disposed large landowners from portions of their estates . |
333 | authorities | 1 | PERSON | the facts of the event were obscured by conflicts between colonial administrators reporting to the admirals of the navy , rather than the company or civil authorities . |
334 | vice president | 1 | PERSON |  |
335 | lord ramsay | 1 | PERSON | his studies , however , were so greatly interrupted by the protracted illness and death in 1832 of his only surviving brother , that lord ramsay , as he then became , had to content himself with entering for a pass degree , though he was placed in fourth class of honours for michaelmas 1833 . |
336 | individuals | 1 | EVENT | in spite of damaging certain areas of farmland by increasing soil salinity , overall the individuals living along the canal were noticeably better fed and clothed than those who were not . |
337 | deal castle | 1 | PERSON | he was also given the honorary post of captain of deal castle the same year . |
338 | inspection | 1 | GROUP | he created the department of public instruction ; he improved the system of inspection of goals , abolishing the practice of branding convicts ; freed converts to other religions from the loss of their civil rights ; inaugurated the system of administrative reports ; and enlarged the legislative council of india . |
339 | life | 1 | EVENT | early life james andrew broun-ramsay was the third and youngest son of george ramsay , 9th earl of dalhousie ( 1770-1838 ) , one of wellington 's generals , who , after being governor general of canada , became commander-in-chief in india , and of his wife , christian ( née broun ) of coalstoun , haddingtonshire ( east lothian ) . |
340 | second burmese war | 1 | EVENT | he also commanded the second burmese war in 1852 , resulting in the capture of parts of burma . |
341 | blessing | 1 | PERSON | his return had been eagerly looked for by statesmen who hoped that he would resume his public career , by the company which voted him an annual pension of £5,000 ( equivalent to £635,591.4 in 2023 ) , and by the queen who earnestly prayed for the blessing of restored health and strength ; conversely , the outbreak of the " sepoy mutiny " led to bitter attacks on the record of his policy , and to widespread criticisms ( both fair and unfair ) of his political interests and career . |
342 | corn laws | 1 | PERSON | in the struggle over the corn laws he ranged himself on the side of sir robert peel , and , after the failure of lord john russell to form a ministry he resumed his post at the board of trade , entering the cabinet on the retirement of lord stanley . |
343 | party politics | 1 | ACTION | another attempt to secure his services in the appointment of president of the railway board was equally unsuccessful ; but in 1847 he accepted the post of governor-general of india in succession to lord hardinge , on the understanding that he was to be left in " entire and unquestioned possession " of his own " personal independence with reference to party politics " . |
344 | lord wellesley | 1 | PERSON | in defending the pretext for invasion after the fact , dalhousie quoted the maxim of lord wellesley that any insult offered to the british flag at the mouth of the ganges should be resented as promptly and fully as an insult offered at the mouth of the thames . |
345 | tweeddale | 1 | PERSON | in the previous year he had married lady susan hay , daughter of the marquess of tweeddale , whose companionship was his chief support in india , and whose death in 1853 left him a heartbroken man . |
346 | length | 1 | LENGTH | at length , on 22 january 1849 , the multan fortress was taken by general whish , who was thus set at liberty to join gough at gujarat . |
347 | commissioners | 1 | PERSON | in an attempt to minimize further conflict , he removed a number of these officials , establishing what he believed to be a more logical and rational system in which the punjab was systematically divided into districts and divisions , governed by district officers and commissioners respectively . |
348 | revenue | 1 | AMOUNT | why dalhousie was so obsessed with increasing the size of a territory that did not generate sufficient revenue to pay for its own administration has never been explained . |
349 | staffordshire | 1 | PLACE | mr temple , incumbent of a quiet parish in staffordshire . |
350 | activity | 1 | ACTIVITY | he was denounced by many in britain on the eve of his death as having failed to notice the signs of the brewing indian rebellion of 1857 , having aggravated the crisis by his overbearing self-confidence , centralizing activity and expansive annexations . |
351 | eight | 1 | UNKNOWN | the shortest workday dalhousie would take began at half-past eight and would continue until half-past five , remaining at his desk even during lunch . |
352 | loyalty | 1 | STATE | in spite of substantial attempts by sikh and muslim forces to polarize opposition through religious and anti-british sentiment , dalhousie 's military commanders were able to maintain the loyalty of troops , with the exception of a small number of gurkah deserters . |
353 | pause | 1 | ACT | nevertheless , the military engagement on the northwest frontier of india he began grew yearly in cost and continued without pause until the british left pakistan . |
354 | residence | 1 | PLACE | by removing the tract of country from local rule , enforcing the residence of british officers there , and employing the santal headmen in a local police , he created a system of administration which proved successful in maintaining order . |
355 | outrages | 1 | PERSON | the hillmen , he wrote , regard the plains as their food and prey , and the afridis , mohmands , black mountain tribes , waziris and others had to be taught that their new neighbours would not tolerate outrages . |
356 | statement | 1 | STATEMENT | this statement , however , was to be falsified by events almost before it could reach britain . |
357 | heir | 1 | PERSON | under his reign , the british implemented the policy of ' lapse and annexation ' which ensured that if a king did not have any sons for a natural heir , the kingdom would be annexed to the british empire . |
358 | injury | 1 | INJURY | pressed to intervene in hyderabad , he refused to do so , claiming on this occasion that interference was only justified if the administration of native princes tends unquestionably to the injury of the subjects or of the allies of the british government . |
359 | election | 1 | PROCESS | an unsuccessful but courageous contest at the general election in 1835 for one of the seats in parliament for edinburgh , fought against such veterans as the future speaker , james abercrombie , afterwards lord dunfermline , and john campbell , future lord chancellor , was followed in 1837 by ramsay 's return to the house of commons as member for haddingtonshire . |
360 | elite | 1 | PERSON | he established the foundations of the colonial educational system in india by adding mass education in addition to elite higher education . |
361 | supplies | 1 | AMOUNT | dalhousie agreed with sir hugh gough , the commander-in-chief , that the british east india company 's military forces were neither adequately equipped with transport and supplies , nor otherwise prepared to take the field immediately . |
362 | student | 1 | PERSON | two years later he and another student , robert adair , were expelled after bullying and nearly causing the death of george rushout , nephew of john rushout , 2nd baron northwick . |
363 | failure | 1 | ABSTRACT ENTITY | in the struggle over the corn laws he ranged himself on the side of sir robert peel , and , after the failure of lord john russell to form a ministry he resumed his post at the board of trade , entering the cabinet on the retirement of lord stanley . |
364 | factor | 1 | RESULT | one consequential factor of this war was |
365 | waziris | 1 | UNKNOWN | the hillmen , he wrote , regard the plains as their food and prey , and the afridis , mohmands , black mountain tribes , waziris and others had to be taught that their new neighbours would not tolerate outrages . |
366 | bridges | 1 | PERSON | in addition , the ganges canal was completed ; and despite the cost of wars in the punjab and burma , liberal provision was made for metalled roads and bridges . |
367 | baron dalhousie | 1 | PERSON | the 9th earl was in 1815 created baron dalhousie of dalhousie castle in the peerage of the united kingdom , and had three sons , of whom the two elder died young . |
368 | preservation | 1 | ACT | his wide interest in everything that concerned the welfare of british economic interests in the country was shown in the encouragement he gave to the culture of tea , in his protection of forests , in the preservation of ancient and historic monuments . |
369 | ruler | 1 | PERSON | however , as an authoritarian , utilitarian ruler , dalhousie brought the railways under state control-attempting to bring the greatest benefit to india from the expanding network . |
370 | lepers | 1 | PERSON | governance under the established " punjab school " of henry and john lawrence was initially successful , partially due to the system of local cultural respect , while still maintaining british values against acts of widow burning , female infanticide , and burying of lepers alive by small segments of the indian populace . |
371 | dost mohammad | 1 | PERSON | he refrained from punishing dost mohammad for the part he had taken in the sikh war , and resolutely to refuse to enter upon any negotiations until the amir himself came forward . |
372 | railway extension | 1 | INSTITUTION | the berar treaty , he told sir charles wood , is more likely to keep the nizam on his throne than anything that has happened for 50 years to him , while at the same time the control thus acquired over a strip of territory intervening between bombay and nagpur promoted his policy of consolidation and his schemes of railway extension . |
373 | month | 1 | PERIOD | despite the successes gained by herbert edwardes in the second anglo-sikh war with mulraj , and gough 's indecisive victories at ramnagar in november , at sadulpur in december , and at chillianwala in the following month , the stubborn resistance at multan showed that the task required the utmost resources of the government . |
374 | forehead | 1 | PROPERTY | james andrew broun-ramsay , his youngest son , was described as small in stature , with a firm chiseled mouth and high forehead . |
375 | vict | 1 | UNKNOWN | in nine minutes he suggested means for strengthening the company 's european forces , calling attention to the dangers that threatened the british community , a handful of scattered strangers ; but beyond the additional powers of recruitment which at his entreaty were granted in the government of india act 1853 ( 16 & 17 vict . c. 95 ) , his proposals were shelved by the home authorities as they represented yet more expense added to the cost of india . |
376 | kingdom | 1 | PERSON | dalhousie castle , midlothian citizenship united kingdom of great britain and ireland spouse lady susan hay ( d. 1853 ) parents * |
377 | entries | 1 | INSTANCE | he then travelled in italy and switzerland , enriching with copious entries the diary which he religiously kept up through life , and storing his mind with valuable observations . |
378 | university | 1 | INSTITUTION | until he entered university , dalhousie 's entire education being entrusted to the rev. |
379 | treatment | 1 | TREATMENT | his health deteriorated in malta and at malvern , edinburgh , where he sought medical treatment . |
380 | actions | 1 | ACTION | this and other callous actions of the governor-general created bitter feelings among the indian soldiers in the british army , which finally led to the indian rebellion of 1857 . |
381 | widespread belief | 1 | TRUST | when this belief that the british were intentionally forcing caste breaking was combined with the widespread belief that the british were intentionally violating hindu and muslim purity laws with their new greased cartridges , the consequences ( culminating in 1857 ) , would prove to be extremely destructive . |
382 | ultimatum | 1 | EVENT | the king refused to sign the ultimatum ( in the form of a " treaty " ) put before him , and a proclamation annexing the province was therefore issued on 13 february 1856 . |
383 | auchterarder case | 1 | STUDY | succeeding to the peerage , the new earl soon made his mark in a speech delivered on 16 june 1840 in support of lord aberdeen 's church of scotland benefices bill , a controversy arising out of the auchterarder case , in which he had already taken part in the general assembly in opposition to dr chalmers . |
384 | baron lawrence | 1 | PERSON | during this period , john lawrence , 1st baron lawrence invoked his counsel and influence . |
385 | authoritarian | 1 | PERSON | however , as an authoritarian , utilitarian ruler , dalhousie brought the railways under state control-attempting to bring the greatest benefit to india from the expanding network . |
386 | sardars | 1 | UNKNOWN | second anglo-sikh war on 19 april 1848 vans agnew of the civil service and lieutenant anderson of the bombay european regiment , having been sent to take charge of multan from diwan mulraj , were murdered there , and within a short time the troops and sardars joined in open rebellion . |
387 | questions | 1 | QUESTION | multiple times in the 1830s questions were raised about getting rid of these territories altogether . |
388 | holdings | 1 | ENTITY | however , thousands of smaller landlords had their holdings completely removed as did the relatively poor who leased small parcels of their land while farming the rest . |
389 | strength | 1 | PERSON | his return had been eagerly looked for by statesmen who hoped that he would resume his public career , by the company which voted him an annual pension of £5,000 ( equivalent to £635,591.4 in 2023 ) , and by the queen who earnestly prayed for the blessing of restored health and strength ; conversely , the outbreak of the " sepoy mutiny " led to bitter attacks on the record of his policy , and to widespread criticisms ( both fair and unfair ) of his political interests and career . |
390 | british east india company | 1 | INSTITUTION | dalhousie agreed with sir hugh gough , the commander-in-chief , that the british east india company 's military forces were neither adequately equipped with transport and supplies , nor otherwise prepared to take the field immediately . |
391 | horseback | 1 | DRINK | during this period , he sought to expand the reach of the empire and rode long distances on horseback , in spite of having a bad back . |
392 | engines | 1 | PERSON | he introduced passenger trains to the railways , the electric telegraph and uniform postage , which he described as the " three great engines of social improvement " . |
393 | sambalpur | 1 | UNKNOWN | under the policy he recommended the annexation of satara in january 1849 , of jaitpur and sambalpur in the same year , and of jhansi and nagpur in 1853 . |
394 | basis | 1 | GROUP | he introduced a system of open competition as the basis of recruitment for civil servants of the company and thus deprived the directors of their patronage system under government of india act 1853 . |
395 | mutiny | 1 | GOVERNMENT | dalhousie and the british called this uprising the ' sepoy mutiny ' - |
396 | punjab school | 1 | INSTITUTION | governance under the established " punjab school " of henry and john lawrence was initially successful , partially due to the system of local cultural respect , while still maintaining british values against acts of widow burning , female infanticide , and burying of lepers alive by small segments of the indian populace . |
397 | fear | 1 | EMOTION | john offered dalhousie a seat in the cabinet , an offer which he declined from a fear that acceptance might involve the loss of public character . |
398 | viscount | 1 | PERSON | the earl of aberdeen the viscount palmerston preceded by the viscount hardinge succeeded by the viscount canning president of the board of trade in office 5 february 1845 - 27 june 1846 monarch victoria prime minister sir robert peel preceded by william ewart gladstone succeeded by the earl of clarendon personal details born 22 april 1812 ( 1812-04-22 ) |
399 | step | 1 | ACT | for his services the earl of dalhousie received the thanks of the parliament and a step in the peerage , as marquess . |
