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English draper and politician Francis Schnadhorst " The Caucus " : caricature by " Stuff " published in Vanity Fair in 1892 . Personal details Born ( 1840-08-24) 24 August 1840 Died 2 January 1900 ( 1900-01-02 ) ( aged 59 ) Roehampton , England Political party Liberal Spouse Mary Anne Thomas Children 3 Francis Schnadhorst ( 24 August 1840 - 2 January 1900 ) was a Birmingham draper and English Liberal Party politician . He briefly held elected office on Birmingham Council , and was offered the chance to stand for Parliament in winnable seats , but he found his true metier was in political organisation and administration both in his home town as secretary of the highly successful Birmingham Liberal Association from 1867 to 1884 , and nationally as secretary of the newly formed National Liberal Federation from 1877 to 1893 . He was famously described as " the spectacled , sallow , sombre " Birmingham draper who within a short period of time was to establish himself through the Birmingham Liberal caucus as one of the most brilliant organisers in the country . Family and education Francis Schnadhorst was the son of a draper and hosier of German descent who carried on business in Bull Street , Birmingham . His father died when he was very young and he was brought up by his mother and his paternal grandfather who owned a tailoring business in Moor Street . He was educated at King Edward 's School , Birmingham . Career When Schnadhorst was sixteen his grandfather died , and Francis took over the family business . However , like many Victorian tradesman and ardent nonconformists , he was keenly interested in improving himself and his town . He involved himself in the civic life of Birmingham . He served as secretary to the Central Nonconformist Committee set up in Birmingham to oppose Church influence in education . He was also an active member of a number of Birmingham civic and local improvement societies . Through these groups and the close connection between nonconformity , self-help and Liberalism , Schnadhorst was drawn into political activity for the Liberal Party . Politics Birmingham Before the end of the 19th century the Liberal party 's championing of reform and improvement had created in Birmingham a model of civic government . The 1885 Redistribution Act created seven single-member constituencies , more than doubling Birmingham 's representation in Parliament . A Royal decree declared the corporation of the City of Birmingham in 1889 and the first Lord Mayor was elected in 1896 . The local Liberal Party was compelled to rethink its structure in response to this civic expansion , and in anticipation of the additional electors enfranchised by the 1867 Reform Act . The Birmingham Liberal Association was established in 1865 , and radically reorganised by its secretary , William Harris , in 1868 : Schnadhorst succeeded Harris as secretary in 1873 . Membership was open to anyone able to pay the one shilling annual fee , meaning that political participation was no longer the preserve of the traditional ruling classes . In 1868 the Association had 400 members , but by 1886 it had become known as " the Two Thousand " . Its existence enabled the Liberals to fight general , town council and school board elections more effectively and successfully . This party structure was what subsequently became known , both locally and nationally , as the Liberal Caucus - a name initially coined by detractors as a term of abuse , but afterwards adopted by the Liberals themselves . As an example of political efficiency the Caucus could not be rivalled , and this was due in large part to Schnadhorst 's administrative abilities . Schnadhorst first became involved in political activity at the Birmingham election of 1867 when he took on the roles of vice-chairman and secretary to the St. George 's Ward Liberal committee . He was himself briefly a member of the Council for St Mary 's Ward in 1872 , but was most effective as secretary of the Birmingham Liberal Association from 1873 onwards . The Liberals had already been electorally successful in Birmingham , particularly at the 1868 general election , but Schnadhorst bolstered the party 's organisation to oust the Conservative and Anglican majorities on the town council and the school board . Joseph Chamberlain may have provided the political leadership to make Birmingham the " gas and water " socialist capital of Victorian civic life , but behind the scenes Schnadhorst was " the organising genius of the Birmingham association " . The chance of a Parliamentary seat Before the 1885 general election , Schnadhorst was invited to stand in two Birmingham seats , South and East , both of which were subsequently won by the Liberals . However he did not wish to enter Parliament . He said he felt he could better promote the cause of Liberalism through his administrative work for the party . In 1890 he also turned down the offer of a seat in Newcastle-under-Lyme but by this time his health was deteriorating ; he had already had to have some time off work on medical advice and had undertaken a holiday voyage to Australia a few years earlier . National Liberal Federation In 1877 , along with Joseph Chamberlain and William Harris , Schnadhorst was instrumental in the establishment of the National Liberal Federation ( NLF ) , and became its first secretary ( with Chamberlain as president , and Harris as chairman ) . The Federation , which was set up for educational and propagandist purposes and co-ordinated the work of the several hundred Liberal associations in England and Wales , became a great political force and was largely responsible for Liberal victories of 1880 , 1885 , and 1892 . In recognition of his services to the Liberal Party , Schnadhorst was presented with 10,000 guineas and an address at a banquet in 1887 , following the removal of the National Liberal Federation from Birmingham to London . The formation of the NLF was the most important development in Liberal Party organisation after the 1874 general election which had seen the Liberals lose office and Benjamin Disraeli return to Number 10 Downing Street . The NLF held an annual conference which was regarded as being representative of the opinion of the party 's rank and file . Chamberlain described it as " a really Liberal Parliament...elected by universal suffrage and with some regard for fair distribution of political power " . " Farewell to the Caucus " : 1886 cartoon of Schnadhorst leaving Birmingham on a London-bound train , following the split in the Liberal Party over Irish Home Rule . His luggage includes a scroll marked " Caucus " ; a number of string puppets ; and a box of " wire pulling machinery " . In 1884 Schnadhorst resigned his post of secretary of the Birmingham Liberal Association to concentrate full-time on the NLF . As secretary , he became the link between the leadership and the constituency associations and hence the key figure in rebuilding the party following the split over Irish Home Rule and the defection of the Liberal Unionists . One of Schnadhorst 's jobs was to provide speakers who would draw crowds at Liberal rallies and it was William Ewart Gladstone who addressed the inaugural meeting of the NLF at Bingley Hall , Birmingham in 1877 . Schnadhorst 's achievement in keeping the NLF Gladstonian rather than Chamberlainite in 1886 , when the party split on the issue of Irish Home Rule and Birmingham followed Chamberlain into the Liberal Unionist fold , was of considerable importance to the Liberal Party . He reorganised the NLF to make it more responsive to the needs of local associations , so encouraging affiliations . In 1886 , he also agreed to become the secretary of the Liberal Central Association , and revolutionised the Association 's conduct of elections , the improvements being reflected in a series of favourable by-election results at the end of the 1880s . Liberal Central Association On 21 February 1860 twenty Liberal MPs had formed the Liberal Registration Association to promote general co-operation between MPs and assisting in the process of registering electors in constituencies where the Liberals were not well-organised . It changed its name to the Liberal Central Association in 1874 and re-modelled its structure and purpose to become the " central medium of communication with and between the Party throughout the whole kingdom in aid of and in connection with local organisation " . The chairman of the LCA was originally the Leader of the Liberal MPs but by the end of the 19th century it was the Liberal Chief Whip . As the 19th century wore on , the role of the LCA changed from that of a members ' association to that of a Liberal Whips ' Office . It put local Liberal Associations in touch with potential candidates and made grants of money to help with elections . It had no policy role but supporters of various factions within the party did try to capture the offices of the LCA from time to time , most notably in the dissensions in the party over imperialism . Resignation Schnadhorst undertook other public duties , chairing Liberal meetings and rallies and in connection with campaigns and causes promoted by the Liberal Party . For example , he was elected one of the Vice-Presidents of the Free Land League in 1886 . However , he resigned all party offices in 1893 , almost certainly due to declining health , even though he was still only 53 years old . His achievement was recognised in many quarters and he earned the description in the publication Who 's Who as the " chief organiser and adviser of the Liberal party , 1885-1892 " . Ill-health and death Schnadhorst died at the Priory Hospital , described in the terminology of the day as a lunatic asylum , at Roehampton on 2 January 1900 . He had been in declining health since the early 1890s . In 1894 he had suffered a mental breakdown leading to years of illness , including the suffering of convulsions . In December 1899 he was confined to bed and he never recovered . He also suffered increasingly from deafness as he got older . His funeral was held at Putney Cemetery on 6 January 1900 . Personal life Schnadhorst was married to Mary Anne Thomas ( 1845/6-1912 ) , daughter of Edward Thomas , a Birmingham provision merchant . The couple had two sons and a daughter . Their youngest son , Frank Gladstone Schnadhorst volunteered to fight in the Boer War with Kitchener 's Fighting Scouts and reached the rank of Lieutenant . He was wounded in action near Heilbron , Orange River Colony and died of his wounds on 22 October 1901 aged 21 years . Francis ' brother Edward Schnadhorst was a Congregationalist minister in east London who stood for election as a Liberal on a number of occasions to the London School Board . Papers Birmingham Schnadhorst 's papers are mostly deposited at the Cadbury Research Library at the University of Birmingham . The collections consist of scrap albums of and relating to Francis Schnadhorst and illuminated addresses presented to him . There is also correspondence and other private papers principally relating to his activities as secretary to the Birmingham Liberal Association , to the National Liberal Federation and to the Liberal Central Association , 1867-1901 . His correspondents include John Bright , William Gladstone , Arthur Morley , John Morley , Henry Labouchere , Lord Rosebery , Joseph Chamberlain , William Vernon Harcourt , Henry Campbell-Bannerman , Cecil Rhodes and many other political figures . Bristol There are also manuscript papers relating to Francis Schnadhorst and the organisation of the Liberal Party , 1881-1962 , in the Liberal Party collection in Bristol University Library , Special Collections . Also deposited there and relevant to Schnadhorst are the minute books of the Liberal Central Association , 1860-1914 , and the Proceedings of the Council of the National Liberal Federation , 1879-1939 .