400 | correspondence | 1 | SIMILARITY | in his correspondence and public statements , he was careful not to assign blame or cause embarrassment to colleagues in government . |
401 | expansion | 1 | ACT | however , punjabi rule eventually came to be seen as despotic , largely because of the expansion of judicial system . |
402 | harrow school | 1 | INSTITUTION | returning to scotland he was prepared for harrow school , where he entered in 1825 . |
403 | alliance | 1 | STATE | then he steered a middle course between the proposals of his own agent , herbert edwardes , who advocated an offensive alliance , and those of john lawrence , who would have avoided any sort of engagement . |
404 | clarendon personal details | 1 | EVENT | the earl of aberdeen the viscount palmerston preceded by the viscount hardinge succeeded by the viscount canning president of the board of trade in office 5 february 1845 - 27 june 1846 monarch victoria prime minister sir robert peel preceded by william ewart gladstone succeeded by the earl of clarendon personal details born 22 april 1812 ( 1812-04-22 ) |
405 | disaster | 1 | EVENT | british indian rule of arakan and tenasserim had been a financial disaster for the indian administration . |
406 | victories | 1 | CONDITION | despite the successes gained by herbert edwardes in the second anglo-sikh war with mulraj , and gough 's indecisive victories at ramnagar in november , at sadulpur in december , and at chillianwala in the following month , the stubborn resistance at multan showed that the task required the utmost resources of the government . |
407 | offence | 1 | UNKNOWN | napier ordered certain allowances , given as compensation for the dearness of provisions , to be granted to the sepoys on a system which had not been sanctioned from headquarters , and threatened to repeat the offence , the governor-general rebuked him to such a degree that napier resigned his command . |
408 | character | 1 | FORCE | john offered dalhousie a seat in the cabinet , an offer which he declined from a fear that acceptance might involve the loss of public character . |
409 | critics | 1 | PERSON | these annexations are considered by critics to generally represent an uneconomic drain on the financial resources of the company in india . |
410 | farmland | 1 | ABSTRACT ENTITY | in spite of damaging certain areas of farmland by increasing soil salinity , overall the individuals living along the canal were noticeably better fed and clothed than those who were not . |
411 | allies | 1 | ABSTRACT ENTITY | here a complete victory was won on 21 february at the battle of gujrat , the sikh army surrendered at rawalpindi , and their afghan allies were chased out of india . |
412 | ramsay | 1 | PERSON | george ramsay ( father ) * christian broun ( mother ) |
413 | derby | 1 | PERSON | in office 12 january 1848 - 28 february 1856 monarch victoria prime minister lord john russell the earl of derby |
414 | midlothian citizenship united kingdom | 1 | PLACE | dalhousie castle , midlothian citizenship united kingdom of great britain and ireland spouse lady susan hay ( d. 1853 ) parents * |
415 | officer | 1 | PLACE | he himself drafted the short treaty of peace and friendship which lawrence signed in 1855 , that officer receiving in 1856 the order of the bath as a knight commander in acknowledgement of his services in the matter . |
416 | bombay | 1 | PLACE | second anglo-sikh war on 19 april 1848 vans agnew of the civil service and lieutenant anderson of the bombay european regiment , having been sent to take charge of multan from diwan mulraj , were murdered there , and within a short time the troops and sardars joined in open rebellion . |
417 | lady susan hay | 1 | PERSON | dalhousie castle , midlothian citizenship united kingdom of great britain and ireland spouse lady susan hay ( d. 1853 ) parents * |
418 | neighbours | 1 | ABSTRACT ENTITY | the hillmen , he wrote , regard the plains as their food and prey , and the afridis , mohmands , black mountain tribes , waziris and others had to be taught that their new neighbours would not tolerate outrages . |
419 | divisions | 1 | PROCESS | in an attempt to minimize further conflict , he removed a number of these officials , establishing what he believed to be a more logical and rational system in which the punjab was systematically divided into districts and divisions , governed by district officers and commissioners respectively . |
420 | udaipur | 1 | UNKNOWN | in these cases his action was approved by the home authorities , but his proposal to annex karauli in 1849 was disallowed , while baghat and the petty estate of udaipur , which he had annexed in 1851 and 1852 respectively , were afterwards restored to native rule . |
421 | contest | 1 | CONDITION | an unsuccessful but courageous contest at the general election in 1835 for one of the seats in parliament for edinburgh , fought against such veterans as the future speaker , james abercrombie , afterwards lord dunfermline , and john campbell , future lord chancellor , was followed in 1837 by ramsay 's return to the house of commons as member for haddingtonshire . |
422 | bassein | 1 | UNKNOWN | martaban was taken on 5 april 1852 , and rangoon and bassein shortly afterwards . |
423 | delegate | 1 | PERSON | bengal , long ruled by the governor-general or his delegate , was placed under its own lieutenant-governor in may 1854 . |
424 | sadulpur | 1 | UNKNOWN | despite the successes gained by herbert edwardes in the second anglo-sikh war with mulraj , and gough 's indecisive victories at ramnagar in november , at sadulpur in december , and at chillianwala in the following month , the stubborn resistance at multan showed that the task required the utmost resources of the government . |
425 | champion | 1 | PERSON | but there arose a dispute between the governor of rangoon and certain british shipping interests ( the monarch and the champion ) . |
426 | attention | 1 | PERSON | in nine minutes he suggested means for strengthening the company 's european forces , calling attention to the dangers that threatened the british community , a handful of scattered strangers ; but beyond the additional powers of recruitment which at his entreaty were granted in the government of india act 1853 ( 16 & 17 vict . c. 95 ) , his proposals were shelved by the home authorities as they represented yet more expense added to the cost of india . |
427 | british army | 1 | HUMAN GROUP | this and other callous actions of the governor-general created bitter feelings among the indian soldiers in the british army , which finally led to the indian rebellion of 1857 . |
428 | burning | 1 | UNKNOWN | governance under the established " punjab school " of henry and john lawrence was initially successful , partially due to the system of local cultural respect , while still maintaining british values against acts of widow burning , female infanticide , and burying of lepers alive by small segments of the indian populace . |
429 | sources | 1 | RANK | please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section . |
430 | possession | 1 | STATE | another attempt to secure his services in the appointment of president of the railway board was equally unsuccessful ; but in 1847 he accepted the post of governor-general of india in succession to lord hardinge , on the understanding that he was to be left in " entire and unquestioned possession " of his own " personal independence with reference to party politics " . |
431 | misrule | 1 | STATE | the report provided the british an excuse for action based on " disorder and misrule " . |
432 | labour | 1 | PERSON | this kept the population poor and bonded to agricultural activities promoting bonded labour . |
433 | disorder | 1 | PROPERTY | the report provided the british an excuse for action based on " disorder and misrule " . |
434 | arrangement | 1 | ARRANGEMENT | if he should refuse this arrangement , a general rising would be arranged , and then the british government would intervene on its own terms . |
435 | sympathy | 1 | EVENT | return to britain dalhousie , on 6 march 1856 , set sail for england on board the company 's " firoze , " an object of general sympathy and not less general respect . |
436 | karauli | 1 | UNKNOWN | in these cases his action was approved by the home authorities , but his proposal to annex karauli in 1849 was disallowed , while baghat and the petty estate of udaipur , which he had annexed in 1851 and 1852 respectively , were afterwards restored to native rule . |
437 | examinations | 1 | GROUP | with the object of making the civil administration more european , he closed what he considered to be the useless college in calcutta for the education of young civilians , establishing in its place a european system of training them in mufasal stations , and subjecting them to departmental examinations . |
438 | revenue system | 1 | SYSTEM | another consequential set of reforms , were those aimed at modernizing the land tenure and revenue system . |
439 | superiors | 1 | PERSON | the war being now over , dalhousie , without specific instructions from his superiors , annexed the punjab . |
440 | record | 1 | NUMBER | his return had been eagerly looked for by statesmen who hoped that he would resume his public career , by the company which voted him an annual pension of £5,000 ( equivalent to £635,591.4 in 2023 ) , and by the queen who earnestly prayed for the blessing of restored health and strength ; conversely , the outbreak of the " sepoy mutiny " led to bitter attacks on the record of his policy , and to widespread criticisms ( both fair and unfair ) of his political interests and career . |
441 | myanmar | 1 | PLACE | bogyoke aung san park in yangon , myanmar was formerly named after lord dalhousie . |
442 | entreaty | 1 | ACTIVITY | in nine minutes he suggested means for strengthening the company 's european forces , calling attention to the dangers that threatened the british community , a handful of scattered strangers ; but beyond the additional powers of recruitment which at his entreaty were granted in the government of india act 1853 ( 16 & 17 vict . c. 95 ) , his proposals were shelved by the home authorities as they represented yet more expense added to the cost of india . |
443 | infanticide | 1 | PERSON | governance under the established " punjab school " of henry and john lawrence was initially successful , partially due to the system of local cultural respect , while still maintaining british values against acts of widow burning , female infanticide , and burying of lepers alive by small segments of the indian populace . |
444 | cartridges | 1 | EVENT | when this belief that the british were intentionally forcing caste breaking was combined with the widespread belief that the british were intentionally violating hindu and muslim purity laws with their new greased cartridges , the consequences ( culminating in 1857 ) , would prove to be extremely destructive . |
445 | bahawalpur | 1 | PLACE | the same spirit induced him to tolerate a war of succession in bahawalpur , so long as the contending candidates did not violate british territory . |
446 | landowners | 1 | PERSON | throughout his time in office , dalhousie disposed large landowners from portions of their estates . |
447 | assignment | 1 | PROCESS | he negotiated in 1853 a treaty with the nizam , which provided funds for the maintenance of the contingent kept up by the british in support of that princes ' authority , by the assignment of the berars in lieu of annual payments of the cost and large outstanding arrears . |
448 | lapse portrait | 1 | PERSON | policies of reforms doctrine of lapse portrait of lord dalhousie by john watson-gordon , 1847 . |
449 | role | 1 | ROLE | the nature of the dispute was mis-represented to parliament , and parliament played a role in further " suppressing " the facts released to the public , but most of the facts were established by comparative reading of these conflicting accounts in what was originally an anonymous pamphlet , how wars are got up in india ; this account by richard cobden remains almost the sole contemporaneous account of who actually made the decision to invade and annex burma . |
450 | sound policy | 1 | PROPERTY | he stands out as the far-sighted governor-general who consolidated east india company rule in india , laid the foundations of its later administration , and by his sound policy enabled his successors to stem the tide of rebellion . |
451 | telegraph | 1 | PORTION | he introduced passenger trains to the railways , the electric telegraph and uniform postage , which he described as the " three great engines of social improvement " . |
452 | sentiment | 1 | EVENT | in spite of substantial attempts by sikh and muslim forces to polarize opposition through religious and anti-british sentiment , dalhousie 's military commanders were able to maintain the loyalty of troops , with the exception of a small number of gurkah deserters . |
453 | parents | 1 | PERSON | dalhousie castle , midlothian citizenship united kingdom of great britain and ireland spouse lady susan hay ( d. 1853 ) parents * |
454 | result | 1 | RESULT | the result of the war was to add an expensive new military and political dependency which did not generate sufficient taxes to pay for itself . |
455 | tenure | 1 | PERIOD | another consequential set of reforms , were those aimed at modernizing the land tenure and revenue system . |
456 | set | 1 | SET | at length , on 22 january 1849 , the multan fortress was taken by general whish , who was thus set at liberty to join gough at gujarat . |
457 | queen victoria | 1 | PERSON | the koh-i-noor diamond was presented to queen victoria and displayed in 1851 and at the dublin exhibition in 1853 and the world 's fair in london in 1862 . |
458 | battle | 1 | PERSON | here a complete victory was won on 21 february at the battle of gujrat , the sikh army surrendered at rawalpindi , and their afghan allies were chased out of india . |
459 | opinion | 1 | TRUST | dalhousie was in bad health and on the eve of retirement when the belated orders reached him ; but he at once laid down instructions for outram in every detail , moved up troops , and elaborated a scheme of government with particular orders as to conciliating local opinion . |
460 | diplomacy | 1 | BRANCH | attempts were made to solve the dispute by diplomacy . |
461 | throne | 1 | PERSON | the berar treaty , he told sir charles wood , is more likely to keep the nizam on his throne than anything that has happened for 50 years to him , while at the same time the control thus acquired over a strip of territory intervening between bombay and nagpur promoted his policy of consolidation and his schemes of railway extension . |
462 | moral | 1 | PERSON | to the civil service he gave improved leave and pension rules , while he purified its moral by forbidding all share in trading concerns , by vigorously punishing insolvents , and by his personal example of careful selection in the matter of patronage . |
463 | strangers | 1 | PERSON | in nine minutes he suggested means for strengthening the company 's european forces , calling attention to the dangers that threatened the british community , a handful of scattered strangers ; but beyond the additional powers of recruitment which at his entreaty were granted in the government of india act 1853 ( 16 & 17 vict . c. 95 ) , his proposals were shelved by the home authorities as they represented yet more expense added to the cost of india . |
464 | speaker | 1 | CONCEPT | an unsuccessful but courageous contest at the general election in 1835 for one of the seats in parliament for edinburgh , fought against such veterans as the future speaker , james abercrombie , afterwards lord dunfermline , and john campbell , future lord chancellor , was followed in 1837 by ramsay 's return to the house of commons as member for haddingtonshire . |
465 | welfare | 1 | STATE | his wide interest in everything that concerned the welfare of british economic interests in the country was shown in the encouragement he gave to the culture of tea , in his protection of forests , in the preservation of ancient and historic monuments . |
466 | rank | 1 | RANK | he then demanded a transfer to the company of the entire administration of oudh , the king merely retaining his royal rank , certain privileges in the courts , and a liberal allowance . |
467 | schemes | 1 | CONDITION | the berar treaty , he told sir charles wood , is more likely to keep the nizam on his throne than anything that has happened for 50 years to him , while at the same time the control thus acquired over a strip of territory intervening between bombay and nagpur promoted his policy of consolidation and his schemes of railway extension . |
468 | public works department | 1 | PERSON | he also founded the public works department in india . |
469 | contrast | 1 | RESULT | in contrast to many of the past leaders of the british empire in india , he saw himself as an orientalist monarch and believed his rule was that of a modernizer , attempting to bring the british intellectual revolution to india . |
470 | east lothian | 1 | PERSON | early life james andrew broun-ramsay was the third and youngest son of george ramsay , 9th earl of dalhousie ( 1770-1838 ) , one of wellington 's generals , who , after being governor general of canada , became commander-in-chief in india , and of his wife , christian ( née broun ) of coalstoun , haddingtonshire ( east lothian ) . |
471 | trains | 1 | TRAIN | he introduced passenger trains to the railways , the electric telegraph and uniform postage , which he described as the " three great engines of social improvement " . |
472 | seniority | 1 | MEASURE | the military boards were swept away ; selection took the place of seniority in the higher commands ; an army clothing and a stud department were created , and the medical service underwent complete reorganization . |
473 | benthamite ideals | 1 | EVENT | a staunch utilitarian , he sought to improve indian society under the prevalent benthamite ideals of the period . |
474 | contingent | 1 | EVENT | he negotiated in 1853 a treaty with the nizam , which provided funds for the maintenance of the contingent kept up by the british in support of that princes ' authority , by the assignment of the berars in lieu of annual payments of the cost and large outstanding arrears . |
475 | london | 1 | PLACE | the koh-i-noor diamond was presented to queen victoria and displayed in 1851 and at the dublin exhibition in 1853 and the world 's fair in london in 1862 . |
476 | lord | 1 | PERSON | in office 12 january 1848 - 28 february 1856 monarch victoria prime minister lord john russell the earl of derby |
477 | spirit | 1 | STATE | the same spirit induced him to tolerate a war of succession in bahawalpur , so long as the contending candidates did not violate british territory . |
478 | benefit | 1 | INSTANCE | however , as an authoritarian , utilitarian ruler , dalhousie brought the railways under state control-attempting to bring the greatest benefit to india from the expanding network . |
479 | marchioness | 1 | PROPERTY | early political career susan , marchioness of dalhousie |
480 | engineering colleges | 1 | GROUP | a department of public works was established in each presidency , and engineering colleges were provided . |
481 | sectors | 1 | UNKNOWN | his policies , especially the doctrine of lapse , contributed to a growing sense of discontent among sectors of indian society and therefore greatly contributed to the indian rebellion of 1857 , which directly followed his departure from india . |
482 | distinction | 1 | SOUND | in october 1829 , he passed on to christ church , oxford , where he worked fairly hard , won some distinction , and made many lifelong friends . |
483 | drain | 1 | ABSTRACT ENTITY | these annexations are considered by critics to generally represent an uneconomic drain on the financial resources of the company in india . |
484 | sikh army | 1 | HUMAN GROUP | here a complete victory was won on 21 february at the battle of gujrat , the sikh army surrendered at rawalpindi , and their afghan allies were chased out of india . |
485 | outstanding arrears | 1 | UNKNOWN | he negotiated in 1853 a treaty with the nizam , which provided funds for the maintenance of the contingent kept up by the british in support of that princes ' authority , by the assignment of the berars in lieu of annual payments of the cost and large outstanding arrears . |
486 | encouragement | 1 | EVENT | his wide interest in everything that concerned the welfare of british economic interests in the country was shown in the encouragement he gave to the culture of tea , in his protection of forests , in the preservation of ancient and historic monuments . |
487 | ministry | 1 | INSTITUTION | in the struggle over the corn laws he ranged himself on the side of sir robert peel , and , after the failure of lord john russell to form a ministry he resumed his post at the board of trade , entering the cabinet on the retirement of lord stanley . |
488 | sepoy | 1 | UNKNOWN | dalhousie and the british called this uprising the ' sepoy mutiny ' - |
489 | friends | 1 | PERSON | in october 1829 , he passed on to christ church , oxford , where he worked fairly hard , won some distinction , and made many lifelong friends . |
490 | firm | 1 | INSTITUTION | james andrew broun-ramsay , his youngest son , was described as small in stature , with a firm chiseled mouth and high forehead . |
491 | colonel arthur phayre | 1 | PERSON | by what his supporters considered wise policy he attempted to pacify the new province , placing colonel arthur phayre in sole charge of it , personally visiting it , and establishing a system of telegraphs and communications . |
492 | church | 1 | PERSON | alma mater christ church , oxford known for doctrine of lapse james andrew broun-ramsay , 1st marquess of dalhousie kt pc ( 22 april 1812 - 19 december 1860 ) , known as the earl of dalhousie between 1838 and 1849 , was a scottish statesman and colonial administrator in british india . |
493 | jhansi | 1 | PERSON | under the policy he recommended the annexation of satara in january 1849 , of jaitpur and sambalpur in the same year , and of jhansi and nagpur in 1853 . |
494 | burmese | 1 | PERSON | he also commanded the second burmese war in 1852 , resulting in the capture of parts of burma . |
495 | april vans agnew | 1 | PERSON |  |
496 | commanders | 1 | ACT | in spite of substantial attempts by sikh and muslim forces to polarize opposition through religious and anti-british sentiment , dalhousie 's military commanders were able to maintain the loyalty of troops , with the exception of a small number of gurkah deserters . |
497 | summer retreat | 1 | PERSON | established in 1854 by the british empire in india as a summer retreat for its troops and bureaucrats , the hill station of dalhousie was named after lord dalhousie who was governor-general of india at that time . |
498 | baron northwick | 1 | UNKNOWN | two years later he and another student , robert adair , were expelled after bullying and nearly causing the death of george rushout , nephew of john rushout , 2nd baron northwick . |
499 | burmese court | 1 | EVENT | the burmese court at ava was bound by the treaty of yandaboo , 1826 , to protect british ships in burmese waters . |
500 | signs | 1 | SIGN | he was denounced by many in britain on the eve of his death as having failed to notice the signs of the brewing indian rebellion of 1857 , having aggravated the crisis by his overbearing self-confidence , centralizing activity and expansive annexations . |
501 | party | 1 | FORCE | another attempt to secure his services in the appointment of president of the railway board was equally unsuccessful ; but in 1847 he accepted the post of governor-general of india in succession to lord hardinge , on the understanding that he was to be left in " entire and unquestioned possession " of his own " personal independence with reference to party politics " . |
502 | successors | 1 | PERSON | he stands out as the far-sighted governor-general who consolidated east india company rule in india , laid the foundations of its later administration , and by his sound policy enabled his successors to stem the tide of rebellion . |
503 | rest | 1 | NUMBER | however , thousands of smaller landlords had their holdings completely removed as did the relatively poor who leased small parcels of their land while farming the rest . |
504 | council | 1 | HUMAN GROUP | he created the department of public instruction ; he improved the system of inspection of goals , abolishing the practice of branding convicts ; freed converts to other religions from the loss of their civil rights ; inaugurated the system of administrative reports ; and enlarged the legislative council of india . |
505 | arakan | 1 | UNKNOWN | some strangely spoke of the war as " uniting " territory , but in practice arakan , tenasserim and the new territories were still only linked in practical terms by sea . |
506 | lord aberdeen | 1 | PERSON | succeeding to the peerage , the new earl soon made his mark in a speech delivered on 16 june 1840 in support of lord aberdeen 's church of scotland benefices bill , a controversy arising out of the auchterarder case , in which he had already taken part in the general assembly in opposition to dr chalmers . |
507 | portions | 1 | PORTION | throughout his time in office , dalhousie disposed large landowners from portions of their estates . |
508 | belief | 1 | TRUST | when this belief that the british were intentionally forcing caste breaking was combined with the widespread belief that the british were intentionally violating hindu and muslim purity laws with their new greased cartridges , the consequences ( culminating in 1857 ) , would prove to be extremely destructive . |
509 | allowances | 1 | AMOUNT | napier ordered certain allowances , given as compensation for the dearness of provisions , to be granted to the sepoys on a system which had not been sanctioned from headquarters , and threatened to repeat the offence , the governor-general rebuked him to such a degree that napier resigned his command . |
510 | switzerland | 1 | PLACE | he then travelled in italy and switzerland , enriching with copious entries the diary which he religiously kept up through life , and storing his mind with valuable observations . |
511 | successor | 1 | PERSON | before he left for england he took personal interest and introduced the hindu widows ' remarriage act , 1856 , permitting widow remarriage which became an act after being approved by his successor , lord canning . development of infrastructure |
512 | john watson gordon | 1 | PERSON |  |
513 | population poor | 1 | UNKNOWN | this kept the population poor and bonded to agricultural activities promoting bonded labour . |
514 | thanks | 1 | EVENT | for his services the earl of dalhousie received the thanks of the parliament and a step in the peerage , as marquess . |
515 | lucknow | 1 | PLACE | in 1854 he appointed outram as resident at the court of lucknow , directing him to submit a report on the condition of the province . |
516 | friendship | 1 | CONDITION | he himself drafted the short treaty of peace and friendship which lawrence signed in 1855 , that officer receiving in 1856 the order of the bath as a knight commander in acknowledgement of his services in the matter . |
517 | allowance | 1 | AMOUNT | he then demanded a transfer to the company of the entire administration of oudh , the king merely retaining his royal rank , certain privileges in the courts , and a liberal allowance . |
518 | diary | 1 | ABSTRACT ENTITY | he then travelled in italy and switzerland , enriching with copious entries the diary which he religiously kept up through life , and storing his mind with valuable observations . |
519 | favour | 1 | PERSON | he along with bethune are credited with changing policy in favour of women 's education . |
520 | sail | 1 | EVENT | return to britain dalhousie , on 6 march 1856 , set sail for england on board the company 's " firoze , " an object of general sympathy and not less general respect . |
521 | remarriage act | 1 | ACT | before he left for england he took personal interest and introduced the hindu widows ' remarriage act , 1856 , permitting widow remarriage which became an act after being approved by his successor , lord canning . development of infrastructure |
522 | back | 1 | SUBSTANCE | during this period , he sought to expand the reach of the empire and rode long distances on horseback , in spite of having a bad back . |
523 | well being | 1 | UNKNOWN |  |
524 | construction | 1 | ABSTRACT ENTITY | the construction of massive irrigation works such as the 350-mile ganges canal , which contains thousands of miles of distributaries , was a substantial project that was particularly beneficial for the largely agricultural india . |
525 | task | 1 | EVENT | despite the successes gained by herbert edwardes in the second anglo-sikh war with mulraj , and gough 's indecisive victories at ramnagar in november , at sadulpur in december , and at chillianwala in the following month , the stubborn resistance at multan showed that the task required the utmost resources of the government . |
526 | publication | 1 | ACTION | by his last wish , his private journal and papers of personal interest were sealed against publication or inquiry for fully 50 years after his death . |
527 | peel | 1 | PERSON | the earl of aberdeen the viscount palmerston preceded by the viscount hardinge succeeded by the viscount canning president of the board of trade in office 5 february 1845 - 27 june 1846 monarch victoria prime minister sir robert peel preceded by william ewart gladstone succeeded by the earl of clarendon personal details born 22 april 1812 ( 1812-04-22 ) |
528 | subjugation | 1 | STATE | he afterward decided that the proper response was not merely for the capture of multan , but also the entire subjugation of the punjab . |
529 | soil | 1 | SOIL | in spite of damaging certain areas of farmland by increasing soil salinity , overall the individuals living along the canal were noticeably better fed and clothed than those who were not . |
530 | bethune women school | 1 | INSTITUTION | dalhousie even personally supported the bethune women school from his own money set up by bethune after his death . |
531 | patronage system | 1 | SYSTEM | he introduced a system of open competition as the basis of recruitment for civil servants of the company and thus deprived the directors of their patronage system under government of india act 1853 . |
532 | occasion | 1 | EVENT | pressed to intervene in hyderabad , he refused to do so , claiming on this occasion that interference was only justified if the administration of native princes tends unquestionably to the injury of the subjects or of the allies of the british government . |
533 | native states | 1 | PLACE | his foreign policy was guided by a desire to reduce the nominal independence of the larger native states , and to avoid extending the political relations of his government with foreign powers outside india . |
534 | exception | 1 | STATEMENT | in spite of substantial attempts by sikh and muslim forces to polarize opposition through religious and anti-british sentiment , dalhousie 's military commanders were able to maintain the loyalty of troops , with the exception of a small number of gurkah deserters . |
535 | frontier | 1 | PERSON | after the conquest of the punjab , he began the expensive process of attempting to police and control the northwest frontier region . |
536 | courts | 1 | EVENT | he then demanded a transfer to the company of the entire administration of oudh , the king merely retaining his royal rank , certain privileges in the courts , and a liberal allowance . |
537 | coalstoun | 1 | UNKNOWN | early life james andrew broun-ramsay was the third and youngest son of george ramsay , 9th earl of dalhousie ( 1770-1838 ) , one of wellington 's generals , who , after being governor general of canada , became commander-in-chief in india , and of his wife , christian ( née broun ) of coalstoun , haddingtonshire ( east lothian ) . |
538 | lord john russell | 1 | PERSON | in office 12 january 1848 - 28 february 1856 monarch victoria prime minister lord john russell the earl of derby |
539 | influence | 1 | POWER | during this period , john lawrence , 1st baron lawrence invoked his counsel and influence . |
540 | sense | 1 | SOUND | his policies , especially the doctrine of lapse , contributed to a growing sense of discontent among sectors of indian society and therefore greatly contributed to the indian rebellion of 1857 , which directly followed his departure from india . |