Recall: 93.02%

## Annotated text

english draper [PERSON] and politician francis schnadhorst [PERSON] [PERSON] " the caucus [PERSON] " : caricature [PERSON] by " stuff [STUFF] " published in vanity fair [PERSON] in 1892 . personal details born [PERSON] ( 1840-08-24) 24 august [PERIOD] 1840 died 2 january [PERIOD] 1900 ( 1900-01-02 ) ( aged 59 ) roehampton [UNKNOWN] , england [PLACE] political party [GROUP] liberal [PERSON] spouse mary anne thomas [PERSON] children 3 francis schnadhorst [PERSON] ( 24 august [PERIOD] 1840 - 2 january [PERIOD] 1900 ) was a birmingham draper [PERSON] and english liberal party [GROUP] politician [PERSON] . he briefly held elected office [PLACE] on birmingham council [HUMAN GROUP] , and was offered the chance [PERSON] to stand for parliament [HUMAN GROUP] in winnable seats [PERSON] , but he found his true metier [UNKNOWN] was in political organisation [ORGANISATION] and administration [ACT] both in his home town [PLACE] as secretary [PERSON] of the highly successful birmingham liberal [PERSON] association [INSTITUTION] from 1867 to 1884 , and nationally as secretary [PERSON] of the newly formed national liberal [PERSON] federation [HUMAN GROUP] from 1877 to 1893 . he was famously described as " the spectacled , sallow , sombre [STATE] " birmingham draper [PERSON] who within a short period [PERIOD] of time [PERIOD] was to establish himself through the birmingham liberal caucus [PERSON] [PERSON] as one of the most brilliant organisers [UNKNOWN] in the country [PLACE] . family and education francis schnadhorst [PERSON] [PERSON] was the son [PERSON] of a draper [PERSON] and hosier [PERSON] of german descent [INSTANCE] who carried on business [STATE] in bull street [PLACE] , birmingham [INSTITUTION] . his father [PERSON] died when he was very young and he was brought up by his mother [PERSON] and his paternal grandfather [PERSON] who owned a tailoring business [STATE] in moor street [PLACE] . he was educated at king edward [PERSON] 's school [INSTITUTION] , birmingham [INSTITUTION] . career [NUMBER] when schnadhorst [PERSON] was sixteen his grandfather [PERSON] died , and francis [PERSON] took over the family business [STATE] . however , like many victorian tradesman [PERSON] and ardent nonconformists [PERSON] , he was keenly interested in improving himself and his town [PLACE] . he involved himself in the civic life [EVENT] of birmingham [INSTITUTION] . he served as secretary [PERSON] to the central nonconformist committee [HUMAN GROUP] set up in birmingham [INSTITUTION] to oppose church influence [PERSON] in education [PROCESS] . he was also an active member [PERSON] of a number [NUMBER] of birmingham [INSTITUTION] civic and local improvement societies [UNKNOWN] . through these groups [GROUP] and the close connection [SET] between nonconformity [STATE] , self-help and liberalism [ACTION] , schnadhorst [PERSON] was drawn into political activity [ACTIVITY] for the liberal party [GROUP] . politics birmingham [INSTITUTION] before the end [UNKNOWN] of the 19th century [PERIOD] the liberal party [GROUP] 's championing of reform [AMOUNT] and improvement [ACT] had created in birmingham [INSTITUTION] a model [FIGURE] of civic government [GOVERNMENT] . the 1885 redistribution [ACT] act created seven single-member constituencies [PERSON] , more than doubling birmingham [INSTITUTION] 's representation [ACTION] in parliament [HUMAN GROUP] . a royal decree [PERSON] declared the corporation [INSTITUTION] of the city [PLACE] of birmingham [INSTITUTION] in 1889 and the first lord mayor [HUMAN ROLE] was elected in 1896 . the local liberal party [GROUP] was compelled to rethink its structure [STRUCTURE] in response [ACT] to this civic expansion [ACT] , and in anticipation [ASSET] of the additional electors [PERSON] enfranchised by the 1867 reform act [ACT] . the birmingham liberal [PERSON] association [INSTITUTION] was established in 1865 , and radically reorganised by its secretary [PERSON] , william harris [PERSON] , in 1868 : schnadhorst [PERSON] succeeded harris [PERSON] as secretary [PERSON] in 1873 . membership [PERSON] was open to anyone [UNKNOWN] able to pay the one shilling annual fee [PERSON] , meaning that political participation [PROCESS] was no longer the preserve [ACTIVITY] of the traditional ruling classes [UNKNOWN] . in 1868 the association [INSTITUTION] had 400 members [CONCEPT] , but by 1886 it had become known as " the two thousand " . its existence [ENTITY] enabled the liberals [PERSON] to fight general , town council [HUMAN GROUP] and school board elections [PROCESS] more effectively and successfully . this party structure [STRUCTURE] was what subsequently became [UNKNOWN] known , both locally and nationally , as the liberal caucus [PERSON] - a name [NAME] initially coined by detractors [PERSON] as a term [TERM] of abuse [ACT] , but afterwards adopted by the liberals [PERSON] themselves . as an example [INSTANCE] of political efficiency [PLACE] the caucus [PERSON] could not be rivalled , and this was due in large part to schnadhorst [PERSON] 's administrative abilities [ABILITY] . schnadhorst [PERSON] first became [UNKNOWN] involved in political activity [ACTIVITY] at the birmingham election [PROCESS] of 1867 when he took on the roles [ROLE] of vice-chairman and secretary [PERSON] to the st. george 's ward liberal [PERSON] committee [HUMAN GROUP] . he was himself briefly a member [PERSON] of the council [HUMAN GROUP] for st mary [PERSON] 's ward [PERSON] in 1872 , but was most effective as secretary [PERSON] of the birmingham liberal [PERSON] association [INSTITUTION] from 1873 onwards [UNKNOWN] . the liberals [PERSON] had already been electorally successful in birmingham [INSTITUTION] , particularly at the 1868 general election [PROCESS] , but schnadhorst [PERSON] bolstered the party [GROUP] 's organisation [ORGANISATION] to oust the conservative and anglican majorities [PROPERTY] on the town council [HUMAN GROUP] and the school board [PLACE] . joseph chamberlain [PERSON] may have provided the political leadership [PERSON] to make birmingham [INSTITUTION] the " gas [GAS] and water [WATER] " socialist capital [PLACE] of victorian [PERSON] civic life [EVENT] , but behind the scenes schnadhorst [PERSON] was " the organising genius [PERSON] of the birmingham association [INSTITUTION] " . the chance [PERSON] of a parliamentary seat [PROPERTY] before the 1885 general election [PROCESS] , schnadhorst [PERSON] was invited to stand in two birmingham seats [PERSON] , south [PLACE] and east [PLACE] , both of which were subsequently won by the liberals [PERSON] . however he did not wish to enter parliament [HUMAN GROUP] . he said he felt he could better promote the cause [CAUSE] of liberalism [ACTION] through his administrative work [ACTIVITY] for the party [GROUP] . in 1890 he also turned down the offer [OFFER] of a seat [PROPERTY] in newcastle-under-lyme but by this time [PERIOD] his health [PROPERTY] was deteriorating ; he had already had to have some time [PERIOD] off work [ACTIVITY] on medical advice [DECISION] and had undertaken a holiday voyage [ACT] to australia [PLACE] a few years [PERIOD] earlier . national liberal [PERSON] federation [HUMAN GROUP] in 1877 , along with joseph chamberlain [PERSON] and william harris [PERSON] , schnadhorst [PERSON] was instrumental in the establishment [ACT] of the national liberal [PERSON] federation [HUMAN GROUP] ( nlf [UNKNOWN] ) , and became [UNKNOWN] its first secretary [PERSON] ( with chamberlain [PERSON] as president [PERSON] , and harris [PERSON] as chairman [HEAD] ) . the federation [HUMAN GROUP] , which was set up for educational and propagandist purposes [PURPOSE] and co-ordinated the work [ACTIVITY] of the several hundred liberal [PERSON] associations [PERSON] in england [PLACE] and wales [PLACE] , became [UNKNOWN] a great political force [FORCE] and was largely responsible for liberal [PERSON] victories [CONDITION] of 1880 , 1885 , and 1892 . in recognition [ACT] of his services [ACT] to the liberal party [GROUP] , schnadhorst [PERSON] was presented with 10,000 guineas [PERSON] and an address [UNKNOWN] at a banquet [FOOD] in 1887 , following the removal [EVENT] of the national liberal [PERSON] federation [HUMAN GROUP] from birmingham [INSTITUTION] to london [PLACE] . the formation [ACT] of the nlf [UNKNOWN] was the most important development [UNKNOWN] in liberal party [GROUP] organisation [ORGANISATION] after the 1874 general election [PROCESS] which had seen the liberals [PERSON] lose office [PLACE] and benjamin disraeli return [PERSON] to number [NUMBER] 10 downing street [PLACE] . the nlf [UNKNOWN] held an annual conference [ACT] which was regarded as being representative of the opinion [AMOUNT] of the party [GROUP] 's rank [RANK] and file [PERSON] . chamberlain [PERSON] described it as " a really liberal [PERSON] parliament...elected by universal suffrage [CONCLUSION] and with some regard [PERSON] for fair distribution [PROCESS] of political power [POWER] " . " farewell to the caucus [PERSON] " : 1886 cartoon [PERSON] of schnadhorst [PERSON] leaving birmingham [INSTITUTION] on a london-bound train [TRAIN] , following the split [PLACE] in the liberal party [GROUP] over irish home rule [RULE] . his luggage [EVENT] includes a scroll [PROCESS] marked " caucus [PERSON] " ; a number [NUMBER] of string puppets [WORD] ; and a box [PHYSICAL OBJECT] of " wire pulling machinery [GROUP] " . in 1884 schnadhorst [PERSON] resigned his post [UNKNOWN] of secretary [PERSON] of the birmingham liberal [PERSON] association [INSTITUTION] to concentrate full-time on the nlf [UNKNOWN] . as secretary [PERSON] , he became [UNKNOWN] the link [PERSON] between the leadership [PERSON] and the constituency associations [PERSON] and hence the key figure [FIGURE] in rebuilding the party [GROUP] following the split [PLACE] over irish home rule [RULE] and the defection [ACT] of the liberal unionists [PERSON] . one of schnadhorst [PERSON] 's jobs [PROCESS] was to provide speakers [PROCESS] who would draw crowds [GROUP] at liberal [PERSON] rallies [PERSON] and it was william ewart gladstone [PERSON] who addressed the inaugural meeting [ACTIVITY] of the nlf [UNKNOWN] at bingley hall [PLACE] , birmingham [INSTITUTION] in 1877 . schnadhorst [PERSON] 's achievement [ACT] in keeping the nlf gladstonian [UNKNOWN] rather than chamberlainite [UNKNOWN] in 1886 , when the party [GROUP] split [PLACE] on the issue [EVENT] of irish home rule [RULE] and birmingham [INSTITUTION] followed chamberlain [PERSON] into the liberal unionist fold [GROUP] , was of considerable importance [QUALITY] to the liberal party [GROUP] . he reorganised the nlf [UNKNOWN] to make it more responsive to the needs [UNKNOWN] of local associations [PERSON] , so encouraging affiliations [GROUP] . in 1886 , he also agreed to become the secretary [PERSON] of the liberal central association [INSTITUTION] , and revolutionised the association [INSTITUTION] 's conduct [ACT] of elections [PROCESS] , the improvements [ACT] being reflected in a series [SERIES] of favourable by-election results at the end [UNKNOWN] of the 1880s . liberal central association [INSTITUTION] on 21 february [PERIOD] 1860 twenty liberal mps [PERSON] had formed the liberal registration association [INSTITUTION] to promote general co-operation between mps [PERSON] and assisting in the process [PROCESS] of registering electors [PERSON] in constituencies [PERSON] where the liberals [PERSON] were not well-organised . it changed its name [NAME] to the liberal central association [INSTITUTION] in 1874 and re-modelled its structure [STRUCTURE] and purpose [PURPOSE] to become the " central medium [MEDIUM] of communication [UNKNOWN] with and between the party [GROUP] throughout the whole kingdom [PLACE] in aid [INSTANCE] of and in connection [SET] with local organisation [ORGANISATION] " . the chairman [HEAD] of the lca [UNKNOWN] was originally the leader [PERSON] of the liberal mps [PERSON] but by the end [UNKNOWN] of the 19th century [PERIOD] it was the liberal chief whip [PERSON] . as the 19th century wore [PERSON] on , the role [ROLE] of the lca [UNKNOWN] changed from that of a members [CONCEPT] ' association [INSTITUTION] to that of a liberal whips [PERSON] ' office [PLACE] . it put local liberal [PERSON] associations [PERSON] in touch [PLACE] with potential candidates [AMOUNT] and made grants [ACT] of money [MONEY] to help with elections [PROCESS] . it had no policy role [ROLE] but supporters [PERSON] of various factions [GROUP] within the party [GROUP] did try to capture the offices [COLLECTION] of the lca [UNKNOWN] from time [PERIOD] to time [PERIOD] , most notably in the dissensions [ACT] in the party [GROUP] over imperialism [PLACE] . resignation schnadhorst [PERSON] undertook other public duties [ATTITUDE] , chairing liberal [PERSON] meetings [ACTIVITY] and rallies [PERSON] and in connection [SET] with campaigns [SERIES] and causes [CAUSE] promoted by the liberal party [GROUP] . for example [INSTANCE] , he was elected one of the vice-presidents of the free land league [PERSON] in 1886 . however , he resigned all party offices [COLLECTION] in 1893 , almost certainly due to declining health [PROPERTY] , even though he was still only 53 years [PERIOD] old . his achievement [ACT] was recognised in many quarters [NUMBER] and he earned the description [ACT] in the publication [ACTION] who 's who as the " chief organiser [UNKNOWN] and adviser [PERSON] of the liberal party [GROUP] , 1885-1892 " . ill-health and death schnadhorst [PERSON] died at the priory hospital [PLACE] , described in the terminology [SET] of the day [PERIOD] as a lunatic asylum [PROCESS] , at roehampton [UNKNOWN] on 2 january [PERIOD] 1900 . he had been in declining health [PROPERTY] since the early 1890s . in 1894 he had suffered a mental breakdown [ACT] leading to years [PERIOD] of illness [ILLNESS] , including the suffering [PERSON] of convulsions [EVENT] . in december [PERIOD] 1899 he was confined to bed [UNKNOWN] and he never recovered . he also suffered increasingly from deafness [DEFICIENCY] as he got older [ABSTRACT ENTITY] . his funeral [ACTION] was held at putney cemetery [PLACE] on 6 january [PERIOD] 1900 . personal life [EVENT] schnadhorst [PERSON] was married to mary anne thomas [PERSON] ( 1845/6-1912 ) , daughter [PERSON] of edward thomas [PERSON] , a birmingham provision merchant [PERSON] . the couple [GROUP] had two sons [PERSON] and a daughter [PERSON] . their youngest son [PERSON] , frank gladstone schnadhorst [PERSON] volunteered to fight in the boer war with kitchener [PERSON] 's fighting scouts [UNKNOWN] and reached the rank [RANK] of lieutenant [PERSON] . he was wounded in action [ACTION] near heilbron [PERSON] , orange river colony [PERSON] and died of his wounds [ACT] on 22 october [PERIOD] 1901 aged 21 years [PERIOD] . francis [PERSON] ' brother edward schnadhorst [PERSON] was a congregationalist minister [HUMAN ROLE] in east [PLACE] london [PLACE] who stood for election [PROCESS] as a liberal [PERSON] on a number [NUMBER] of occasions [ABSTRACT ENTITY] to the london school board [PLACE] . papers birmingham [INSTITUTION] schnadhorst [PERSON] 's papers [PERSON] are mostly deposited at the cadbury research library [PLACE] at the university [INSTITUTION] of birmingham [INSTITUTION] . the collections [COLLECTION] consist of scrap albums [GROUP] of and relating to francis schnadhorst [PERSON] and illuminated addresses [UNKNOWN] presented to him . there is also correspondence [SIMILARITY] and other private papers [PERSON] principally relating to his activities [ACTIVITY] as secretary [PERSON] to the birmingham liberal [PERSON] association [INSTITUTION] , to the national liberal [PERSON] federation [HUMAN GROUP] and to the liberal central association [INSTITUTION] , 1867-1901 . his correspondents [PERSON] include john bright [PERSON] , william gladstone [PERSON] , arthur morley [PERSON] , john morley [PERSON] , henry [PERSON] labouchere , lord rosebery [PERSON] , joseph chamberlain [PERSON] , william vernon harcourt [PERSON] , henry [PERSON] campbell-bannerman , cecil rhodes [PERSON] and many other political figures [FIGURE] . bristol [PERSON] there are also manuscript papers [PERSON] relating to francis schnadhorst [PERSON] and the organisation [ORGANISATION] of the liberal party [GROUP] , 1881-1962 , in the liberal party [GROUP] collection [COLLECTION] in bristol university [INSTITUTION] library [PLACE] , special collections [COLLECTION] . also deposited there and relevant to schnadhorst [PERSON] are the minute books [ENTITY] of the liberal central association [INSTITUTION] , 1860-1914 , and the proceedings [COLLECTION] of the council [HUMAN GROUP] of the national liberal [PERSON] federation [HUMAN GROUP] , 1879-1939 .

## Objects found

Id | Form | Freq | Tag | Context | Error
1 | birmingham | 16 | INSTITUTION | personal details born ( 1840-08-24) 24 august 1840 died 2 january 1900 ( 1900-01-02 ) ( aged 59 ) roehampton , england political party liberal spouse mary anne thomas children 3 francis schnadhorst ( 24 august 1840 - 2 january 1900 ) was a birmingham draper and english liberal party politician . |
2 | schnadhorst | 13 | PERSON | english draper and politician francis schnadhorst " the caucus " : caricature by " stuff " published in vanity fair in 1892 . |
3 | secretary | 12 | PERSON | he briefly held elected office on birmingham council , and was offered the chance to stand for parliament in winnable seats , but he found his true metier was in political organisation and administration both in his home town as secretary of the highly successful birmingham liberal association from 1867 to 1884 , and nationally as secretary of the newly formed national liberal federation from 1877 to 1893 . |
4 | party | 10 | GROUP | personal details born ( 1840-08-24) 24 august 1840 died 2 january 1900 ( 1900-01-02 ) ( aged 59 ) roehampton , england political party liberal spouse mary anne thomas children 3 francis schnadhorst ( 24 august 1840 - 2 january 1900 ) was a birmingham draper and english liberal party politician . |
5 | liberal party | 7 | GROUP | personal details born ( 1840-08-24) 24 august 1840 died 2 january 1900 ( 1900-01-02 ) ( aged 59 ) roehampton , england political party liberal spouse mary anne thomas children 3 francis schnadhorst ( 24 august 1840 - 2 january 1900 ) was a birmingham draper and english liberal party politician . |
6 | national liberal federation | 6 | HUMAN GROUP | he briefly held elected office on birmingham council , and was offered the chance to stand for parliament in winnable seats , but he found his true metier was in political organisation and administration both in his home town as secretary of the highly successful birmingham liberal association from 1867 to 1884 , and nationally as secretary of the newly formed national liberal federation from 1877 to 1893 . |
7 | liberals | 6 | PERSON | its existence enabled the liberals to fight general , town council and school board elections more effectively and successfully . |
8 | nlf | 6 | UNKNOWN | in 1877 , along with joseph chamberlain and william harris , schnadhorst was instrumental in the establishment of the national liberal federation ( nlf ) , and became its first secretary ( with chamberlain as president , and harris as chairman ) . |
9 | time | 5 | PERIOD | he was famously described as " the spectacled , sallow , sombre " birmingham draper who within a short period of time was to establish himself through the birmingham liberal caucus as one of the most brilliant organisers in the country . |
10 | birmingham liberal association | 5 | INSTITUTION | he briefly held elected office on birmingham council , and was offered the chance to stand for parliament in winnable seats , but he found his true metier was in political organisation and administration both in his home town as secretary of the highly successful birmingham liberal association from 1867 to 1884 , and nationally as secretary of the newly formed national liberal federation from 1877 to 1893 . |
11 | liberal central association | 5 | INSTITUTION | in 1886 , he also agreed to become the secretary of the liberal central association , and revolutionised the association 's conduct of elections , the improvements being reflected in a series of favourable by-election results at the end of the 1880s . |
12 | caucus | 4 | PERSON | english draper and politician francis schnadhorst " the caucus " : caricature by " stuff " published in vanity fair in 1892 . |
13 | election | 4 | PROCESS | schnadhorst first became involved in political activity at the birmingham election of 1867 when he took on the roles of vice-chairman and secretary to the st. |
14 | january | 4 | PERIOD | personal details born ( 1840-08-24) 24 august 1840 died 2 january 1900 ( 1900-01-02 ) ( aged 59 ) roehampton , england political party liberal spouse mary anne thomas children 3 francis schnadhorst ( 24 august 1840 - 2 january 1900 ) was a birmingham draper and english liberal party politician . |
15 | years | 4 | PERIOD | in 1890 he also turned down the offer of a seat in newcastle-under-lyme but by this time his health was deteriorating ; he had already had to have some time off work on medical advice and had undertaken a holiday voyage to australia a few years earlier . |
16 | organisation | 4 | ORGANISATION | he briefly held elected office on birmingham council , and was offered the chance to stand for parliament in winnable seats , but he found his true metier was in political organisation and administration both in his home town as secretary of the highly successful birmingham liberal association from 1867 to 1884 , and nationally as secretary of the newly formed national liberal federation from 1877 to 1893 . |
17 | number | 4 | NUMBER | he was also an active member of a number of birmingham civic and local improvement societies . |
18 | parliament | 3 | HUMAN GROUP | he briefly held elected office on birmingham council , and was offered the chance to stand for parliament in winnable seats , but he found his true metier was in political organisation and administration both in his home town as secretary of the highly successful birmingham liberal association from 1867 to 1884 , and nationally as secretary of the newly formed national liberal federation from 1877 to 1893 . |
19 | end | 3 | UNKNOWN | politics birmingham before the end of the 19th century the liberal party 's championing of reform and improvement had created in birmingham a model of civic government . |
20 | work | 3 | ACTIVITY | he said he felt he could better promote the cause of liberalism through his administrative work for the party . |
21 | life | 3 | EVENT | he involved himself in the civic life of birmingham . |
22 | lca | 3 | UNKNOWN | the chairman of the lca was originally the leader of the liberal mps but by the end of the 19th century it was the liberal chief whip . |
23 | association | 3 | INSTITUTION | he briefly held elected office on birmingham council , and was offered the chance to stand for parliament in winnable seats , but he found his true metier was in political organisation and administration both in his home town as secretary of the highly successful birmingham liberal association from 1867 to 1884 , and nationally as secretary of the newly formed national liberal federation from 1877 to 1893 . |
24 | office | 3 | PLACE | he briefly held elected office on birmingham council , and was offered the chance to stand for parliament in winnable seats , but he found his true metier was in political organisation and administration both in his home town as secretary of the highly successful birmingham liberal association from 1867 to 1884 , and nationally as secretary of the newly formed national liberal federation from 1877 to 1893 . |
25 | associations | 3 | PERSON | the federation , which was set up for educational and propagandist purposes and co-ordinated the work of the several hundred liberal associations in england and wales , became a great political force and was largely responsible for liberal victories of 1880 , 1885 , and 1892 . |
26 | irish home rule | 3 | RULE | " farewell to the caucus " : 1886 cartoon of schnadhorst leaving birmingham on a london-bound train , following the split in the liberal party over irish home rule . |
27 | joseph chamberlain | 3 | PERSON | joseph chamberlain may have provided the political leadership to make birmingham the " gas and water " socialist capital of victorian civic life , but behind the scenes schnadhorst was " the organising genius of the birmingham association " . |
28 | papers | 3 | PERSON | papers birmingham schnadhorst 's papers are mostly deposited at the cadbury research library at the university of birmingham . |
29 | health | 3 | PROPERTY | in 1890 he also turned down the offer of a seat in newcastle-under-lyme but by this time his health was deteriorating ; he had already had to have some time off work on medical advice and had undertaken a holiday voyage to australia a few years earlier . |
30 | chamberlain | 3 | PERSON | joseph chamberlain may have provided the political leadership to make birmingham the " gas and water " socialist capital of victorian civic life , but behind the scenes schnadhorst was " the organising genius of the birmingham association " . |
31 | connection | 3 | SET | through these groups and the close connection between nonconformity , self-help and liberalism , schnadhorst was drawn into political activity for the liberal party . |