541 | prome | 1 | UNKNOWN | since , however , the court of ava was unwilling to surrender half the country in the name of " peace " , the second campaign opened in october , and after the capture of prome and pegu the annexation of the province of pegu was declared by a proclamation dated 20 december 1853 . |
542 | hyderabad | 1 | PLACE | pressed to intervene in hyderabad , he refused to do so , claiming on this occasion that interference was only justified if the administration of native princes tends unquestionably to the injury of the subjects or of the allies of the british government . |
543 | problem | 1 | EVENT | the home authorities had asked dalhousie to prolong his tenure of office during the crimean war , but the difficulties of the problem no less than complications elsewhere had induced him to delay operations . |
544 | segments | 1 | UNKNOWN | governance under the established " punjab school " of henry and john lawrence was initially successful , partially due to the system of local cultural respect , while still maintaining british values against acts of widow burning , female infanticide , and burying of lepers alive by small segments of the indian populace . |
545 | scheme | 1 | CONDITION | dalhousie was in bad health and on the eve of retirement when the belated orders reached him ; but he at once laid down instructions for outram in every detail , moved up troops , and elaborated a scheme of government with particular orders as to conciliating local opinion . |
546 | gough | 1 | PERSON | dalhousie agreed with sir hugh gough , the commander-in-chief , that the british east india company 's military forces were neither adequately equipped with transport and supplies , nor otherwise prepared to take the field immediately . |
547 | self confidence | 1 | EMOTION |  |
548 | gurkah deserters | 1 | PERSON | in spite of substantial attempts by sikh and muslim forces to polarize opposition through religious and anti-british sentiment , dalhousie 's military commanders were able to maintain the loyalty of troops , with the exception of a small number of gurkah deserters . |
549 | college | 1 | INSTITUTION | with the object of making the civil administration more european , he closed what he considered to be the useless college in calcutta for the education of young civilians , establishing in its place a european system of training them in mufasal stations , and subjecting them to departmental examinations . |
550 | pakistan | 1 | PLACE | nevertheless , the military engagement on the northwest frontier of india he began grew yearly in cost and continued without pause until the british left pakistan . |
551 | acts | 1 | ACT | governance under the established " punjab school " of henry and john lawrence was initially successful , partially due to the system of local cultural respect , while still maintaining british values against acts of widow burning , female infanticide , and burying of lepers alive by small segments of the indian populace . |
552 | extortions | 1 | FORM | the insurrection of the kolarian santals of bengal against the extortions of landlords and moneylenders had been severely repressed , but the causes of the insurrection had still to be reviewed and a remedy provided . |
553 | change | 1 | UNKNOWN | dalhousie declared that no single change was likely to produce more important and beneficial consequences than female education . |
554 | duty | 1 | ATTITUDE | but he proclaimed to one and all his desire for peace , and urged upon them the duty of tribal responsibility . |
555 | commands | 1 | COMMAND | the military boards were swept away ; selection took the place of seniority in the higher commands ; an army clothing and a stud department were created , and the medical service underwent complete reorganization . |
556 | term | 1 | TERM | sepoy being the common term for native indian soldiers in british service . |
557 | conflict | 1 | EVENT | in an attempt to minimize further conflict , he removed a number of these officials , establishing what he believed to be a more logical and rational system in which the punjab was systematically divided into districts and divisions , governed by district officers and commissioners respectively . |
558 | strain | 1 | EVENT | succeeding gladstone as president of the board of trade in 1845 , he threw himself into the work during the crisis of the railway mania with such energy that his health partially broke down under the strain . |
559 | side | 1 | PLACE | in the struggle over the corn laws he ranged himself on the side of sir robert peel , and , after the failure of lord john russell to form a ministry he resumed his post at the board of trade , entering the cabinet on the retirement of lord stanley . |
560 | requirement | 1 | STATEMENT | dalhousie 's continuation of the requirement that sepoys be forced to serve abroad . |
561 | sir robert peel | 1 | PERSON | the earl of aberdeen the viscount palmerston preceded by the viscount hardinge succeeded by the viscount canning president of the board of trade in office 5 february 1845 - 27 june 1846 monarch victoria prime minister sir robert peel preceded by william ewart gladstone succeeded by the earl of clarendon personal details born 22 april 1812 ( 1812-04-22 ) |
562 | wish | 1 | PERSON | by his last wish , his private journal and papers of personal interest were sealed against publication or inquiry for fully 50 years after his death . |
563 | sikh war | 1 | EVENT | second anglo sikh war on 19 april 1848 vans agnew of the civil service and lieutenant anderson of the bombay european regiment , having been sent to take charge of multan from diwan mulraj , were murdered there , and within a short time the troops and sardars joined in open rebellion . |
564 | sirs | 1 | TERM | with evidence that the revolt was spreading outwards , dalhousie declared , " unwarned by precedent , uninfluenced by example , the sikh nation has called for war ; and on my words , sirs , war they shall have and with a vengeance . " |
565 | henry | 1 | PERSON | governance under the established " punjab school " of henry and john lawrence was initially successful , partially due to the system of local cultural respect , while still maintaining british values against acts of widow burning , female infanticide , and burying of lepers alive by small segments of the indian populace . |
566 | victory | 1 | PERSON | here a complete victory was won on 21 february at the battle of gujrat , the sikh army surrendered at rawalpindi , and their afghan allies were chased out of india . |
567 | public | 1 | PERSON | he also founded the public works department in india . |
568 | dublin exhibition | 1 | PLACE | the koh-i-noor diamond was presented to queen victoria and displayed in 1851 and at the dublin exhibition in 1853 and the world 's fair in london in 1862 . |
569 | member | 1 | PERSON | an unsuccessful but courageous contest at the general election in 1835 for one of the seats in parliament for edinburgh , fought against such veterans as the future speaker , james abercrombie , afterwards lord dunfermline , and john campbell , future lord chancellor , was followed in 1837 by ramsay 's return to the house of commons as member for haddingtonshire . |
570 | office january | 1 | PERIOD |  |
571 | pioneers | 1 | PERSON | however , the province quickly became ruled by a group of " audacious and eccentric and often evangelical pioneers " . |
572 | main article | 1 | ARTICLE | main article : doctrine of lapse |
573 | february monarch victoria prime minister lord john russell the earl | 1 | PERSON |  |
574 | vengeance | 1 | FORM | with evidence that the revolt was spreading outwards , dalhousie declared , " unwarned by precedent , uninfluenced by example , the sikh nation has called for war ; and on my words , sirs , war they shall have and with a vengeance . " |
575 | sort | 1 | FORM | then he steered a middle course between the proposals of his own agent , herbert edwardes , who advocated an offensive alliance , and those of john lawrence , who would have avoided any sort of engagement . |
576 | distances | 1 | DISTANCE | during this period , he sought to expand the reach of the empire and rode long distances on horseback , in spite of having a bad back . |
577 | reforms dalhousie | 1 | PERSON |  |
578 | broun | 1 | PERSON | george ramsay ( father ) * christian broun ( mother ) |
579 | improvement | 1 | ACT | he introduced passenger trains to the railways , the electric telegraph and uniform postage , which he described as the " three great engines of social improvement " . |
580 | rights | 1 | UNKNOWN | he created the department of public instruction ; he improved the system of inspection of goals , abolishing the practice of branding convicts ; freed converts to other religions from the loss of their civil rights ; inaugurated the system of administrative reports ; and enlarged the legislative council of india . |
581 | indian administration | 1 | PLACE | his period of rule in india directly preceded the transformation into the victorian raj period of indian administration . |
582 | negotiations | 1 | PROCESS | he refrained from punishing dost mohammad for the part he had taken in the sikh war , and resolutely to refuse to enter upon any negotiations until the amir himself came forward . |
583 | leave | 1 | UNKNOWN | to the civil service he gave improved leave and pension rules , while he purified its moral by forbidding all share in trading concerns , by vigorously punishing insolvents , and by his personal example of careful selection in the matter of patronage . |
584 | land tenure | 1 | PERSON | another consequential set of reforms , were those aimed at modernizing the land tenure and revenue system . |
585 | alma mater christ church | 1 | PERSON | alma mater christ church , oxford known for doctrine of lapse james andrew broun-ramsay , 1st marquess of dalhousie kt pc ( 22 april 1812 - 19 december 1860 ) , known as the earl of dalhousie between 1838 and 1849 , was a scottish statesman and colonial administrator in british india . |
586 | chillianwala | 1 | UNKNOWN | despite the successes gained by herbert edwardes in the second anglo-sikh war with mulraj , and gough 's indecisive victories at ramnagar in november , at sadulpur in december , and at chillianwala in the following month , the stubborn resistance at multan showed that the task required the utmost resources of the government . |
587 | subjects | 1 | EVENT | pressed to intervene in hyderabad , he refused to do so , claiming on this occasion that interference was only justified if the administration of native princes tends unquestionably to the injury of the subjects or of the allies of the british government . |
588 | superiority | 1 | STATE | believing in inherent superiority of british rule over the " archaic " indian system of rule , dalhousie attempted to dismantle local rule . |
589 | class | 1 | UNKNOWN | his studies , however , were so greatly interrupted by the protracted illness and death in 1832 of his only surviving brother , that lord ramsay , as he then became , had to content himself with entering for a pass degree , though he was placed in fourth class of honours for michaelmas 1833 . |
590 | moneylenders | 1 | PERSON | the insurrection of the kolarian santals of bengal against the extortions of landlords and moneylenders had been severely repressed , but the causes of the insurrection had still to be reviewed and a remedy provided . |
591 | boards | 1 | NUMBER | the military boards were swept away ; selection took the place of seniority in the higher commands ; an army clothing and a stud department were created , and the medical service underwent complete reorganization . |
592 | great britain | 1 | PLACE | dalhousie castle , midlothian citizenship united kingdom of great britain and ireland spouse lady susan hay ( d. 1853 ) parents * |
593 | most honourable the marquess | 1 | PERSON | scottish statesman and colonial administrator ( 1812-1860 ) the most honourable the marquess of dalhousie kt pc governor-general of india |
594 | john | 1 | PERSON | in office 12 january 1848 - 28 february 1856 monarch victoria prime minister lord john russell the earl of derby |
595 | convicts | 1 | PERSON | he created the department of public instruction ; he improved the system of inspection of goals , abolishing the practice of branding convicts ; freed converts to other religions from the loss of their civil rights ; inaugurated the system of administrative reports ; and enlarged the legislative council of india . |
596 | regiments | 1 | RULE | in fact , this resulted in the mutiny of several regiments in the punjab . |
597 | kalat | 1 | PERSON | while , however , dalhousie was content with a mutual engagement with the afghan chief , binding each party to respect the territories of the other , he saw that a larger measure of interference was needed in baluchistan , and with the khan of kalat he authorized major jacob to negotiate a treaty of subordinate co-operation on 14 may 1854 . |
598 | plans | 1 | PLAN | the first link of railway communication was completed in 1855 , and well-considered plans mapped out the course of other lines and their method of administration . |
599 | departments | 1 | PERSON | dalhousie 's reforms were not confined to the departments of public works and military affairs . |
600 | areas | 1 | PLACE | in spite of damaging certain areas of farmland by increasing soil salinity , overall the individuals living along the canal were noticeably better fed and clothed than those who were not . |
601 | travel | 1 | EVENT | this created great discontent among indian sepoys , because it violated the hindu religious prohibition against travel . |
602 | unfair | 1 | UNKNOWN | his return had been eagerly looked for by statesmen who hoped that he would resume his public career , by the company which voted him an annual pension of £5,000 ( equivalent to £635,591.4 in 2023 ) , and by the queen who earnestly prayed for the blessing of restored health and strength ; conversely , the outbreak of the " sepoy mutiny " led to bitter attacks on the record of his policy , and to widespread criticisms ( both fair and unfair ) of his political interests and career . |
603 | second anglo sikh war | 1 | EVENT |  |
604 | canal | 1 | WATERWAY | in addition , the ganges canal was completed ; and despite the cost of wars in the punjab and burma , liberal provision was made for metalled roads and bridges . |
605 | communications | 1 | UNKNOWN | by what his supporters considered wise policy he attempted to pacify the new province , placing colonel arthur phayre in sole charge of it , personally visiting it , and establishing a system of telegraphs and communications . |
606 | august | 1 | PERIOD | unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( august 2019 ) ( |
607 | seats | 1 | ABSTRACT ENTITY | an unsuccessful but courageous contest at the general election in 1835 for one of the seats in parliament for edinburgh , fought against such veterans as the future speaker , james abercrombie , afterwards lord dunfermline , and john campbell , future lord chancellor , was followed in 1837 by ramsay 's return to the house of commons as member for haddingtonshire . |
608 | administration dalhousie | 1 | PERSON | in his administration dalhousie vigorously asserted his control over even minor military affairs , and when sir charles |
609 | post offices | 1 | STATE |  |
610 | admirals | 1 | RANK | the facts of the event were obscured by conflicts between colonial administrators reporting to the admirals of the navy , rather than the company or civil authorities . |
611 | events | 1 | EVENT | this statement , however , was to be falsified by events almost before it could reach britain . |
612 | india dalhousie | 1 | PLACE | governor-general of india dalhousie took charge of his dual duties as governor-general of india and governor of bengal on 12 january 1848 , and shortly afterwards he was honoured with the green ribbon of the order of the thistle . |
613 | excuse | 1 | STATE | the report provided the british an excuse for action based on " disorder and misrule " . |
614 | last | 1 | UNKNOWN | the annexation of oudh was reserved to the last . |
615 | rising | 1 | GOVERNMENT | if he should refuse this arrangement , a general rising would be arranged , and then the british government would intervene on its own terms . |