32 | son | 2 | PERSON | family and education francis schnadhorst was the son of a draper and hosier of german descent who carried on business in bull street , birmingham . |
33 | council | 2 | HUMAN GROUP | he briefly held elected office on birmingham council , and was offered the chance to stand for parliament in winnable seats , but he found his true metier was in political organisation and administration both in his home town as secretary of the highly successful birmingham liberal association from 1867 to 1884 , and nationally as secretary of the newly formed national liberal federation from 1877 to 1893 . |
34 | rallies | 2 | PERSON | one of schnadhorst 's jobs was to provide speakers who would draw crowds at liberal rallies and it was william ewart gladstone who addressed the inaugural meeting of the nlf at bingley hall , birmingham in 1877 . |
35 | chairman | 2 | HEAD | schnadhorst first became involved in political activity at the birmingham election of 1867 when he took on the roles of vice chairman and secretary to the st. |
36 | francis | 2 | PERSON | english draper and politician francis schnadhorst " the caucus " : caricature by " stuff " published in vanity fair in 1892 . |
37 | grandfather | 2 | PERSON | his father died when he was very young and he was brought up by his mother and his paternal grandfather who owned a tailoring business in moor street . |
38 | activity | 2 | ACTIVITY | through these groups and the close connection between nonconformity , self-help and liberalism , schnadhorst was drawn into political activity for the liberal party . |
39 | business | 2 | STATE | family and education francis schnadhorst was the son of a draper and hosier of german descent who carried on business in bull street , birmingham . |
40 | draper | 2 | PERSON | english draper and politician francis schnadhorst " the caucus " : caricature by " stuff " published in vanity fair in 1892 . |
41 | william harris | 2 | PERSON | the birmingham liberal association was established in 1865 , and radically reorganised by its secretary , william harris , in 1868 : schnadhorst succeeded harris as secretary in 1873 . |
42 | constituencies | 2 | PERSON | act created seven single-member constituencies , more than doubling birmingham 's representation in parliament . |
43 | francis schnadhorst | 2 | PERSON | english draper and politician francis schnadhorst " the caucus " : caricature by " stuff " published in vanity fair in 1892 . |
44 | members | 2 | CONCEPT | in 1868 the association had 400 members , but by 1886 it had become known as " the two thousand " . |
45 | london | 2 | PLACE | in recognition of his services to the liberal party , schnadhorst was presented with 10,000 guineas and an address at a banquet in 1887 , following the removal of the national liberal federation from birmingham to london . |
46 | seat | 2 | PROPERTY | the chance of a parliamentary seat before the 1885 general election , schnadhorst was invited to stand in two birmingham seats , south and east , both of which were subsequently won by the liberals . |
47 | split | 2 | PLACE | " farewell to the caucus " : 1886 cartoon of schnadhorst leaving birmingham on a london-bound train , following the split in the liberal party over irish home rule . |
48 | daughter | 2 | PERSON | schnadhorst was married to mary anne thomas ( 1845/6-1912 ) , daughter of edward thomas , a birmingham provision merchant . |
49 | example | 2 | INSTANCE | as an example of political efficiency the caucus could not be rivalled , and this was due in large part to schnadhorst 's administrative abilities . |
50 | rank | 2 | RANK | the nlf held an annual conference which was regarded as being representative of the opinion of the party 's rank and file . |
51 | chance | 2 | PERSON | he briefly held elected office on birmingham council , and was offered the chance to stand for parliament in winnable seats , but he found his true metier was in political organisation and administration both in his home town as secretary of the highly successful birmingham liberal association from 1867 to 1884 , and nationally as secretary of the newly formed national liberal federation from 1877 to 1893 . |
52 | roehampton | 2 | UNKNOWN | personal details born ( 1840-08-24) 24 august 1840 died 2 january 1900 ( 1900-01-02 ) ( aged 59 ) roehampton , england political party liberal spouse mary anne thomas children 3 francis schnadhorst ( 24 august 1840 - 2 january 1900 ) was a birmingham draper and english liberal party politician . |
53 | elections | 2 | PROCESS | its existence enabled the liberals to fight general , town council and school board elections more effectively and successfully . |
54 | structure | 2 | STRUCTURE | the local liberal party was compelled to rethink its structure in response to this civic expansion , and in anticipation of the additional electors enfranchised by the 1867 reform act . |
55 | liberal mps | 2 | PERSON | on 21 february 1860 twenty liberal mps had formed the liberal registration association to promote general co-operation between mps and assisting in the process of registering electors in constituencies where the liberals were not well-organised . |
56 | town council | 2 | HUMAN GROUP | its existence enabled the liberals to fight general , town council and school board elections more effectively and successfully . |
57 | electors | 2 | PERSON | the local liberal party was compelled to rethink its structure in response to this civic expansion , and in anticipation of the additional electors enfranchised by the 1867 reform act . |
58 | august | 2 | PERIOD | personal details born ( 1840-08-24) 24 august 1840 died 2 january 1900 ( 1900-01-02 ) ( aged 59 ) roehampton , england political party liberal spouse mary anne thomas children 3 francis schnadhorst ( 24 august 1840 - 2 january 1900 ) was a birmingham draper and english liberal party politician . |
59 | century | 2 | PERIOD | politics birmingham before the end of the 19th century the liberal party 's championing of reform and improvement had created in birmingham a model of civic government . |
60 | achievement | 2 | ACT | schnadhorst 's achievement in keeping the nlf gladstonian rather than chamberlainite in 1886 , when the party split on the issue of irish home rule and birmingham followed chamberlain into the liberal unionist fold , was of considerable importance to the liberal party . |
61 | liberalism | 2 | ACTION | through these groups and the close connection between nonconformity , self-help and liberalism , schnadhorst was drawn into political activity for the liberal party . |
62 | harris | 2 | PERSON | the birmingham liberal association was established in 1865 , and radically reorganised by its secretary , william harris , in 1868 : schnadhorst succeeded harris as secretary in 1873 . |
63 | name | 2 | NAME | this party structure was what subsequently became known , both locally and nationally , as the liberal caucus - a name initially coined by detractors as a term of abuse , but afterwards adopted by the liberals themselves . |
64 | member | 2 | PERSON | he was also an active member of a number of birmingham civic and local improvement societies . |
65 | leadership | 2 | PERSON | joseph chamberlain may have provided the political leadership to make birmingham the " gas and water " socialist capital of victorian civic life , but behind the scenes schnadhorst was " the organising genius of the birmingham association " . |
66 | england | 2 | PLACE | personal details born ( 1840-08-24) 24 august 1840 died 2 january 1900 ( 1900-01-02 ) ( aged 59 ) roehampton , england political party liberal spouse mary anne thomas children 3 francis schnadhorst ( 24 august 1840 - 2 january 1900 ) was a birmingham draper and english liberal party politician . |
67 | campaigns | 1 | SERIES | resignation schnadhorst undertook other public duties , chairing liberal meetings and rallies and in connection with campaigns and causes promoted by the liberal party . |
68 | liberal registration association | 1 | INSTITUTION | on 21 february 1860 twenty liberal mps had formed the liberal registration association to promote general co-operation between mps and assisting in the process of registering electors in constituencies where the liberals were not well-organised . |
69 | communication | 1 | UNKNOWN | it changed its name to the liberal central association in 1874 and re-modelled its structure and purpose to become the " central medium of communication with and between the party throughout the whole kingdom in aid of and in connection with local organisation " . |
70 | priory hospital | 1 | PLACE | ill-health and death schnadhorst died at the priory hospital , described in the terminology of the day as a lunatic asylum , at roehampton on 2 january 1900 . |
71 | arthur morley | 1 | PERSON | his correspondents include john bright , william gladstone , arthur morley , john morley , henry labouchere , lord rosebery , joseph chamberlain , william vernon harcourt , henry campbell-bannerman , cecil rhodes and many other political figures . |
72 | wounds | 1 | ACT | he was wounded in action near heilbron , orange river colony and died of his wounds on 22 october 1901 aged 21 years . |
73 | birmingham seats | 1 | PERSON | the chance of a parliamentary seat before the 1885 general election , schnadhorst was invited to stand in two birmingham seats , south and east , both of which were subsequently won by the liberals . |
74 | preserve | 1 | ACTIVITY | membership was open to anyone able to pay the one shilling annual fee , meaning that political participation was no longer the preserve of the traditional ruling classes . |
75 | cause | 1 | CAUSE | he said he felt he could better promote the cause of liberalism through his administrative work for the party . |
76 | street | 1 | PLACE | family and education francis schnadhorst was the son of a draper and hosier of german descent who carried on business in bull street , birmingham . |
77 | east | 1 | PLACE | the chance of a parliamentary seat before the 1885 general election , schnadhorst was invited to stand in two birmingham seats , south and east , both of which were subsequently won by the liberals . |
78 | birmingham association | 1 | INSTITUTION | joseph chamberlain may have provided the political leadership to make birmingham the " gas and water " socialist capital of victorian civic life , but behind the scenes schnadhorst was " the organising genius of the birmingham association " . |
79 | fee | 1 | PERSON | membership was open to anyone able to pay the one shilling annual fee , meaning that political participation was no longer the preserve of the traditional ruling classes . |
80 | liberal party organisation | 1 | ORGANISATION | the formation of the nlf was the most important development in liberal party organisation after the 1874 general election which had seen the liberals lose office and benjamin disraeli return to number 10 downing street . |
81 | ward | 1 | PERSON | george 's ward liberal committee . |
82 | birmingham liberal caucus | 1 | PERSON | he was famously described as " the spectacled , sallow , sombre " birmingham draper who within a short period of time was to establish himself through the birmingham liberal caucus as one of the most brilliant organisers in the country . |
83 | school | 1 | INSTITUTION | he was educated at king edward 's school , birmingham . |
84 | touch | 1 | PLACE | it put local liberal associations in touch with potential candidates and made grants of money to help with elections . |
85 | edward thomas | 1 | PERSON | schnadhorst was married to mary anne thomas ( 1845/6-1912 ) , daughter of edward thomas , a birmingham provision merchant . |
86 | central nonconformist committee | 1 | HUMAN GROUP | he served as secretary to the central nonconformist committee set up in birmingham to oppose church influence in education . |
87 | link | 1 | PERSON | as secretary , he became the link between the leadership and the constituency associations and hence the key figure in rebuilding the party following the split over irish home rule and the defection of the liberal unionists . |
88 | caricature | 1 | PERSON | english draper and politician francis schnadhorst " the caucus " : caricature by " stuff " published in vanity fair in 1892 . |
89 | bristol university library | 1 | PLACE | there are also manuscript papers relating to francis schnadhorst and the organisation of the liberal party , 1881-1962 , in the liberal party collection in bristol university library , special collections . |
90 | suffrage | 1 | CONCLUSION | chamberlain described it as " a really liberal parliament...elected by universal suffrage and with some regard for fair distribution of political power " . |
91 | efficiency | 1 | PLACE | as an example of political efficiency the caucus could not be rivalled , and this was due in large part to schnadhorst 's administrative abilities . |
92 | australia | 1 | PLACE | in 1890 he also turned down the offer of a seat in newcastle-under-lyme but by this time his health was deteriorating ; he had already had to have some time off work on medical advice and had undertaken a holiday voyage to australia a few years earlier . |
93 | lord mayor | 1 | HUMAN ROLE | a royal decree declared the corporation of the city of birmingham in 1889 and the first lord mayor was elected in 1896 . |
94 | education | 1 | PROCESS | family and education francis schnadhorst was the son of a draper and hosier of german descent who carried on business in bull street , birmingham . |
95 | mps | 1 | PERSON | on 21 february 1860 twenty liberal mps had formed the liberal registration association to promote general co-operation between mps and assisting in the process of registering electors in constituencies where the liberals were not well-organised . |
96 | wales | 1 | PLACE | the federation , which was set up for educational and propagandist purposes and co-ordinated the work of the several hundred liberal associations in england and wales , became a great political force and was largely responsible for liberal victories of 1880 , 1885 , and 1892 . |
97 | mother | 1 | PERSON | his father died when he was very young and he was brought up by his mother and his paternal grandfather who owned a tailoring business in moor street . |
98 | liberal unionist fold | 1 | GROUP | schnadhorst 's achievement in keeping the nlf gladstonian rather than chamberlainite in 1886 , when the party split on the issue of irish home rule and birmingham followed chamberlain into the liberal unionist fold , was of considerable importance to the liberal party . |
99 | quarters | 1 | NUMBER | his achievement was recognised in many quarters and he earned the description in the publication |
100 | boer war | 1 | EVENT |  |
101 | government | 1 | GOVERNMENT | politics birmingham before the end of the 19th century the liberal party 's championing of reform and improvement had created in birmingham a model of civic government . |
102 | stuff | 1 | STUFF | english draper and politician francis schnadhorst " the caucus " : caricature by " stuff " published in vanity fair in 1892 . |
103 | factions | 1 | GROUP | it had no policy role but supporters of various factions within the party did try to capture the offices of the lca from time to time , most notably in the dissensions in the party over imperialism . |
104 | liberal party collection | 1 | COLLECTION | there are also manuscript papers relating to francis schnadhorst and the organisation of the liberal party , 1881-1962 , in the liberal party collection in bristol university library , special collections . |
105 | ardent nonconformists | 1 | PERSON | however , like many victorian tradesman and ardent nonconformists , he was keenly interested in improving himself and his town . |
106 | vanity fair | 1 | PERSON | english draper and politician francis schnadhorst " the caucus " : caricature by " stuff " published in vanity fair in 1892 . |
107 | publication | 1 | ACTION | his achievement was recognised in many quarters and he earned the description in the publication |
108 | resignation schnadhorst | 1 | PERSON | resignation schnadhorst undertook other public duties , chairing liberal meetings and rallies and in connection with campaigns and causes promoted by the liberal party . |
109 | reform act | 1 | ACT | the local liberal party was compelled to rethink its structure in response to this civic expansion , and in anticipation of the additional electors enfranchised by the 1867 reform act . |
110 | capital | 1 | PLACE | joseph chamberlain may have provided the political leadership to make birmingham the " gas and water " socialist capital of victorian civic life , but behind the scenes schnadhorst was " the organising genius of the birmingham association " . |
111 | constituency associations | 1 | PERSON | as secretary , he became the link between the leadership and the constituency associations and hence the key figure in rebuilding the party following the split over irish home rule and the defection of the liberal unionists . |
112 | town | 1 | PLACE | he briefly held elected office on birmingham council , and was offered the chance to stand for parliament in winnable seats , but he found his true metier was in political organisation and administration both in his home town as secretary of the highly successful birmingham liberal association from 1867 to 1884 , and nationally as secretary of the newly formed national liberal federation from 1877 to 1893 . |
113 | scrap albums | 1 | GROUP | the collections consist of scrap albums of and relating to francis schnadhorst and illuminated addresses presented to him . |
114 | needs | 1 | UNKNOWN | he reorganised the nlf to make it more responsive to the needs of local associations , so encouraging affiliations . |
115 | improvement societies | 1 | UNKNOWN | he was also an active member of a number of birmingham civic and local improvement societies . |
116 | english liberal party politician | 1 | PERSON | personal details born ( 1840-08-24) 24 august 1840 died 2 january 1900 ( 1900-01-02 ) ( aged 59 ) roehampton , england political party liberal spouse mary anne thomas children 3 francis schnadhorst ( 24 august 1840 - 2 january 1900 ) was a birmingham draper and english liberal party politician . |
117 | corporation | 1 | INSTITUTION | a royal decree declared the corporation of the city of birmingham in 1889 and the first lord mayor was elected in 1896 . |
118 | cadbury research library | 1 | PLACE | papers birmingham schnadhorst 's papers are mostly deposited at the cadbury research library at the university of birmingham . |
119 | reform | 1 | AMOUNT | politics birmingham before the end of the 19th century the liberal party 's championing of reform and improvement had created in birmingham a model of civic government . |
120 | ward liberal committee | 1 | HUMAN GROUP | george 's ward liberal committee . |
121 | bingley hall | 1 | PLACE | one of schnadhorst 's jobs was to provide speakers who would draw crowds at liberal rallies and it was william ewart gladstone who addressed the inaugural meeting of the nlf at bingley hall , birmingham in 1877 . |
122 | sombre | 1 | STATE | he was famously described as " the spectacled , sallow , sombre " birmingham draper who within a short period of time was to establish himself through the birmingham liberal caucus as one of the most brilliant organisers in the country . |
123 | guineas | 1 | PERSON | in recognition of his services to the liberal party , schnadhorst was presented with 10,000 guineas and an address at a banquet in 1887 , following the removal of the national liberal federation from birmingham to london . |
124 | birmingham election | 1 | PLACE | schnadhorst first became involved in political activity at the birmingham election of 1867 when he took on the roles of vice-chairman and secretary to the st. |
125 | party structure | 1 | STRUCTURE | this party structure was what subsequently became known , both locally and nationally , as the liberal caucus - a name initially coined by detractors as a term of abuse , but afterwards adopted by the liberals themselves . |
126 | opinion | 1 | AMOUNT | the nlf held an annual conference which was regarded as being representative of the opinion of the party 's rank and file . |
127 | henry campbell bannerman | 1 | PERSON |  |
128 | aid | 1 | INSTANCE | it changed its name to the liberal central association in 1874 and re-modelled its structure and purpose to become the " central medium of communication with and between the party throughout the whole kingdom in aid of and in connection with local organisation " . |
129 | water | 1 | WATER | joseph chamberlain may have provided the political leadership to make birmingham the " gas and water " socialist capital of victorian civic life , but behind the scenes schnadhorst was " the organising genius of the birmingham association " . |
130 | convulsions | 1 | EVENT | in 1894 he had suffered a mental breakdown leading to years of illness , including the suffering of convulsions . |
131 | gas | 1 | GAS | joseph chamberlain may have provided the political leadership to make birmingham the " gas and water " socialist capital of victorian civic life , but behind the scenes schnadhorst was " the organising genius of the birmingham association " . |
132 | minister | 1 | HUMAN ROLE | francis ' brother edward schnadhorst was a congregationalist minister in east london who stood for election as a liberal on a number of occasions to the london school board . |
133 | terminology | 1 | SET | ill-health and death schnadhorst died at the priory hospital , described in the terminology of the day as a lunatic asylum , at roehampton on 2 january 1900 . |
134 | suffering | 1 | PERSON | in 1894 he had suffered a mental breakdown leading to years of illness , including the suffering of convulsions . |
135 | participation | 1 | PROCESS | membership was open to anyone able to pay the one shilling annual fee , meaning that political participation was no longer the preserve of the traditional ruling classes . |
136 | president | 1 | PERSON | in 1877 , along with joseph chamberlain and william harris , schnadhorst was instrumental in the establishment of the national liberal federation ( nlf ) , and became its first secretary ( with chamberlain as president , and harris as chairman ) . |
137 | role | 1 | ROLE | as the 19th century wore on , the role of the lca changed from that of a members ' association to that of a liberal whips ' office . |
138 | cartoon | 1 | PERSON | " farewell to the caucus " : 1886 cartoon of schnadhorst leaving birmingham on a london-bound train , following the split in the liberal party over irish home rule . |
139 | victorian | 1 | PERSON | however , like many victorian tradesman and ardent nonconformists , he was keenly interested in improving himself and his town . |
140 | party liberal spouse mary anne thomas children francis schnadhorst | 1 | PERSON |  |
141 | defection | 1 | ACT | as secretary , he became the link between the leadership and the constituency associations and hence the key figure in rebuilding the party following the split over irish home rule and the defection of the liberal unionists . |
142 | representation | 1 | ACTION | act created seven single-member constituencies , more than doubling birmingham 's representation in parliament . |
143 | minute books | 1 | ENTITY | also deposited there and relevant to schnadhorst are the minute books of the liberal central association , 1860-1914 , and the proceedings of the council of the national liberal federation , 1879-1939 . |
144 | home town | 1 | PLACE | he briefly held elected office on birmingham council , and was offered the chance to stand for parliament in winnable seats , but he found his true metier was in political organisation and administration both in his home town as secretary of the highly successful birmingham liberal association from 1867 to 1884 , and nationally as secretary of the newly formed national liberal federation from 1877 to 1893 . |
145 | lieutenant | 1 | PERSON | war with kitchener 's fighting scouts and reached the rank of lieutenant . |
146 | money | 1 | MONEY | it put local liberal associations in touch with potential candidates and made grants of money to help with elections . |
147 | details born | 1 | PERSON | personal details born ( 1840-08-24) 24 august 1840 died 2 january 1900 ( 1900-01-02 ) ( aged 59 ) roehampton , england political party liberal spouse mary anne thomas children 3 francis schnadhorst ( 24 august 1840 - 2 january 1900 ) was a birmingham draper and english liberal party politician . |
148 | ruling classes | 1 | UNKNOWN | membership was open to anyone able to pay the one shilling annual fee , meaning that political participation was no longer the preserve of the traditional ruling classes . |
149 | by election | 1 | PROCESS |  |
150 | improvements | 1 | ACT | in 1886 , he also agreed to become the secretary of the liberal central association , and revolutionised the association 's conduct of elections , the improvements being reflected in a series of favourable by-election results at the end of the 1880s . |
151 | royal decree | 1 | PERSON | a royal decree declared the corporation of the city of birmingham in 1889 and the first lord mayor was elected in 1896 . |