616 | groups | 1 | GROUP | this was particularly significant as the sepoys were often recruited from these economic groups . |
617 | pension rules | 1 | RULE | to the civil service he gave improved leave and pension rules , while he purified its moral by forbidding all share in trading concerns , by vigorously punishing insolvents , and by his personal example of careful selection in the matter of patronage . |
618 | general assembly | 1 | HUMAN GROUP | succeeding to the peerage , the new earl soon made his mark in a speech delivered on 16 june 1840 in support of lord aberdeen 's church of scotland benefices bill , a controversy arising out of the auchterarder case , in which he had already taken part in the general assembly in opposition to dr chalmers . |
619 | insolvents | 1 | PERSON | to the civil service he gave improved leave and pension rules , while he purified its moral by forbidding all share in trading concerns , by vigorously punishing insolvents , and by his personal example of careful selection in the matter of patronage . |
620 | knight commander | 1 | PERSON | he himself drafted the short treaty of peace and friendship which lawrence signed in 1855 , that officer receiving in 1856 the order of the bath as a knight commander in acknowledgement of his services in the matter . |
621 | rev. mr temple | 1 | PERSON |  |
622 | modernizer | 1 | UNKNOWN | in contrast to many of the past leaders of the british empire in india , he saw himself as an orientalist monarch and believed his rule was that of a modernizer , attempting to bring the british intellectual revolution to india . |
623 | british officers | 1 | PERSON | by removing the tract of country from local rule , enforcing the residence of british officers there , and employing the santal headmen in a local police , he created a system of administration which proved successful in maintaining order . |
624 | dependency | 1 | PLACE | the result of the war was to add an expensive new military and political dependency which did not generate sufficient taxes to pay for itself . |
625 | afghan chief | 1 | TERM | while , however , dalhousie was content with a mutual engagement with the afghan chief , binding each party to respect the territories of the other , he saw that a larger measure of interference was needed in baluchistan , and with the khan of kalat he authorized major jacob to negotiate a treaty of subordinate co-operation on 14 may 1854 . |
626 | converts | 1 | ABSTRACT ENTITY | he created the department of public instruction ; he improved the system of inspection of goals , abolishing the practice of branding convicts ; freed converts to other religions from the loss of their civil rights ; inaugurated the system of administrative reports ; and enlarged the legislative council of india . |
627 | material development | 1 | UNKNOWN | however , in his attempt to do so he ruled with authoritarianism , believing these means were the most likely to increase the material development and progress of india . |
628 | nature | 1 | NATURE | the nature of the dispute was mis-represented to parliament , and parliament played a role in further " suppressing " the facts released to the public , but most of the facts were established by comparative reading of these conflicting accounts in what was originally an anonymous pamphlet , how wars are got up in india ; this account by richard cobden remains almost the sole contemporaneous account of who actually made the decision to invade and annex burma . |
629 | boyhood | 1 | STATE | several years of his early boyhood were spent with his father and mother in canada . |
630 | sikh | 1 | UNKNOWN | second anglo sikh war on 19 april 1848 vans agnew of the civil service and lieutenant anderson of the bombay european regiment , having been sent to take charge of multan from diwan mulraj , were murdered there , and within a short time the troops and sardars joined in open rebellion . |
631 | progress | 1 | EVENT | however , in his attempt to do so he ruled with authoritarianism , believing these means were the most likely to increase the material development and progress of india . |
632 | contribution | 1 | ABSTRACT ENTITY | his contribution in the development of communication — railways , roads , postal and telegraph services — contributed to the modernization and unity of india . |
633 | departure | 1 | ACT | his policies , especially the doctrine of lapse , contributed to a growing sense of discontent among sectors of indian society and therefore greatly contributed to the indian rebellion of 1857 , which directly followed his departure from india . |
634 | office february | 1 | PERIOD |  |
635 | wife | 1 | PERSON | early life james andrew broun-ramsay was the third and youngest son of george ramsay , 9th earl of dalhousie ( 1770-1838 ) , one of wellington 's generals , who , after being governor general of canada , became commander-in-chief in india , and of his wife , christian ( née broun ) of coalstoun , haddingtonshire ( east lothian ) . |
636 | victorian raj period | 1 | PERIOD | his period of rule in india directly preceded the transformation into the victorian raj period of indian administration . |
637 | yangon | 1 | PLACE | bogyoke aung san park in yangon , myanmar was formerly named after lord dalhousie . |
638 | article | 1 | ARTICLE | main article : doctrine of lapse |
639 | burmese empire dalhousie | 1 | PERSON | to any further invasion of the burmese empire dalhousie was firmly opposed , being content to cut off burma 's commercial and political access to the outside world by the annexation . |
640 | crimean war | 1 | EVENT | the home authorities had asked dalhousie to prolong his tenure of office during the crimean war , but the difficulties of the problem no less than complications elsewhere had induced him to delay operations . |
641 | thames | 1 | PERSON | in defending the pretext for invasion after the fact , dalhousie quoted the maxim of lord wellesley that any insult offered to the british flag at the mouth of the ganges should be resented as promptly and fully as an insult offered at the mouth of the thames . |
642 | letters | 1 | SPEECH ACT | he created an imperial system of post-offices , reducing the rates of carrying letters and introducing postage stamps . |
643 | funds | 1 | AMOUNT | he negotiated in 1853 a treaty with the nizam , which provided funds for the maintenance of the contingent kept up by the british in support of that princes ' authority , by the assignment of the berars in lieu of annual payments of the cost and large outstanding arrears . |
644 | degree | 1 | EVENT | his studies , however , were so greatly interrupted by the protracted illness and death in 1832 of his only surviving brother , that lord ramsay , as he then became , had to content himself with entering for a pass degree , though he was placed in fourth class of honours for michaelmas 1833 . |
645 | major jacob | 1 | PERSON | while , however , dalhousie was content with a mutual engagement with the afghan chief , binding each party to respect the territories of the other , he saw that a larger measure of interference was needed in baluchistan , and with the khan of kalat he authorized major jacob to negotiate a treaty of subordinate co-operation on 14 may 1854 . |
646 | navy | 1 | PERSON | the facts of the event were obscured by conflicts between colonial administrators reporting to the admirals of the navy , rather than the company or civil authorities . |
647 | companionship | 1 | ENTITY | in the previous year he had married lady susan hay , daughter of the marquess of tweeddale , whose companionship was his chief support in india , and whose death in 1853 left him a heartbroken man . |
648 | unity | 1 | EVENT | his contribution in the development of communication — railways , roads , postal and telegraph services — contributed to the modernization and unity of india . |
649 | brother | 1 | PERSON | his studies , however , were so greatly interrupted by the protracted illness and death in 1832 of his only surviving brother , that lord ramsay , as he then became , had to content himself with entering for a pass degree , though he was placed in fourth class of honours for michaelmas 1833 . |
650 | enterprise | 1 | EVENT | dalhousie encouraged private enterprise to develop railways in india for the good of the people and also to reduce absolute dependence on the government . |
651 | princes tends | 1 | PERSON | pressed to intervene in hyderabad , he refused to do so , claiming on this occasion that interference was only justified if the administration of native princes tends unquestionably to the injury of the subjects or of the allies of the british government . |
652 | precedent | 1 | EVENT | with evidence that the revolt was spreading outwards , dalhousie declared , " unwarned by precedent , uninfluenced by example , the sikh nation has called for war ; and on my words , sirs , war they shall have and with a vengeance . " |
653 | soldier | 1 | UNKNOWN | he was equally careful of the well-being of the european soldier , providing him with healthy recreations and public gardens . |
654 | area | 1 | AREA | increasing irrigated area resulted in increase in population . |
655 | seat | 1 | ABSTRACT ENTITY | john offered dalhousie a seat in the cabinet , an offer which he declined from a fear that acceptance might involve the loss of public character . |
656 | detail | 1 | EVENT | dalhousie was in bad health and on the eve of retirement when the belated orders reached him ; but he at once laid down instructions for outram in every detail , moved up troops , and elaborated a scheme of government with particular orders as to conciliating local opinion . |
657 | sikh nation | 1 | PERSON | with evidence that the revolt was spreading outwards , dalhousie declared , " unwarned by precedent , uninfluenced by example , the sikh nation has called for war ; and on my words , sirs , war they shall have and with a vengeance . " |
658 | life james andrew broun ramsay | 1 | PERSON |  |
659 | tract | 1 | NARRATIVE | by removing the tract of country from local rule , enforcing the residence of british officers there , and employing the santal headmen in a local police , he created a system of administration which proved successful in maintaining order . |
660 | christian broun | 1 | PERSON | george ramsay ( father ) * christian broun ( mother ) |
661 | method | 1 | SET | the first link of railway communication was completed in 1855 , and well-considered plans mapped out the course of other lines and their method of administration . |
662 | veterans | 1 | GROUP | an unsuccessful but courageous contest at the general election in 1835 for one of the seats in parliament for edinburgh , fought against such veterans as the future speaker , james abercrombie , afterwards lord dunfermline , and john campbell , future lord chancellor , was followed in 1837 by ramsay 's return to the house of commons as member for haddingtonshire . |
663 | work | 1 | ACTIVITY | succeeding gladstone as president of the board of trade in 1845 , he threw himself into the work during the crisis of the railway mania with such energy that his health partially broke down under the strain . |
664 | sea | 1 | PLACE | some strangely spoke of the war as " uniting " territory , but in practice arakan , tenasserim and the new territories were still only linked in practical terms by sea . |
665 | dalhousie kt pc governor general | 1 | PERSON |  |
666 | alexandria | 1 | PLACE | at alexandria he was carried by h.m.s. " caradoc " to malta , and thence by the " tribune " to spithead , which he reached on 13 may . |
667 | uprising | 1 | ACT | dalhousie and the british called this uprising the ' sepoy mutiny ' - |
668 | distributaries | 1 | UNKNOWN | the construction of massive irrigation works such as the 350-mile ganges canal , which contains thousands of miles of distributaries , was a substantial project that was particularly beneficial for the largely agricultural india . |
669 | matters | 1 | STATE | on the other hand , he insisted on leaving all matters concerning persia and central asia to the decision of the queen 's advisers . |
670 | measure | 1 | MEASURE | while , however , dalhousie was content with a mutual engagement with the afghan chief , binding each party to respect the territories of the other , he saw that a larger measure of interference was needed in baluchistan , and with the khan of kalat he authorized major jacob to negotiate a treaty of subordinate co-operation on 14 may 1854 . |
671 | gardens | 1 | PLACE | he was equally careful of the well-being of the european soldier , providing him with healthy recreations and public gardens . |
672 | reach | 1 | ACT | during this period , he sought to expand the reach of the empire and rode long distances on horseback , in spite of having a bad back . |
673 | field | 1 | BALL | dalhousie agreed with sir hugh gough , the commander-in-chief , that the british east india company 's military forces were neither adequately equipped with transport and supplies , nor otherwise prepared to take the field immediately . |
674 | legacy | 1 | PERSON | legacy and commemoration dalhousie park ( now bogyoke aung san park ) in 1895 . |
675 | marquessate | 1 | UNKNOWN | as he had no sons the marquessate became extinct on his death . |
676 | option | 1 | DEFICIENCY | on 21 november 1855 , the court of directors instructed dalhousie to assume the control of oudh , and to give the king no option unless he was sure that his majesty would surrender the administration rather than risk a revolution . |
677 | james abercrombie | 1 | PERSON | an unsuccessful but courageous contest at the general election in 1835 for one of the seats in parliament for edinburgh , fought against such veterans as the future speaker , james abercrombie , afterwards lord dunfermline , and john campbell , future lord chancellor , was followed in 1837 by ramsay 's return to the house of commons as member for haddingtonshire . |
678 | evidence | 1 | ABSTRACT ENTITY | with evidence that the revolt was spreading outwards , dalhousie declared , " unwarned by precedent , uninfluenced by example , the sikh nation has called for war ; and on my words , sirs , war they shall have and with a vengeance . " |
679 | stations | 1 | PERSON | with the object of making the civil administration more european , he closed what he considered to be the useless college in calcutta for the education of young civilians , establishing in its place a european system of training them in mufasal stations , and subjecting them to departmental examinations . |
680 | man | 1 | PERSON | in the previous year he had married lady susan hay , daughter of the marquess of tweeddale , whose companionship was his chief support in india , and whose death in 1853 left him a heartbroken man . |
681 | dearness | 1 | PROPERTY | napier ordered certain allowances , given as compensation for the dearness of provisions , to be granted to the sepoys on a system which had not been sanctioned from headquarters , and threatened to repeat the offence , the governor-general rebuked him to such a degree that napier resigned his command . |
682 | lack | 1 | UNKNOWN | under the doctrine , the british annexed any non-british state where there was a lack of a proper male lineal heir . |
683 | june monarch victoria prime minister sir robert peel | 1 | PERSON |  |
684 | kolarian santals | 1 | UNKNOWN | the insurrection of the kolarian santals of bengal against the extortions of landlords and moneylenders had been severely repressed , but the causes of the insurrection had still to be reviewed and a remedy provided . |
685 | trading concerns | 1 | INSTANCE | to the civil service he gave improved leave and pension rules , while he purified its moral by forbidding all share in trading concerns , by vigorously punishing insolvents , and by his personal example of careful selection in the matter of patronage . |
686 | bureaucrats | 1 | UNKNOWN | established in 1854 by the british empire in india as a summer retreat for its troops and bureaucrats , the hill station of dalhousie was named after lord dalhousie who was governor-general of india at that time . |