152 | liberal unionists | 1 | PERSON | as secretary , he became the link between the leadership and the constituency associations and hence the key figure in rebuilding the party following the split over irish home rule and the defection of the liberal unionists . |
153 | death schnadhorst | 1 | PERSON | ill-health and death schnadhorst died at the priory hospital , described in the terminology of the day as a lunatic asylum , at roehampton on 2 january 1900 . |
154 | family business | 1 | STATE | when schnadhorst was sixteen his grandfather died , and francis took over the family business . |
155 | newcastle under lyme | 1 | PLACE |  |
156 | onwards | 1 | UNKNOWN | he was himself briefly a member of the council for st mary 's ward in 1872 , but was most effective as secretary of the birmingham liberal association from 1873 onwards . |
157 | father | 1 | PERSON | his father died when he was very young and he was brought up by his mother and his paternal grandfather who owned a tailoring business in moor street . |
158 | services | 1 | ACT | in recognition of his services to the liberal party , schnadhorst was presented with 10,000 guineas and an address at a banquet in 1887 , following the removal of the national liberal federation from birmingham to london . |
159 | frank gladstone schnadhorst | 1 | PERSON | their youngest son , frank gladstone schnadhorst volunteered to fight in the boer |
160 | recognition | 1 | ACT | in recognition of his services to the liberal party , schnadhorst was presented with 10,000 guineas and an address at a banquet in 1887 , following the removal of the national liberal federation from birmingham to london . |
161 | birmingham provision merchant | 1 | PERSON | schnadhorst was married to mary anne thomas ( 1845/6-1912 ) , daughter of edward thomas , a birmingham provision merchant . |
162 | address | 1 | UNKNOWN | in recognition of his services to the liberal party , schnadhorst was presented with 10,000 guineas and an address at a banquet in 1887 , following the removal of the national liberal federation from birmingham to london . |
163 | anyone | 1 | UNKNOWN | membership was open to anyone able to pay the one shilling annual fee , meaning that political participation was no longer the preserve of the traditional ruling classes . |
164 | machinery | 1 | GROUP | his luggage includes a scroll marked " caucus " ; a number of string puppets ; and a box of " wire pulling machinery " . |
165 | october | 1 | PERIOD | he was wounded in action near heilbron , orange river colony and died of his wounds on 22 october 1901 aged 21 years . |
166 | administration | 1 | ACT | he briefly held elected office on birmingham council , and was offered the chance to stand for parliament in winnable seats , but he found his true metier was in political organisation and administration both in his home town as secretary of the highly successful birmingham liberal association from 1867 to 1884 , and nationally as secretary of the newly formed national liberal federation from 1877 to 1893 . |
167 | leader | 1 | PERSON | the chairman of the lca was originally the leader of the liberal mps but by the end of the 19th century it was the liberal chief whip . |
168 | london school board | 1 | PERSON | francis ' brother edward schnadhorst was a congregationalist minister in east london who stood for election as a liberal on a number of occasions to the london school board . |
169 | st mary | 1 | PERSON | he was himself briefly a member of the council for st mary 's ward in 1872 , but was most effective as secretary of the birmingham liberal association from 1873 onwards . |
170 | speakers | 1 | PROCESS | one of schnadhorst 's jobs was to provide speakers who would draw crowds at liberal rallies and it was william ewart gladstone who addressed the inaugural meeting of the nlf at bingley hall , birmingham in 1877 . |
171 | adviser | 1 | PERSON | who 's who as the " chief organiser and adviser of the liberal party , 1885-1892 " . |
172 | school board elections | 1 | PROCESS | its existence enabled the liberals to fight general , town council and school board elections more effectively and successfully . |
173 | jobs | 1 | PROCESS | one of schnadhorst 's jobs was to provide speakers who would draw crowds at liberal rallies and it was william ewart gladstone who addressed the inaugural meeting of the nlf at bingley hall , birmingham in 1877 . |
174 | hosier | 1 | PERSON | family and education francis schnadhorst was the son of a draper and hosier of german descent who carried on business in bull street , birmingham . |
175 | birmingham council | 1 | HUMAN GROUP | he briefly held elected office on birmingham council , and was offered the chance to stand for parliament in winnable seats , but he found his true metier was in political organisation and administration both in his home town as secretary of the highly successful birmingham liberal association from 1867 to 1884 , and nationally as secretary of the newly formed national liberal federation from 1877 to 1893 . |
176 | liberal whips | 1 | PERSON | as the 19th century wore on , the role of the lca changed from that of a members ' association to that of a liberal whips ' office . |
177 | asylum | 1 | PROCESS | ill-health and death schnadhorst died at the priory hospital , described in the terminology of the day as a lunatic asylum , at roehampton on 2 january 1900 . |
178 | puppets | 1 | WORD | his luggage includes a scroll marked " caucus " ; a number of string puppets ; and a box of " wire pulling machinery " . |
179 | descent | 1 | INSTANCE | family and education francis schnadhorst was the son of a draper and hosier of german descent who carried on business in bull street , birmingham . |
180 | file | 1 | PERSON | the nlf held an annual conference which was regarded as being representative of the opinion of the party 's rank and file . |
181 | mary anne thomas | 1 | PERSON | personal details born ( 1840-08-24) 24 august 1840 died 2 january 1900 ( 1900-01-02 ) ( aged 59 ) roehampton , england political party liberal spouse mary anne thomas children 3 francis schnadhorst ( 24 august 1840 - 2 january 1900 ) was a birmingham draper and english liberal party politician . |
182 | metier | 1 | UNKNOWN | he briefly held elected office on birmingham council , and was offered the chance to stand for parliament in winnable seats , but he found his true metier was in political organisation and administration both in his home town as secretary of the highly successful birmingham liberal association from 1867 to 1884 , and nationally as secretary of the newly formed national liberal federation from 1877 to 1893 . |
183 | action | 1 | ACTION | he was wounded in action near heilbron , orange river colony and died of his wounds on 22 october 1901 aged 21 years . |
184 | vice presidents | 1 | PERSON |  |
185 | response | 1 | ACT | the local liberal party was compelled to rethink its structure in response to this civic expansion , and in anticipation of the additional electors enfranchised by the 1867 reform act . |
186 | benjamin disraeli return | 1 | PERSON | the formation of the nlf was the most important development in liberal party organisation after the 1874 general election which had seen the liberals lose office and benjamin disraeli return to number 10 downing street . |
187 | party offices | 1 | COLLECTION | however , he resigned all party offices in 1893 , almost certainly due to declining health , even though he was still only 53 years old . |
188 | liberal caucus | 1 | PERSON | he was famously described as " the spectacled , sallow , sombre " birmingham draper who within a short period of time was to establish himself through the birmingham liberal caucus as one of the most brilliant organisers in the country . |
189 | removal | 1 | EVENT | in recognition of his services to the liberal party , schnadhorst was presented with 10,000 guineas and an address at a banquet in 1887 , following the removal of the national liberal federation from birmingham to london . |
190 | membership | 1 | PERSON | membership was open to anyone able to pay the one shilling annual fee , meaning that political participation was no longer the preserve of the traditional ruling classes . |
191 | figure | 1 | FIGURE | as secretary , he became the link between the leadership and the constituency associations and hence the key figure in rebuilding the party following the split over irish home rule and the defection of the liberal unionists . |
192 | occasions | 1 | ABSTRACT ENTITY | francis ' brother edward schnadhorst was a congregationalist minister in east london who stood for election as a liberal on a number of occasions to the london school board . |
193 | conduct | 1 | ACT | in 1886 , he also agreed to become the secretary of the liberal central association , and revolutionised the association 's conduct of elections , the improvements being reflected in a series of favourable by-election results at the end of the 1880s . |
194 | voyage | 1 | ACT | in 1890 he also turned down the offer of a seat in newcastle-under-lyme but by this time his health was deteriorating ; he had already had to have some time off work on medical advice and had undertaken a holiday voyage to australia a few years earlier . |
195 | south | 1 | PLACE | the chance of a parliamentary seat before the 1885 general election , schnadhorst was invited to stand in two birmingham seats , south and east , both of which were subsequently won by the liberals . |
196 | kitchener | 1 | PERSON | war with kitchener 's fighting scouts and reached the rank of lieutenant . |
197 | post | 1 | UNKNOWN | in 1884 schnadhorst resigned his post of secretary of the birmingham liberal association to concentrate full-time on the nlf . |
198 | dissensions | 1 | ACT | it had no policy role but supporters of various factions within the party did try to capture the offices of the lca from time to time , most notably in the dissensions in the party over imperialism . |
199 | medium | 1 | MEDIUM | it changed its name to the liberal central association in 1874 and re-modelled its structure and purpose to become the " central medium of communication with and between the party throughout the whole kingdom in aid of and in connection with local organisation " . |
200 | country | 1 | PLACE | he was famously described as " the spectacled , sallow , sombre " birmingham draper who within a short period of time was to establish himself through the birmingham liberal caucus as one of the most brilliant organisers in the country . |
201 | birmingham draper | 1 | PERSON | personal details born ( 1840-08-24) 24 august 1840 died 2 january 1900 ( 1900-01-02 ) ( aged 59 ) roehampton , england political party liberal spouse mary anne thomas children 3 francis schnadhorst ( 24 august 1840 - 2 january 1900 ) was a birmingham draper and english liberal party politician . |
202 | nonconformity | 1 | STATE | through these groups and the close connection between nonconformity , self-help and liberalism , schnadhorst was drawn into political activity for the liberal party . |
203 | grants | 1 | ACT | it put local liberal associations in touch with potential candidates and made grants of money to help with elections . |
204 | sons | 1 | PERSON | the couple had two sons and a daughter . |
205 | duties | 1 | ATTITUDE | resignation schnadhorst undertook other public duties , chairing liberal meetings and rallies and in connection with campaigns and causes promoted by the liberal party . |
206 | organisers | 1 | UNKNOWN | he was famously described as " the spectacled , sallow , sombre " birmingham draper who within a short period of time was to establish himself through the birmingham liberal caucus as one of the most brilliant organisers in the country . |
207 | offer | 1 | OFFER | in 1890 he also turned down the offer of a seat in newcastle-under-lyme but by this time his health was deteriorating ; he had already had to have some time off work on medical advice and had undertaken a holiday voyage to australia a few years earlier . |
208 | politics birmingham | 1 | PLACE | politics birmingham before the end of the 19th century the liberal party 's championing of reform and improvement had created in birmingham a model of civic government . |
209 | improvement | 1 | ACT | he was also an active member of a number of birmingham civic and local improvement societies . |
210 | politician francis schnadhorst | 1 | PERSON | english draper and politician francis schnadhorst " the caucus " : caricature by " stuff " published in vanity fair in 1892 . |
211 | existence | 1 | ENTITY | its existence enabled the liberals to fight general , town council and school board elections more effectively and successfully . |