687 | caste breaking | 1 | NUMBER | when this belief that the british were intentionally forcing caste breaking was combined with the widespread belief that the british were intentionally violating hindu and muslim purity laws with their new greased cartridges , the consequences ( culminating in 1857 ) , would prove to be extremely destructive . |
688 | irrigation works | 1 | UNKNOWN | the construction of massive irrigation works such as the 350-mile ganges canal , which contains thousands of miles of distributaries , was a substantial project that was particularly beneficial for the largely agricultural india . |
689 | inquiry | 1 | ACT | by his last wish , his private journal and papers of personal interest were sealed against publication or inquiry for fully 50 years after his death . |
690 | handful | 1 | RESOURCE | in nine minutes he suggested means for strengthening the company 's european forces , calling attention to the dangers that threatened the british community , a handful of scattered strangers ; but beyond the additional powers of recruitment which at his entreaty were granted in the government of india act 1853 ( 16 & 17 vict . c. 95 ) , his proposals were shelved by the home authorities as they represented yet more expense added to the cost of india . |
691 | hindu widows | 1 | PERSON | before he left for england he took personal interest and introduced the hindu widows ' remarriage act , 1856 , permitting widow remarriage which became an act after being approved by his successor , lord canning . development of infrastructure |
692 | embarrassment | 1 | STATE | in his correspondence and public statements , he was careful not to assign blame or cause embarrassment to colleagues in government . |
693 | relations | 1 | RELATION | his foreign policy was guided by a desire to reduce the nominal independence of the larger native states , and to avoid extending the political relations of his government with foreign powers outside india . |
694 | parcels | 1 | EVENT | however , thousands of smaller landlords had their holdings completely removed as did the relatively poor who leased small parcels of their land while farming the rest . |
695 | black mountain tribes | 1 | PLACE | the hillmen , he wrote , regard the plains as their food and prey , and the afridis , mohmands , black mountain tribes , waziris and others had to be taught that their new neighbours would not tolerate outrages . |
696 | caradoc | 1 | PERSON | at alexandria he was carried by h.m.s. " caradoc " to malta , and thence by the " tribune " to spithead , which he reached on 13 may . |
697 | populace | 1 | PERSON | governance under the established " punjab school " of henry and john lawrence was initially successful , partially due to the system of local cultural respect , while still maintaining british values against acts of widow burning , female infanticide , and burying of lepers alive by small segments of the indian populace . |
698 | calcutta | 1 | PLACE | with the object of making the civil administration more european , he closed what he considered to be the useless college in calcutta for the education of young civilians , establishing in its place a european system of training them in mufasal stations , and subjecting them to departmental examinations . |
699 | british flag | 1 | FLAG | in defending the pretext for invasion after the fact , dalhousie quoted the maxim of lord wellesley that any insult offered to the british flag at the mouth of the ganges should be resented as promptly and fully as an insult offered at the mouth of the thames . |
700 | army | 1 | HUMAN GROUP | this and other callous actions of the governor-general created bitter feelings among the indian soldiers in the british army , which finally led to the indian rebellion of 1857 . |
701 | hand | 1 | PROCESS | according to usual practise the treasury of duleep singh was considered war booty and duleep singh was forced to hand over the diamond . |
702 | railway mania | 1 | PERSON | succeeding gladstone as president of the board of trade in 1845 , he threw himself into the work during the crisis of the railway mania with such energy that his health partially broke down under the strain . |
703 | stud department | 1 | PERSON | the military boards were swept away ; selection took the place of seniority in the higher commands ; an army clothing and a stud department were created , and the medical service underwent complete reorganization . |
704 | scotland benefices bill | 1 | PERSON | succeeding to the peerage , the new earl soon made his mark in a speech delivered on 16 june 1840 in support of lord aberdeen 's church of scotland benefices bill , a controversy arising out of the auchterarder case , in which he had already taken part in the general assembly in opposition to dr chalmers . |
705 | journal | 1 | ABSTRACT ENTITY | by his last wish , his private journal and papers of personal interest were sealed against publication or inquiry for fully 50 years after his death . |
706 | majesty | 1 | QUALITY | on 21 november 1855 , the court of directors instructed dalhousie to assume the control of oudh , and to give the king no option unless he was sure that his majesty would surrender the administration rather than risk a revolution . |
707 | words | 1 | WORD | with evidence that the revolt was spreading outwards , dalhousie declared , " unwarned by precedent , uninfluenced by example , the sikh nation has called for war ; and on my words , sirs , war they shall have and with a vengeance . " |
708 | miles | 1 | COLLECTION | the construction of massive irrigation works such as the 350-mile ganges canal , which contains thousands of miles of distributaries , was a substantial project that was particularly beneficial for the largely agricultural india . |
709 | parish | 1 | PERSON | mr temple , incumbent of a quiet parish in staffordshire . |
710 | reading | 1 | PROPERTY | the nature of the dispute was mis-represented to parliament , and parliament played a role in further " suppressing " the facts released to the public , but most of the facts were established by comparative reading of these conflicting accounts in what was originally an anonymous pamphlet , how wars are got up in india ; this account by richard cobden remains almost the sole contemporaneous account of who actually made the decision to invade and annex burma . |
711 | size | 1 | SIZE | why dalhousie was so obsessed with increasing the size of a territory that did not generate sufficient revenue to pay for its own administration has never been explained . |
712 | transfer | 1 | UNKNOWN | he then demanded a transfer to the company of the entire administration of oudh , the king merely retaining his royal rank , certain privileges in the courts , and a liberal allowance . |
713 | complications | 1 | STATE | the home authorities had asked dalhousie to prolong his tenure of office during the crimean war , but the difficulties of the problem no less than complications elsewhere had induced him to delay operations . |
714 | amir | 1 | PERSON | he refrained from punishing dost mohammad for the part he had taken in the sikh war , and resolutely to refuse to enter upon any negotiations until the amir himself came forward . |
715 | punjabi rule | 1 | RULE | however , punjabi rule eventually came to be seen as despotic , largely because of the expansion of judicial system . |
716 | cases | 1 | STUDY | in these cases his action was approved by the home authorities , but his proposal to annex karauli in 1849 was disallowed , while baghat and the petty estate of udaipur , which he had annexed in 1851 and 1852 respectively , were afterwards restored to native rule . |
717 | authoritarianism | 1 | PERSON | however , in his attempt to do so he ruled with authoritarianism , believing these means were the most likely to increase the material development and progress of india . |
718 | italy | 1 | PLACE | he then travelled in italy and switzerland , enriching with copious entries the diary which he religiously kept up through life , and storing his mind with valuable observations . |
719 | male lineal heir | 1 | PERSON | under the doctrine , the british annexed any non-british state where there was a lack of a proper male lineal heir . |
720 | postage stamps | 1 | QUANTITY | he created an imperial system of post-offices , reducing the rates of carrying letters and introducing postage stamps . |
721 | people | 1 | HUMAN GROUP | dalhousie encouraged private enterprise to develop railways in india for the good of the people and also to reduce absolute dependence on the government . |
722 | consent | 1 | UNKNOWN | dalhousie , looking at the treaty of 1801 , decided that he could do as he wished with oudh as long as he had the king 's consent . |
723 | staunch utilitarian | 1 | PERSON | a staunch utilitarian , he sought to improve indian society under the prevalent benthamite ideals of the period . |
724 | general whish | 1 | UNKNOWN | at length , on 22 january 1849 , the multan fortress was taken by general whish , who was thus set at liberty to join gough at gujarat . |
725 | berar treaty | 1 | ARTIFACT | the berar treaty , he told sir charles wood , is more likely to keep the nizam on his throne than anything that has happened for 50 years to him , while at the same time the control thus acquired over a strip of territory intervening between bombay and nagpur promoted his policy of consolidation and his schemes of railway extension . |
726 | statesmen | 1 | PERSON | his return had been eagerly looked for by statesmen who hoped that he would resume his public career , by the company which voted him an annual pension of £5,000 ( equivalent to £635,591.4 in 2023 ) , and by the queen who earnestly prayed for the blessing of restored health and strength ; conversely , the outbreak of the " sepoy mutiny " led to bitter attacks on the record of his policy , and to widespread criticisms ( both fair and unfair ) of his political interests and career . |
727 | document | 1 | DOCUMENT | even after laying down office and while on his way home , he forced himself , ill as he was , to review his own administration in a document of such importance that the house of commons gave orders for its being printed ( blue book 245 of 1856 ) . |
728 | modernization | 1 | PROCESS | his contribution in the development of communication — railways , roads , postal and telegraph services — contributed to the modernization and unity of india . |
729 | outbreak | 1 | OCCURRENCE | his return had been eagerly looked for by statesmen who hoped that he would resume his public career , by the company which voted him an annual pension of £5,000 ( equivalent to £635,591.4 in 2023 ) , and by the queen who earnestly prayed for the blessing of restored health and strength ; conversely , the outbreak of the " sepoy mutiny " led to bitter attacks on the record of his policy , and to widespread criticisms ( both fair and unfair ) of his political interests and career . |
730 | tax farmers | 1 | PERSON | he also implemented policies attempting to end the rule of the zamindar tax farmers , as he viewed them as destructive " drones of the soil " . |
731 | sir charles wood | 1 | WOOD | the berar treaty , he told sir charles wood , is more likely to keep the nizam on his throne than anything that has happened for 50 years to him , while at the same time the control thus acquired over a strip of territory intervening between bombay and nagpur promoted his policy of consolidation and his schemes of railway extension . |
732 | michaelmas | 1 | UNKNOWN | his studies , however , were so greatly interrupted by the protracted illness and death in 1832 of his only surviving brother , that lord ramsay , as he then became , had to content himself with entering for a pass degree , though he was placed in fourth class of honours for michaelmas 1833 . |
733 | language | 1 | LANGUAGE | in practice , the new province was in language and culture very different from india . |
734 | reorganization | 1 | EVENT | the military boards were swept away ; selection took the place of seniority in the higher commands ; an army clothing and a stud department were created , and the medical service underwent complete reorganization . |
735 | unsourced material | 1 | MATERIAL | unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( august 2019 ) ( |
736 | religions | 1 | UNKNOWN | he created the department of public instruction ; he improved the system of inspection of goals , abolishing the practice of branding convicts ; freed converts to other religions from the loss of their civil rights ; inaugurated the system of administrative reports ; and enlarged the legislative council of india . |
737 | protection | 1 | DOCUMENT | his wide interest in everything that concerned the welfare of british economic interests in the country was shown in the encouragement he gave to the culture of tea , in his protection of forests , in the preservation of ancient and historic monuments . |
738 | institutions | 1 | INSTITUTION | reforms to improve the condition of the increased population such as immunization and establishment of educational institutions were never implemented . |
739 | project | 1 | ACTION | the construction of massive irrigation works such as the 350-mile ganges canal , which contains thousands of miles of distributaries , was a substantial project that was particularly beneficial for the largely agricultural india . |
740 | good | 1 | UNKNOWN | dalhousie encouraged private enterprise to develop railways in india for the good of the people and also to reduce absolute dependence on the government . |
741 | supporters | 1 | ABSTRACT ENTITY | by what his supporters considered wise policy he attempted to pacify the new province , placing colonel arthur phayre in sole charge of it , personally visiting it , and establishing a system of telegraphs and communications . |
742 | causes | 1 | CAUSE | the insurrection of the kolarian santals of bengal against the extortions of landlords and moneylenders had been severely repressed , but the causes of the insurrection had still to be reviewed and a remedy provided . |
743 | criticisms | 1 | UNKNOWN | his return had been eagerly looked for by statesmen who hoped that he would resume his public career , by the company which voted him an annual pension of £5,000 ( equivalent to £635,591.4 in 2023 ) , and by the queen who earnestly prayed for the blessing of restored health and strength ; conversely , the outbreak of the " sepoy mutiny " led to bitter attacks on the record of his policy , and to widespread criticisms ( both fair and unfair ) of his political interests and career . |
744 | uniform postage | 1 | AMOUNT | he introduced passenger trains to the railways , the electric telegraph and uniform postage , which he described as the " three great engines of social improvement " . |
745 | mohmands | 1 | UNKNOWN | the hillmen , he wrote , regard the plains as their food and prey , and the afridis , mohmands , black mountain tribes , waziris and others had to be taught that their new neighbours would not tolerate outrages . |
746 | william ewart gladstone | 1 | PERSON | the earl of aberdeen the viscount palmerston preceded by the viscount hardinge succeeded by the viscount canning president of the board of trade in office 5 february 1845 - 27 june 1846 monarch victoria prime minister sir robert peel preceded by william ewart gladstone succeeded by the earl of clarendon personal details born 22 april 1812 ( 1812-04-22 ) |
747 | reports | 1 | SYMBOL | he created the department of public instruction ; he improved the system of inspection of goals , abolishing the practice of branding convicts ; freed converts to other religions from the loss of their civil rights ; inaugurated the system of administrative reports ; and enlarged the legislative council of india . |
748 | strip | 1 | PLACE | the berar treaty , he told sir charles wood , is more likely to keep the nizam on his throne than anything that has happened for 50 years to him , while at the same time the control thus acquired over a strip of territory intervening between bombay and nagpur promoted his policy of consolidation and his schemes of railway extension . |
749 | tide | 1 | ABSTRACT ENTITY | he stands out as the far-sighted governor-general who consolidated east india company rule in india , laid the foundations of its later administration , and by his sound policy enabled his successors to stem the tide of rebellion . |