212 | john morley | 1 | PERSON | his correspondents include john bright , william gladstone , arthur morley , john morley , henry labouchere , lord rosebery , joseph chamberlain , william vernon harcourt , henry campbell-bannerman , cecil rhodes and many other political figures . |
213 | bull street | 1 | PLACE | family and education francis schnadhorst was the son of a draper and hosier of german descent who carried on business in bull street , birmingham . |
214 | formation | 1 | ACT | the formation of the nlf was the most important development in liberal party organisation after the 1874 general election which had seen the liberals lose office and benjamin disraeli return to number 10 downing street . |
215 | banquet | 1 | FOOD | in recognition of his services to the liberal party , schnadhorst was presented with 10,000 guineas and an address at a banquet in 1887 , following the removal of the national liberal federation from birmingham to london . |
216 | candidates | 1 | AMOUNT | it put local liberal associations in touch with potential candidates and made grants of money to help with elections . |
217 | day | 1 | PERIOD | ill-health and death schnadhorst died at the priory hospital , described in the terminology of the day as a lunatic asylum , at roehampton on 2 january 1900 . |
218 | roles | 1 | ROLE | schnadhorst first became involved in political activity at the birmingham election of 1867 when he took on the roles of vice-chairman and secretary to the st. |
219 | century wore | 1 | PERSON | as the 19th century wore on , the role of the lca changed from that of a members ' association to that of a liberal whips ' office . |
220 | church influence | 1 | PERSON | he served as secretary to the central nonconformist committee set up in birmingham to oppose church influence in education . |
221 | collections | 1 | COLLECTION | the collections consist of scrap albums of and relating to francis schnadhorst and illuminated addresses presented to him . |
222 | funeral | 1 | ACTION | his funeral was held at putney cemetery on 6 january 1900 . |
223 | orange river colony | 1 | PERSON | he was wounded in action near heilbron , orange river colony and died of his wounds on 22 october 1901 aged 21 years . |
224 | train | 1 | TRAIN | " farewell to the caucus " : 1886 cartoon of schnadhorst leaving birmingham on a london-bound train , following the split in the liberal party over irish home rule . |
225 | victories | 1 | CONDITION | the federation , which was set up for educational and propagandist purposes and co-ordinated the work of the several hundred liberal associations in england and wales , became a great political force and was largely responsible for liberal victories of 1880 , 1885 , and 1892 . |
226 | proceedings | 1 | COLLECTION | also deposited there and relevant to schnadhorst are the minute books of the liberal central association , 1860-1914 , and the proceedings of the council of the national liberal federation , 1879-1939 . |
227 | moor street | 1 | PLACE | his father died when he was very young and he was brought up by his mother and his paternal grandfather who owned a tailoring business in moor street . |
228 | groups | 1 | GROUP | through these groups and the close connection between nonconformity , self-help and liberalism , schnadhorst was drawn into political activity for the liberal party . |
229 | redistribution | 1 | ACT | the 1885 redistribution |
230 | free land league | 1 | PERSON | for example , he was elected one of the vice-presidents of the free land league in 1886 . |
231 | fighting scouts | 1 | UNKNOWN | war with kitchener 's fighting scouts and reached the rank of lieutenant . |
232 | issue | 1 | EVENT | schnadhorst 's achievement in keeping the nlf gladstonian rather than chamberlainite in 1886 , when the party split on the issue of irish home rule and birmingham followed chamberlain into the liberal unionist fold , was of considerable importance to the liberal party . |
233 | meetings | 1 | ACTIVITY | resignation schnadhorst undertook other public duties , chairing liberal meetings and rallies and in connection with campaigns and causes promoted by the liberal party . |
234 | regard | 1 | PERSON | chamberlain described it as " a really liberal parliament...elected by universal suffrage and with some regard for fair distribution of political power " . |
235 | cecil rhodes | 1 | PERSON | his correspondents include john bright , william gladstone , arthur morley , john morley , henry labouchere , lord rosebery , joseph chamberlain , william vernon harcourt , henry campbell-bannerman , cecil rhodes and many other political figures . |
236 | seats | 1 | PERSON | he briefly held elected office on birmingham council , and was offered the chance to stand for parliament in winnable seats , but he found his true metier was in political organisation and administration both in his home town as secretary of the highly successful birmingham liberal association from 1867 to 1884 , and nationally as secretary of the newly formed national liberal federation from 1877 to 1893 . |
237 | school board | 1 | PLACE | its existence enabled the liberals to fight general , town council and school board elections more effectively and successfully . |
238 | education francis schnadhorst | 1 | PERSON | family and education francis schnadhorst was the son of a draper and hosier of german descent who carried on business in bull street , birmingham . |
239 | federation | 1 | HUMAN GROUP | he briefly held elected office on birmingham council , and was offered the chance to stand for parliament in winnable seats , but he found his true metier was in political organisation and administration both in his home town as secretary of the highly successful birmingham liberal association from 1867 to 1884 , and nationally as secretary of the newly formed national liberal federation from 1877 to 1893 . |
240 | abuse | 1 | ACT | this party structure was what subsequently became known , both locally and nationally , as the liberal caucus - a name initially coined by detractors as a term of abuse , but afterwards adopted by the liberals themselves . |
241 | imperialism | 1 | PLACE | it had no policy role but supporters of various factions within the party did try to capture the offices of the lca from time to time , most notably in the dissensions in the party over imperialism . |
242 | heilbron | 1 | PERSON | he was wounded in action near heilbron , orange river colony and died of his wounds on 22 october 1901 aged 21 years . |
243 | policy role | 1 | ROLE | it had no policy role but supporters of various factions within the party did try to capture the offices of the lca from time to time , most notably in the dissensions in the party over imperialism . |
244 | series | 1 | SERIES | in 1886 , he also agreed to become the secretary of the liberal central association , and revolutionised the association 's conduct of elections , the improvements being reflected in a series of favourable by-election results at the end of the 1880s . |
245 | co operation | 1 | ACT |  |
246 | organiser | 1 | UNKNOWN | who 's who as the " chief organiser and adviser of the liberal party , 1885-1892 " . |
247 | meeting | 1 | ACTIVITY | one of schnadhorst 's jobs was to provide speakers who would draw crowds at liberal rallies and it was william ewart gladstone who addressed the inaugural meeting of the nlf at bingley hall , birmingham in 1877 . |
248 | victorian tradesman | 1 | PERSON | however , like many victorian tradesman and ardent nonconformists , he was keenly interested in improving himself and his town . |
249 | ill health | 1 | PROPERTY |  |
250 | papers birmingham schnadhorst | 1 | PERSON | papers birmingham schnadhorst 's papers are mostly deposited at the cadbury research library at the university of birmingham . |
251 | correspondents | 1 | PERSON | his correspondents include john bright , william gladstone , arthur morley , john morley , henry labouchere , lord rosebery , joseph chamberlain , william vernon harcourt , henry campbell-bannerman , cecil rhodes and many other political figures . |
252 | special collections | 1 | COLLECTION | there are also manuscript papers relating to francis schnadhorst and the organisation of the liberal party , 1881-1962 , in the liberal party collection in bristol university library , special collections . |
253 | deafness | 1 | DEFICIENCY | he also suffered increasingly from deafness as he got older . |
254 | liberal | 1 | PERSON | personal details born ( 1840-08-24) 24 august 1840 died 2 january 1900 ( 1900-01-02 ) ( aged 59 ) roehampton , england political party liberal spouse mary anne thomas children 3 francis schnadhorst ( 24 august 1840 - 2 january 1900 ) was a birmingham draper and english liberal party politician . |
255 | detractors | 1 | PERSON | this party structure was what subsequently became known , both locally and nationally , as the liberal caucus - a name initially coined by detractors as a term of abuse , but afterwards adopted by the liberals themselves . |
256 | crowds | 1 | GROUP | one of schnadhorst 's jobs was to provide speakers who would draw crowds at liberal rallies and it was william ewart gladstone who addressed the inaugural meeting of the nlf at bingley hall , birmingham in 1877 . |
257 | william gladstone | 1 | PERSON | his correspondents include john bright , william gladstone , arthur morley , john morley , henry labouchere , lord rosebery , joseph chamberlain , william vernon harcourt , henry campbell-bannerman , cecil rhodes and many other political figures . |
258 | december | 1 | PERIOD | in december 1899 he was confined to bed and he never recovered . |
259 | university | 1 | INSTITUTION | papers birmingham schnadhorst 's papers are mostly deposited at the cadbury research library at the university of birmingham . |
260 | force | 1 | FORCE | the federation , which was set up for educational and propagandist purposes and co-ordinated the work of the several hundred liberal associations in england and wales , became a great political force and was largely responsible for liberal victories of 1880 , 1885 , and 1892 . |
261 | addresses | 1 | UNKNOWN | the collections consist of scrap albums of and relating to francis schnadhorst and illuminated addresses presented to him . |
262 | kingdom | 1 | PLACE | it changed its name to the liberal central association in 1874 and re-modelled its structure and purpose to become the " central medium of communication with and between the party throughout the whole kingdom in aid of and in connection with local organisation " . |
263 | period | 1 | PERIOD | he was famously described as " the spectacled , sallow , sombre " birmingham draper who within a short period of time was to establish himself through the birmingham liberal caucus as one of the most brilliant organisers in the country . |
264 | nlf gladstonian | 1 | UNKNOWN | schnadhorst 's achievement in keeping the nlf gladstonian rather than chamberlainite in 1886 , when the party split on the issue of irish home rule and birmingham followed chamberlain into the liberal unionist fold , was of considerable importance to the liberal party . |
265 | figures | 1 | FIGURE | his correspondents include john bright , william gladstone , arthur morley , john morley , henry labouchere , lord rosebery , joseph chamberlain , william vernon harcourt , henry campbell-bannerman , cecil rhodes and many other political figures . |
266 | february | 1 | PERIOD | on 21 february 1860 twenty liberal mps had formed the liberal registration association to promote general co-operation between mps and assisting in the process of registering electors in constituencies where the liberals were not well-organised . |
267 | advice | 1 | DECISION | in 1890 he also turned down the offer of a seat in newcastle-under-lyme but by this time his health was deteriorating ; he had already had to have some time off work on medical advice and had undertaken a holiday voyage to australia a few years earlier . |
268 | st. george | 1 | PERSON |  |
269 | career | 1 | NUMBER | career |
270 | bristol | 1 | PERSON | bristol |
271 | model | 1 | FIGURE | politics birmingham before the end of the 19th century the liberal party 's championing of reform and improvement had created in birmingham a model of civic government . |
272 | process | 1 | PROCESS | on 21 february 1860 twenty liberal mps had formed the liberal registration association to promote general co-operation between mps and assisting in the process of registering electors in constituencies where the liberals were not well-organised . |
273 | power | 1 | POWER | chamberlain described it as " a really liberal parliament...elected by universal suffrage and with some regard for fair distribution of political power " . |