750 | lunch | 1 | FOOD | the shortest workday dalhousie would take began at half-past eight and would continue until half-past five , remaining at his desk even during lunch . |
751 | day | 1 | PERIOD | during this period , he was an extremely hard worker , often working sixteen to eighteen hours a day . |
752 | candidates | 1 | AMOUNT | the same spirit induced him to tolerate a war of succession in bahawalpur , so long as the contending candidates did not violate british territory . |
753 | lord hardinge | 1 | PERSON | another attempt to secure his services in the appointment of president of the railway board was equally unsuccessful ; but in 1847 he accepted the post of governor-general of india in succession to lord hardinge , on the understanding that he was to be left in " entire and unquestioned possession " of his own " personal independence with reference to party politics " . |
754 | attacks | 1 | EVENT | his return had been eagerly looked for by statesmen who hoped that he would resume his public career , by the company which voted him an annual pension of £5,000 ( equivalent to £635,591.4 in 2023 ) , and by the queen who earnestly prayed for the blessing of restored health and strength ; conversely , the outbreak of the " sepoy mutiny " led to bitter attacks on the record of his policy , and to widespread criticisms ( both fair and unfair ) of his political interests and career . |
755 | taxes | 1 | FORM | the result of the war was to add an expensive new military and political dependency which did not generate sufficient taxes to pay for itself . |
756 | diwan mulraj | 1 | PERSON | second anglo-sikh war on 19 april 1848 vans agnew of the civil service and lieutenant anderson of the bombay european regiment , having been sent to take charge of multan from diwan mulraj , were murdered there , and within a short time the troops and sardars joined in open rebellion . |
757 | responsibility | 1 | RESPONSIBILITY | but he proclaimed to one and all his desire for peace , and urged upon them the duty of tribal responsibility . |
758 | ireland spouse lady susan hay | 1 | PERSON | dalhousie castle , midlothian citizenship united kingdom of great britain and ireland spouse lady susan hay ( d. 1853 ) parents * |
759 | offer | 1 | OFFER | john offered dalhousie a seat in the cabinet , an offer which he declined from a fear that acceptance might involve the loss of public character . |
760 | difficulties | 1 | PERSON | the home authorities had asked dalhousie to prolong his tenure of office during the crimean war , but the difficulties of the problem no less than complications elsewhere had induced him to delay operations . |
761 | commemoration dalhousie park | 1 | PLACE | legacy and commemoration dalhousie park ( now bogyoke aung san park ) in 1895 . |
762 | forests | 1 | PLACE | his wide interest in everything that concerned the welfare of british economic interests in the country was shown in the encouragement he gave to the culture of tea , in his protection of forests , in the preservation of ancient and historic monuments . |
763 | others | 1 | UNKNOWN | the hillmen , he wrote , regard the plains as their food and prey , and the afridis , mohmands , black mountain tribes , waziris and others had to be taught that their new neighbours would not tolerate outrages . |
764 | civil service reform | 1 | PERSON | civil service reform |
765 | estate | 1 | ESTATE | in these cases his action was approved by the home authorities , but his proposal to annex karauli in 1849 was disallowed , while baghat and the petty estate of udaipur , which he had annexed in 1851 and 1852 respectively , were afterwards restored to native rule . |
766 | prohibition | 1 | PERIOD | this created great discontent among indian sepoys , because it violated the hindu religious prohibition against travel . |
767 | maxim | 1 | STATE | in defending the pretext for invasion after the fact , dalhousie quoted the maxim of lord wellesley that any insult offered to the british flag at the mouth of the ganges should be resented as promptly and fully as an insult offered at the mouth of the thames . |
768 | lord stanley | 1 | PERSON | in the struggle over the corn laws he ranged himself on the side of sir robert peel , and , after the failure of lord john russell to form a ministry he resumed his post at the board of trade , entering the cabinet on the retirement of lord stanley . |
769 | commodore lambert | 1 | PERSON | commodore lambert , despatched personally by dalhousie , deliberately provoked an incident and then announced a war . |
770 | military | 1 | UNKNOWN | dalhousie agreed with sir hugh gough , the commander-in-chief , that the british east india company 's military forces were neither adequately equipped with transport and supplies , nor otherwise prepared to take the field immediately . |
771 | indians | 1 | UNKNOWN | although often unpredictable or despotic , many indians in " rationalized " provinces preferred their previous native rule . |
772 | hill station | 1 | PLACE | established in 1854 by the british empire in india as a summer retreat for its troops and bureaucrats , the hill station of dalhousie was named after lord dalhousie who was governor-general of india at that time . |
773 | diamond | 1 | PERSON | in the process he captured the famous koh-i-noor diamond from the twelve-year old punjabi maharaja duleep singh . |
774 | christ church | 1 | PERSON | alma mater christ church , oxford known for doctrine of lapse james andrew broun-ramsay , 1st marquess of dalhousie kt pc ( 22 april 1812 - 19 december 1860 ) , known as the earl of dalhousie between 1838 and 1849 , was a scottish statesman and colonial administrator in british india . |
775 | competition | 1 | EVENT | he introduced a system of open competition as the basis of recruitment for civil servants of the company and thus deprived the directors of their patronage system under government of india act 1853 . |
776 | persia | 1 | PLACE | on the other hand , he insisted on leaving all matters concerning persia and central asia to the decision of the queen 's advisers . |
777 | sir john hobhouse | 1 | PERSON | shortly after assuming his duties , in writing to the president of the board of control , sir john hobhouse , he was able to assure him that everything was quiet . |
778 | money | 1 | MONEY | dalhousie even personally supported the bethune women school from his own money set up by bethune after his death . |
779 | mark | 1 | ORGANISATION | succeeding to the peerage , the new earl soon made his mark in a speech delivered on 16 june 1840 in support of lord aberdeen 's church of scotland benefices bill , a controversy arising out of the auchterarder case , in which he had already taken part in the general assembly in opposition to dr chalmers . |
780 | robert adair | 1 | PERSON | two years later he and another student , robert adair , were expelled after bullying and nearly causing the death of george rushout , nephew of john rushout , 2nd baron northwick . |
781 | pension | 1 | INSTANCE | to the civil service he gave improved leave and pension rules , while he purified its moral by forbidding all share in trading concerns , by vigorously punishing insolvents , and by his personal example of careful selection in the matter of patronage . |
782 | hours | 1 | PERIOD | during this period , he was an extremely hard worker , often working sixteen to eighteen hours a day . |
783 | oxford known | 1 | PERSON | alma mater christ church , oxford known for doctrine of lapse james andrew broun-ramsay , 1st marquess of dalhousie kt pc ( 22 april 1812 - 19 december 1860 ) , known as the earl of dalhousie between 1838 and 1849 , was a scottish statesman and colonial administrator in british india . |
784 | conflicts | 1 | EVENT | the facts of the event were obscured by conflicts between colonial administrators reporting to the admirals of the navy , rather than the company or civil authorities . |
785 | pamphlet | 1 | PERSON | the nature of the dispute was mis-represented to parliament , and parliament played a role in further " suppressing " the facts released to the public , but most of the facts were established by comparative reading of these conflicting accounts in what was originally an anonymous pamphlet , how wars are got up in india ; this account by richard cobden remains almost the sole contemporaneous account of who actually made the decision to invade and annex burma . |
786 | successes | 1 | ACT | despite the successes gained by herbert edwardes in the second anglo-sikh war with mulraj , and gough 's indecisive victories at ramnagar in november , at sadulpur in december , and at chillianwala in the following month , the stubborn resistance at multan showed that the task required the utmost resources of the government . |
787 | hillmen | 1 | STATE | the hillmen , he wrote , regard the plains as their food and prey , and the afridis , mohmands , black mountain tribes , waziris and others had to be taught that their new neighbours would not tolerate outrages . |
788 | malvern | 1 | PERSON | his health deteriorated in malta and at malvern , edinburgh , where he sought medical treatment . |
789 | acceptance | 1 | DOCUMENT | john offered dalhousie a seat in the cabinet , an offer which he declined from a fear that acceptance might involve the loss of public character . |
790 | drones | 1 | DEVICE | he also implemented policies attempting to end the rule of the zamindar tax farmers , as he viewed them as destructive " drones of the soil " . |
791 | recreations | 1 | ACTIVITY | he was equally careful of the well-being of the european soldier , providing him with healthy recreations and public gardens . |
792 | lawrence | 1 | PERSON | governance under the established " punjab school " of henry and john lawrence was initially successful , partially due to the system of local cultural respect , while still maintaining british values against acts of widow burning , female infanticide , and burying of lepers alive by small segments of the indian populace . |
793 | awadh | 1 | PERSON | the annexation of awadh made dalhousie very unpopular in the region . |
794 | act | 1 | ACT | before he left for england he took personal interest and introduced the hindu widows ' remarriage act , 1856 , permitting widow remarriage which became an act after being approved by his successor , lord canning . development of infrastructure |
795 | advisers | 1 | PERSON | on the other hand , he insisted on leaving all matters concerning persia and central asia to the decision of the queen 's advisers . |
796 | chancellor | 1 | PERSON | an unsuccessful but courageous contest at the general election in 1835 for one of the seats in parliament for edinburgh , fought against such veterans as the future speaker , james abercrombie , afterwards lord dunfermline , and john campbell , future lord chancellor , was followed in 1837 by ramsay 's return to the house of commons as member for haddingtonshire . |
797 | dalhousie kt pc | 1 | PERSON | scottish statesman and colonial administrator ( 1812-1860 ) the most honourable the marquess of dalhousie kt pc governor-general of india |
798 | princes | 1 | PERSON | pressed to intervene in hyderabad , he refused to do so , claiming on this occasion that interference was only justified if the administration of native princes tends unquestionably to the injury of the subjects or of the allies of the british government . |
799 | colleagues | 1 | PERSON | in his correspondence and public statements , he was careful not to assign blame or cause embarrassment to colleagues in government . |
800 | headmen | 1 | HEAD | by removing the tract of country from local rule , enforcing the residence of british officers there , and employing the santal headmen in a local police , he created a system of administration which proved successful in maintaining order . |
801 | observations | 1 | CONCLUSION | he then travelled in italy and switzerland , enriching with copious entries the diary which he religiously kept up through life , and storing his mind with valuable observations . |
802 | poor | 1 | UNKNOWN | this kept the population poor and bonded to agricultural activities promoting bonded labour . |
803 | training | 1 | TRAIN | with the object of making the civil administration more european , he closed what he considered to be the useless college in calcutta for the education of young civilians , establishing in its place a european system of training them in mufasal stations , and subjecting them to departmental examinations . |
804 | mulraj | 1 | PERSON | second anglo-sikh war on 19 april 1848 vans agnew of the civil service and lieutenant anderson of the bombay european regiment , having been sent to take charge of multan from diwan mulraj , were murdered there , and within a short time the troops and sardars joined in open rebellion . |
805 | ships | 1 | SHIP | the burmese court at ava was bound by the treaty of yandaboo , 1826 , to protect british ships in burmese waters . |
806 | clothing | 1 | ACTIVITY | the military boards were swept away ; selection took the place of seniority in the higher commands ; an army clothing and a stud department were created , and the medical service underwent complete reorganization . |
807 | sir | 1 | PERSON | the earl of aberdeen the viscount palmerston preceded by the viscount hardinge succeeded by the viscount canning president of the board of trade in office 5 february 1845 - 27 june 1846 monarch victoria prime minister sir robert peel preceded by william ewart gladstone succeeded by the earl of clarendon personal details born 22 april 1812 ( 1812-04-22 ) |
808 | tea | 1 | PLACE | his wide interest in everything that concerned the welfare of british economic interests in the country was shown in the encouragement he gave to the culture of tea , in his protection of forests , in the preservation of ancient and historic monuments . |
809 | transport | 1 | SYSTEM | dalhousie agreed with sir hugh gough , the commander-in-chief , that the british east india company 's military forces were neither adequately equipped with transport and supplies , nor otherwise prepared to take the field immediately . |
810 | thistle | 1 | PERSON | governor-general of india dalhousie took charge of his dual duties as governor-general of india and governor of bengal on 12 january 1848 , and shortly afterwards he was honoured with the green ribbon of the order of the thistle . |
811 | means | 1 | UNKNOWN | however , in his attempt to do so he ruled with authoritarianism , believing these means were the most likely to increase the material development and progress of india . |
812 | studies | 1 | STUDY | his studies , however , were so greatly interrupted by the protracted illness and death in 1832 of his only surviving brother , that lord ramsay , as he then became , had to content himself with entering for a pass degree , though he was placed in fourth class of honours for michaelmas 1833 . |
813 | prey | 1 | PHYSICAL OBJECT | the hillmen , he wrote , regard the plains as their food and prey , and the afridis , mohmands , black mountain tribes , waziris and others had to be taught that their new neighbours would not tolerate outrages . |
814 | yandaboo | 1 | UNKNOWN | the burmese court at ava was bound by the treaty of yandaboo , 1826 , to protect british ships in burmese waters . |
815 | lieutenant governor | 1 | PERSON |  |
816 | expense | 1 | EVENT | in nine minutes he suggested means for strengthening the company 's european forces , calling attention to the dangers that threatened the british community , a handful of scattered strangers ; but beyond the additional powers of recruitment which at his entreaty were granted in the government of india act 1853 ( 16 & 17 vict . c. 95 ) , his proposals were shelved by the home authorities as they represented yet more expense added to the cost of india . |
817 | anything | 1 | ANYTHING | the berar treaty , he told sir charles wood , is more likely to keep the nizam on his throne than anything that has happened for 50 years to him , while at the same time the control thus acquired over a strip of territory intervening between bombay and nagpur promoted his policy of consolidation and his schemes of railway extension . |
818 | district officers | 1 | PERSON | in an attempt to minimize further conflict , he removed a number of these officials , establishing what he believed to be a more logical and rational system in which the punjab was systematically divided into districts and divisions , governed by district officers and commissioners respectively . |
819 | payments | 1 | INSTANCE | he negotiated in 1853 a treaty with the nizam , which provided funds for the maintenance of the contingent kept up by the british in support of that princes ' authority , by the assignment of the berars in lieu of annual payments of the cost and large outstanding arrears . |
820 | europeanization | 1 | UNKNOWN | europeanization and consolidation of authority were the keynote of his policy . |
821 | incident | 1 | EVENT | commodore lambert , despatched personally by dalhousie , deliberately provoked an incident and then announced a war . |
822 | continuation | 1 | ACT | dalhousie 's continuation of the requirement that sepoys be forced to serve abroad . |
823 | gujrat | 1 | PLACE | here a complete victory was won on 21 february at the battle of gujrat , the sikh army surrendered at rawalpindi , and their afghan allies were chased out of india . |
824 | captain | 1 | PERSON | he was also given the honorary post of captain of deal castle the same year . |
825 | britain dalhousie | 1 | PLACE | return to britain dalhousie , on 6 march 1856 , set sail for england on board the company 's " firoze , " an object of general sympathy and not less general respect . |
826 | reforms doctrine | 1 | PLACE | policies of reforms doctrine of lapse portrait of lord dalhousie by john watson-gordon , 1847 . |
827 | measures | 1 | MEASURE | other measures with the same object were carried out in the company 's own territories . |
828 | east india company | 1 | INSTITUTION | he stands out as the far-sighted governor-general who consolidated east india company rule in india , laid the foundations of its later administration , and by his sound policy enabled his successors to stem the tide of rebellion . |
829 | lieutenant anderson | 1 | PERSON | second anglo-sikh war on 19 april 1848 vans agnew of the civil service and lieutenant anderson of the bombay european regiment , having been sent to take charge of multan from diwan mulraj , were murdered there , and within a short time the troops and sardars joined in open rebellion . |
830 | midlothian | 1 | UNKNOWN | dalhousie castle , midlothian , scotland died 19 |
831 | ribbon | 1 | TOOL | governor-general of india dalhousie took charge of his dual duties as governor-general of india and governor of bengal on 12 january 1848 , and shortly afterwards he was honoured with the green ribbon of the order of the thistle . |
832 | communication | 1 | PERSON | his contribution in the development of communication — railways , roads , postal and telegraph services — contributed to the modernization and unity of india . |
833 | christian | 1 | PERSON | george ramsay ( father ) * christian broun ( mother ) |
834 | keynote | 1 | EVENT | europeanization and consolidation of authority were the keynote of his policy . |
835 | pass degree | 1 | EVENT | his studies , however , were so greatly interrupted by the protracted illness and death in 1832 of his only surviving brother , that lord ramsay , as he then became , had to content himself with entering for a pass degree , though he was placed in fourth class of honours for michaelmas 1833 . |
836 | maharaja | 1 | PERSON | in the process he captured the famous koh-i-noor diamond from the twelve-year old punjabi maharaja duleep singh . |
837 | stature | 1 | EVENT | james andrew broun-ramsay , his youngest son , was described as small in stature , with a firm chiseled mouth and high forehead . |
838 | northwest frontier region | 1 | PLACE | after the conquest of the punjab , he began the expensive process of attempting to police and control the northwest frontier region . |
839 | energy | 1 | ENERGY | succeeding gladstone as president of the board of trade in 1845 , he threw himself into the work during the crisis of the railway mania with such energy that his health partially broke down under the strain . |
840 | united kingdom | 1 | PLACE | dalhousie castle , midlothian citizenship united kingdom of great britain and ireland spouse lady susan hay ( d. 1853 ) parents * |
841 | conviction | 1 | QUALITY | dalhousie , driven by the conviction that all india needed to be brought under british administration , began to apply what was called the doctrine of lapse . |
842 | message | 1 | SPEECH ACT | learn how and when to remove this message ) |
843 | food | 1 | FOOD | the hillmen , he wrote , regard the plains as their food and prey , and the afridis , mohmands , black mountain tribes , waziris and others had to be taught that their new neighbours would not tolerate outrages . |
844 | agent | 1 | SET | then he steered a middle course between the proposals of his own agent , herbert edwardes , who advocated an offensive alliance , and those of john lawrence , who would have avoided any sort of engagement . |
845 | george | 1 | PERSON | george ramsay ( father ) * christian broun ( mother ) |
846 | wellington | 1 | PLACE | early life james andrew broun-ramsay was the third and youngest son of george ramsay , 9th earl of dalhousie ( 1770-1838 ) , one of wellington 's generals , who , after being governor general of canada , became commander-in-chief in india , and of his wife , christian ( née broun ) of coalstoun , haddingtonshire ( east lothian ) . |
847 | monuments | 1 | ACT | his wide interest in everything that concerned the welfare of british economic interests in the country was shown in the encouragement he gave to the culture of tea , in his protection of forests , in the preservation of ancient and historic monuments . |
848 | oxford | 1 | PERSON | alma mater christ church , oxford known for doctrine of lapse james andrew broun-ramsay , 1st marquess of dalhousie kt pc ( 22 april 1812 - 19 december 1860 ) , known as the earl of dalhousie between 1838 and 1849 , was a scottish statesman and colonial administrator in british india . |
849 | baluchistan | 1 | UNKNOWN | while , however , dalhousie was content with a mutual engagement with the afghan chief , binding each party to respect the territories of the other , he saw that a larger measure of interference was needed in baluchistan , and with the khan of kalat he authorized major jacob to negotiate a treaty of subordinate co-operation on 14 may 1854 . |
850 | revolt | 1 | ACT | with evidence that the revolt was spreading outwards , dalhousie declared , " unwarned by precedent , uninfluenced by example , the sikh nation has called for war ; and on my words , sirs , war they shall have and with a vengeance . " |
851 | access | 1 | INCREASE | to any further invasion of the burmese empire dalhousie was firmly opposed , being content to cut off burma 's commercial and political access to the outside world by the annexation . |
852 | ganges | 1 | PERSON | in defending the pretext for invasion after the fact , dalhousie quoted the maxim of lord wellesley that any insult offered to the british flag at the mouth of the ganges should be resented as promptly and fully as an insult offered at the mouth of the thames . |
853 | provinces | 1 | ENTITY | although often unpredictable or despotic , many indians in " rationalized " provinces preferred their previous native rule . |
854 | lapse james andrew broun ramsay | 1 | PERSON |  |

## Objects sorted by category

Categoría | Objetos
PERSON | aberdeen addition administration dalhousie administrator administrators advisers alma mater christ church amir april vans agnew attention authoritarian authoritarianism authorities authority awadh baron dalhousie baron lawrence battle began bengal bethune blessing blue book bridges british officers brother broun burma burmese burmese empire dalhousie burmese kingdom captain caradoc career susan champion chancellor christ church christian christian broun church civil service reform civilians colleagues colonel arthur phayre commissioners commodore lambert communication convicts corn laws counsel counsellor course critics dalhousie dalhousie castle dalhousie kt pc dalhousie kt pc governor general dalhousies successors daughter deal castle delegate department departments derby desk diamond difficulties district officers diwan mulraj dost mohammad dr chalmers duleep singh earl east lothian elder elite engines eve fair father favour february monarch victoria prime minister lord john russell the earl friends frontier ganges generals george george ramsay gladstone gough governor governor general gurkah deserters heir henry herbert edwardes hindu widows home authorities infanticide insolvents ireland spouse lady susan hay james abercrombie james andrew broun ramsay jhansi john john campbell john lawrence john watson gordon june monarch victoria prime minister sir robert peel kalat khan king kingdom knight commander koh i noor diamond labour lady susan hay land tenure landowners lapse james andrew broun ramsay lapse portrait lawrence leaders legacy lepers liberty lieu lieutenant anderson lieutenant governor life james andrew broun ramsay lines lord lord aberdeen lord dalhousie lord dunfermline lord hardinge lord john lord john russell lord ramsay lord stanley lord wellesley loss maharaja major jacob male lineal heir malvern man marquess member monarch moneylenders moral most honourable the marquess mother mouth mulraj muslim muslim purity laws napier navy network nizam outrages outram oxford oxford known pamphlet papers parents parish peel pioneers populace population president princes princes tends public public works department punjabi maharaja duleep singh queen queen victoria railway board railway communication railway mania ramsay reforms dalhousie resident resistance rev. mr temple richard cobden roads robert adair ruler satara scotland benefices bill servants sikh nation sir sir charles napier sir john hobhouse sir robert peel son sons statesman statesmen stations staunch utilitarian strangers strength stud department student successor successors summer retreat superiors tax farmers thames thistle throne tribune tweeddale understanding vice president victory viscount viscount hardinge viscount palmerston wife william ewart gladstone wish women workday dalhousie worker
PLACE | administration alexandria annexation annexations areas ava bahawalpur bath black mountain tribes bogyoke aung san park bombay britain britain dalhousie british administration british india calcutta canada central asia commemoration dalhousie park country dependency doctrine dublin exhibition edinburgh england forests gardens great britain gujarat gujrat haddingtonshire hill station house hyderabad india india dalhousie indian administration italy london lucknow malta midlothian citizenship united kingdom myanmar nagpur native states northwest frontier region office officer pakistan persia place province punjab rangoon rawalpindi reforms doctrine region reign residence scotland sea side staffordshire states strip switzerland tea territories territory united kingdom way home wellington world yangon
EVENT | anglo sikh war attacks benthamite ideals blame burmese court burmese war capture cartridges clarendon personal details competition conflict conflicts contingent cost court courts crimean war crisis death degree desire detail disaster discontent encouragement enterprise establishment event events expense incident individuals infrastructure instruction instructions keynote life link occasion opposition parcels pass degree patronage peace precedent problem progress recruitment remarriage reorganization respect sail second anglo sikh war second burmese war section sentiment sikh war spite stature strain subjects sympathy task thanks travel ultimatum unity war wars
ACT | achievement act acts cabinet citations commanders continuation departure expansion immunization improvement india act inquiry interference monuments pause preservation provision provisions reach remarriage act retirement revolt step successes support uprising verification
PERIOD | april august day december february hours january june march may minutes month november october office february office january period prohibition tenure time victorian raj period year years
ABSTRACT ENTITY | afghan allies allies compensation construction contribution converts creation culture diary drain equivalent evidence example failure farmland journal neighbours proposals seat seats supporters tide war booty
STATE | alliance boyhood british empire complications embarrassment empire engagement excuse governance hillmen independence loyalty matter matters maxim misrule possession post offices spirit state subjugation superiority welfare
INSTITUTION | bethune women school british east india company college company east india company firm harrow school institutions ministry punjab school railway extension service society university
AMOUNT | allowance allowances candidates charge dangers funds interest interests maintenance reforms revenue supplies uniform postage
PROCESS | assignment co operation divisions education election hand modernization negotiations operations practice process trade
PROPERTY | community dearness disorder forehead government policy health marchioness policies policy reading sound policy wise policy
ACTION | action actions affairs attempt attempts insurrection party politics project publication response share
GROUP | basis control engineering colleges examinations group groups inspection presidency veterans
HUMAN GROUP | army bombay european regiment british army council general assembly parliament people sikh army troops
ACTIVITY | activities activity clothing entreaty everything feelings recreations work
CONDITION | condition conquest contest friendship scheme schemes victories
STATEMENT | exception proclamation requirement return statement statements strike
FORM | extortions form mind sort struggle taxes vengeance
NUMBER | board boards caste breaking number record reference rest
TERM | afghan chief commander in chief sirs term terms treasury
FORCE | character forces indian rebellion invasion party rebellion
GOVERNMENT | british government government mutiny police rising sepoy mutiny
SYSTEM | patronage system railways revenue system system transport
INSTANCE | benefit entries payments pension trading concerns
QUALITY | account accounts conviction importance majesty
RULE | pension rules punjabi rule regiments rule transformation
STUDY | auchterarder case cases revolution studies
RESOURCE | handful remedy resources selection
ESTATE | dispatch estate estates
RANK | admirals rank sources
TRUST | belief opinion widespread belief
DOCUMENT | acceptance document protection
MEASURE | measure measures seniority
ENTITY | companionship holdings provinces
ARTIFACT | berar treaty directors treaty
PORTION | portions telegraph telegraphs
CONCEPT | districts services speaker
RESULT | contrast factor result
SET | agent method set
GARMENT | order orders
COMMAND | command commands
WATERWAY | canal ganges canal
NARRATIVE | lapse tract
LAND | land soil salinity
POWER | influence powers
ATTITUDE | duties duty
SOUND | distinction sense
SPEECH | insult speech
ANYTHING | anything foundations
BALL | field plains
DECISION | appointment decision
COLLECTION | miles peerage
OCCURRENCE | campaign outbreak
SYMBOL | report reports
TRAIN | training trains
DEFICIENCY | dependence option
ARTICLE | article main article
INCREASE | access increase
QUANTITY | career postage stamps
SPEECH ACT | letters message
FOOD | food lunch
MONEY | money subsidy
EMOTION | fear self confidence
ROLE | role
FLAG | british flag
CONCLUSION | observations
RATE | rates
WATER | waters
LANGUAGE | language
QUESTION | questions
CONSEQUENCE | consequences
DEVICE | drones
POSITION | multan fortress
ILLNESS | illness
SOIL | soil
TENDENCY | consolidation
CAUSE | causes
DISTANCE | distances
ORGANISATION | mark
TREATMENT | treatment
TOOL | ribbon
NAME | name
FISH | landlords
SIZE | size
WOOD | sir charles wood
OFFER | offer
BRANCH | diplomacy
AREA | area
GOAL | goals
RESPONSIBILITY | responsibility
PLAN | plans
MATERIAL | unsourced material
COMMITMENT | commitment
DRINK | horseback
WORD | words
INJURY | injury
PART | parts
NATURE | nature
SIMILARITY | correspondence
PRIVILEGE | privileges
SUBSTANCE | back
RELATION | relations
PURPOSE | pretext
HEAD | headmen
ARRANGEMENT | arrangement
SUCCESSION | succession
DISPUTE | dispute
SIGN | signs
ENERGY | energy
SHIP | ships
LENGTH | length
PHYSICAL OBJECT | prey