274 | chamberlainite | 1 | UNKNOWN | schnadhorst 's achievement in keeping the nlf gladstonian rather than chamberlainite in 1886 , when the party split on the issue of irish home rule and birmingham followed chamberlain into the liberal unionist fold , was of considerable importance to the liberal party . |
275 | genius | 1 | PERSON | joseph chamberlain may have provided the political leadership to make birmingham the " gas and water " socialist capital of victorian civic life , but behind the scenes schnadhorst was " the organising genius of the birmingham association " . |
276 | importance | 1 | QUALITY | schnadhorst 's achievement in keeping the nlf gladstonian rather than chamberlainite in 1886 , when the party split on the issue of irish home rule and birmingham followed chamberlain into the liberal unionist fold , was of considerable importance to the liberal party . |
277 | abilities | 1 | ABILITY | as an example of political efficiency the caucus could not be rivalled , and this was due in large part to schnadhorst 's administrative abilities . |
278 | offices | 1 | COLLECTION | it had no policy role but supporters of various factions within the party did try to capture the offices of the lca from time to time , most notably in the dissensions in the party over imperialism . |
279 | affiliations | 1 | GROUP | he reorganised the nlf to make it more responsive to the needs of local associations , so encouraging affiliations . |
280 | putney cemetery | 1 | PLACE | his funeral was held at putney cemetery on 6 january 1900 . |
281 | city | 1 | PLACE | a royal decree declared the corporation of the city of birmingham in 1889 and the first lord mayor was elected in 1896 . |
282 | breakdown | 1 | ACT | in 1894 he had suffered a mental breakdown leading to years of illness , including the suffering of convulsions . |
283 | scroll | 1 | PROCESS | his luggage includes a scroll marked " caucus " ; a number of string puppets ; and a box of " wire pulling machinery " . |
284 | william ewart gladstone | 1 | PERSON | one of schnadhorst 's jobs was to provide speakers who would draw crowds at liberal rallies and it was william ewart gladstone who addressed the inaugural meeting of the nlf at bingley hall , birmingham in 1877 . |
285 | box | 1 | PHYSICAL OBJECT | his luggage includes a scroll marked " caucus " ; a number of string puppets ; and a box of " wire pulling machinery " . |
286 | development | 1 | UNKNOWN | the formation of the nlf was the most important development in liberal party organisation after the 1874 general election which had seen the liberals lose office and benjamin disraeli return to number 10 downing street . |
287 | distribution | 1 | PROCESS | chamberlain described it as " a really liberal parliament...elected by universal suffrage and with some regard for fair distribution of political power " . |
288 | vice chairman | 1 | PERSON |  |
289 | purposes | 1 | PURPOSE | the federation , which was set up for educational and propagandist purposes and co-ordinated the work of the several hundred liberal associations in england and wales , became a great political force and was largely responsible for liberal victories of 1880 , 1885 , and 1892 . |
290 | henry | 1 | PERSON | his correspondents include john bright , william gladstone , arthur morley , john morley , henry labouchere , lord rosebery , joseph chamberlain , william vernon harcourt , henry campbell-bannerman , cecil rhodes and many other political figures . |
291 | scenes schnadhorst | 1 | PERSON | joseph chamberlain may have provided the political leadership to make birmingham the " gas and water " socialist capital of victorian civic life , but behind the scenes schnadhorst was " the organising genius of the birmingham association " . |
292 | description | 1 | ACT | his achievement was recognised in many quarters and he earned the description in the publication |
293 | couple | 1 | GROUP | the couple had two sons and a daughter . |
294 | king edward | 1 | PERSON | he was educated at king edward 's school , birmingham . |
295 | expansion | 1 | ACT | the local liberal party was compelled to rethink its structure in response to this civic expansion , and in anticipation of the additional electors enfranchised by the 1867 reform act . |
296 | supporters | 1 | PERSON | it had no policy role but supporters of various factions within the party did try to capture the offices of the lca from time to time , most notably in the dissensions in the party over imperialism . |
297 | causes | 1 | CAUSE | resignation schnadhorst undertook other public duties , chairing liberal meetings and rallies and in connection with campaigns and causes promoted by the liberal party . |
298 | establishment | 1 | ACT | in 1877 , along with joseph chamberlain and william harris , schnadhorst was instrumental in the establishment of the national liberal federation ( nlf ) , and became its first secretary ( with chamberlain as president , and harris as chairman ) . |
299 | liberal chief whip | 1 | PERSON | the chairman of the lca was originally the leader of the liberal mps but by the end of the 19th century it was the liberal chief whip . |
300 | older | 1 | ABSTRACT ENTITY | he also suffered increasingly from deafness as he got older . |
301 | correspondence | 1 | SIMILARITY | there is also correspondence and other private papers principally relating to his activities as secretary to the birmingham liberal association , to the national liberal federation and to the liberal central association , 1867-1901 . |
302 | conference | 1 | ACT | the nlf held an annual conference which was regarded as being representative of the opinion of the party 's rank and file . |
303 | term | 1 | TERM | this party structure was what subsequently became known , both locally and nationally , as the liberal caucus - a name initially coined by detractors as a term of abuse , but afterwards adopted by the liberals themselves . |
304 | luggage | 1 | EVENT | his luggage includes a scroll marked " caucus " ; a number of string puppets ; and a box of " wire pulling machinery " . |
305 | lord rosebery | 1 | PERSON | his correspondents include john bright , william gladstone , arthur morley , john morley , henry labouchere , lord rosebery , joseph chamberlain , william vernon harcourt , henry campbell-bannerman , cecil rhodes and many other political figures . |
306 | majorities | 1 | PROPERTY | the liberals had already been electorally successful in birmingham , particularly at the 1868 general election , but schnadhorst bolstered the party 's organisation to oust the conservative and anglican majorities on the town council and the school board . |
307 | brother edward schnadhorst | 1 | PERSON | francis ' brother edward schnadhorst was a congregationalist minister in east london who stood for election as a liberal on a number of occasions to the london school board . |
308 | purpose | 1 | PURPOSE | it changed its name to the liberal central association in 1874 and re-modelled its structure and purpose to become the " central medium of communication with and between the party throughout the whole kingdom in aid of and in connection with local organisation " . |
309 | william vernon harcourt | 1 | PERSON | his correspondents include john bright , william gladstone , arthur morley , john morley , henry labouchere , lord rosebery , joseph chamberlain , william vernon harcourt , henry campbell-bannerman , cecil rhodes and many other political figures . |
310 | activities | 1 | ACTIVITY | there is also correspondence and other private papers principally relating to his activities as secretary to the birmingham liberal association , to the national liberal federation and to the liberal central association , 1867-1901 . |
311 | anticipation | 1 | ASSET | the local liberal party was compelled to rethink its structure in response to this civic expansion , and in anticipation of the additional electors enfranchised by the 1867 reform act . |
312 | john bright | 1 | PERSON | his correspondents include john bright , william gladstone , arthur morley , john morley , henry labouchere , lord rosebery , joseph chamberlain , william vernon harcourt , henry campbell-bannerman , cecil rhodes and many other political figures . |
313 | bed | 1 | UNKNOWN | in december 1899 he was confined to bed and he never recovered . |
314 | illness | 1 | ILLNESS | in 1894 he had suffered a mental breakdown leading to years of illness , including the suffering of convulsions . |
315 | became | 1 | UNKNOWN | this party structure was what subsequently became known , both locally and nationally , as the liberal caucus - a name initially coined by detractors as a term of abuse , but afterwards adopted by the liberals themselves . |

## Objects sorted by category

Categoría | Objetos
PERSON | adviser ardent nonconformists arthur morley associations benjamin disraeli return birmingham draper birmingham liberal caucus birmingham provision merchant birmingham seats bristol brother edward schnadhorst caricature cartoon caucus cecil rhodes century wore chamberlain chance church influence constituencies constituency associations correspondents daughter death schnadhorst details born detractors draper education francis schnadhorst edward thomas electors english liberal party politician father fee file francis francis schnadhorst frank gladstone schnadhorst free land league genius grandfather guineas harris heilbron henry henry campbell bannerman hosier john bright john morley joseph chamberlain king edward kitchener leader leadership liberal liberal caucus liberal chief whip liberal mps liberal unionists liberal whips liberals lieutenant link london school board lord rosebery mary anne thomas member membership mother mps orange river colony papers papers birmingham schnadhorst party liberal spouse mary anne thomas children francis schnadhorst politician francis schnadhorst president rallies regard royal decree scenes schnadhorst seats secretary son sons st mary st. george suffering supporters vanity fair vice chairman vice presidents victorian victorian tradesman ward william ewart gladstone william gladstone william harris william vernon harcourt
PLACE | australia bingley hall birmingham election bristol university library bull street cadbury research library capital city country east efficiency england home town imperialism kingdom london moor street newcastle under lyme office politics birmingham priory hospital putney cemetery school board south split street touch town wales
ACT | abuse achievement administration breakdown co operation conduct conference defection description dissensions establishment expansion formation grants improvement improvements recognition redistribution reform act response services voyage wounds
PROCESS | asylum by election distribution education election elections jobs participation process school board elections scroll speakers
PERIOD | august century day december february january october period time years
GROUP | affiliations couple crowds factions groups liberal party liberal unionist fold machinery party scrap albums
INSTITUTION | association birmingham birmingham association birmingham liberal association corporation liberal central association liberal registration association school university
HUMAN GROUP | birmingham council central nonconformist committee council federation national liberal federation parliament town council ward liberal committee
ACTIVITY | activities activity meeting meetings preserve work
COLLECTION | collections liberal party collection offices party offices proceedings special collections
EVENT | boer war convulsions issue life luggage removal
ACTION | action funeral liberalism publication representation
STATE | business family business nonconformity sombre
PROPERTY | health ill health majorities seat
AMOUNT | candidates opinion reform
INSTANCE | aid descent example
ROLE | policy role role roles
FIGURE | figure figures model
NUMBER | career number quarters
HUMAN ROLE | lord mayor minister
ABSTRACT ENTITY | occasions older
ORGANISATION | liberal party organisation organisation
ENTITY | existence minute books
CAUSE | cause causes
STRUCTURE | party structure structure
SERIES | campaigns series
SET | connection terminology
PURPOSE | purpose purposes
NAME | name
OFFER | offer
ATTITUDE | duties
ABILITY | abilities
CONDITION | victories
ILLNESS | illness
POWER | power
RANK | rank
TERM | term
CONCLUSION | suffrage
WATER | water
MEDIUM | medium
PHYSICAL OBJECT | box
GOVERNMENT | government
FOOD | banquet
MONEY | money
GAS | gas
FORCE | force
TRAIN | train
STUFF | stuff
HEAD | chairman
RULE | irish home rule
DEFICIENCY | deafness
WORD | puppets
CONCEPT | members
SIMILARITY | correspondence
ASSET | anticipation
QUALITY | importance
DECISION | advice