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Lista de candidatos sometidos a examen:
1) tone (*)
(*) Términos presentes en el nuestro glosario de lingüística

1) Candidate: tone


Is in goldstandard

1
paper CL_LiteraturayLingüísticatxt235 - : El sistema de marcación utilizado en este modelo ha sido codificado en un grupo de convenciones llamado: ToBI (abreviatura que en inglés representa Tone ana Break Index), en el que se marcan dos tipos de acentos: (i) acentos tonales y (ii) acentos de frontera, en donde se asume que el primero (un acento tonal) es un tono -o una secuencia de tonos- asociados a una sílaba acentuada, mientras que el segundo (acento de frontera ) se encuentra asociado fonológicamente a las fronteras de frase. Los acentos tonales se marcan convencionalmente con un asterisco (*), el que representa la ubicación real del mismo en la palabra.

2
paper CO_ColombianAppliedLinguisticsJournaltxt62 - : The principal sets the tone:

3
paper CO_ColombianAppliedLinguisticsJournaltxt101 - : (i) Veronica starts her participation in the conversation with a topically related declarative clause, using neutral tone 1. Her second clause consists of two tone units, thus tonality is marked. However, the tone concord presents the two information units as if they were only one, the resource of tone concord being exploited as it would otherwise be an inordinately long tone unit (Halliday & Greaves, 2008:134 ). This second independent clause has strong declarative key with tone 1+, the same tone as the previous clause, manifesting the logical-semantic relation of enhancement, spelling out what she means by "vile". Charles intervenes with a declarative clause with tone 4, tonality and tonicity unmarked. His key is one of reservation, and in this case it stresses a contrast in the point of view of the two participants with respect to Charles's behaviour. While Veronica evaluates it as "vile", he qualifies it as "cheering you up".

4
paper CO_CuadernosdeLingüísticaHispánicatxt28 - : sarcastic low tone of voice: "We are on the wrong place!" (this because student n° .8 answered a question related to jobs and professions and said 'I would like to be a doctor' (field notes, March 7^th, 2006, observation n°.3).

5
paper CO_FormayFuncióntxt292 - : Palancar, E. L. (2016). A typology of tone and inflection: A view from the Oto-Manguean languages of Mexico . En Palancar, E. L., & Léonard, J. L. (eds.), Tone and Inflection: New facts and new perspectives (pp. 109-139). De Gruyter Mouton. [200]https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110452754 [ [201]Links ]

6
paper CO_Íkalatxt101 - : sound. The only way to distinguish homophones in NP is with suprasegmental features like tone and intonation, non-linguistic features like gestures and mimicry as well as the context of discourse as we can see in the data in 4 and 5:

7
paper PE_Lexistxt10 - : n área lingüística andina. Dicho autor también llama la atención hacia el hecho de que la mayoría de propiedades atribuidas a las lenguas andinas constituyen rasgos negativos: "Andean languages are predominantly suffixing case-marking languages, which have no prosodic nasality, no tone, no complex vowel systems, no nominal classifier systems (other than numeral), no gender (except for two language families), no stative-active systems and no well-developed ergativity (except in one language family and in one language)" (2004: 31 ).

8
paper UY_ALFALtxt156 - : Por este motivo, la lectura de este libro permite comprender el quehacer del fonólogo en dos sentidos. Por un lado, descubrir los patrones y regularidades de un sistema lingüístico, tal como lo demuestran los capítulos de Rice (Overlapping Laryngeal Classes in Athabaskan Languages: Continuity and Change, Cap 2) y Silva (The Status of Laryngeals ʻ( ʼ and ʻhʼ in Desano, Cap. 11). Por otro lado, buscar explicaciones y generalizaciones sobre un determinado fenómeno desde un enfoque translingüístico. Son ejemplos de este tipo de estudio los capítulos de Gordon (Consonant-Tone Interactions: A phonetic Study of Four Indigenous Languages of the Americas, Cap 5 ); Avelino (Phonetics in Phonology: A Cross-linguistics Study of Laryngeal Contrast, Cap 6); Elías-Ulloa (The Role of Prominent Prosodic Position in Governing Laryngealization in vowels: A case Study of two Panoan Languages, Cap 7) y Hyman (Amazonia and the Typology of Tone Systems, Cap 9).

9
paper corpusRLAtxt58 - : Yalálag Zapotec has three tones: high, low and falling . A number of factors indicate the phonemic status of the three tones, and especially that of the contour tone. First, they enter in contrastive relations, so that there are minimal pairs for tone. Second, none can be derived from one of the other two in the lexicon; and third, the three tones are the maximum of tone contrasts found in the tone system. Additional contours -falling and rising- and tone adjustments, such as upstep and downstep, might arise as the result of morphological and intonational processes. High and low tones are essentially realized as level, although slight variations (either rising or falling) can occur towards the end. Nevertheless, these variations are non-phonemic. Falling tone is characterized by a prominent slope that occupies the whole range of the tonal space, i.e. it starts at frequencies closer to those of high tone and falls down until reaching the ranges of low tone.[26] Figure 2 below illustrates the

10
paper corpusRLAtxt58 - : To further test whether the low or high frequencies of the antecedent sentence had an effect on the identification of the tone words, the data was divided in three stimuli subsets: a ) One group was composed of the three sentence stimuli of higher frequencies than that of the naturally produced sentence (stimuli 1, 2 and 3, labeled as 'stim<4'); b) A second group formed by the sentence stimuli of lower frequencies than that of the naturally produced sentence (stimuli 5, 6 and 7, labeled as 'stim>4'), and c) A singleton representing the naturally spoken sentence ('stim 4' in the table). The counts, percentages of correct and incorrect identification of H and L tones and the corresponding significance levéis are summarized in [30]Table I. Just like in the overall results, there was no significant effect of the prompt sentence stimuli in the distribution of correct/incorrect responses, ñor there was an interaction with the tone of the word. Instead, an effect of the tone of the word was

11
paper corpusSignostxt382 - : After this rather predictable and clichéd beginning, he deals with serious topics such as injustice, the mafia, the National Bank, unemployment, corruption – recurrent topics on his agenda. His strategy is to attack his opponents by giving concrete examples of facts and names from the opposition. The attitude that he manages to convey is that of a true fighter for justice, ready to make sacrifices in the name of the ‘public good. What is more, CVT delivers his speech in a threatening and solemn tone:

12
paper corpusSignostxt543 - : ^1“Any text in spoken English is organized into what may be called “information unit” The distribution of the discourse into information units is obligatory in the sense that the text must consist of a sequence of such units […] the speaker is free to decide where each information unit begins and ends and how it is organized internally […] is realized phonologically by “tonality” the distribution of the text into tone groups: one information unit is realized as one tone group” (Halliday, 1967: 199-200 ).

Evaluando al candidato tone:


1) sentence: 7 (*)
3) stimuli: 6 (*)
6) clause: 5 (*)
7) acentos: 4
9) unit: 4
13) frequencies: 4
15) tonality: 3 (*)
16) realized: 3
17) declarative: 3 (*)
19) naturally: 3
20) stim: 3

tone
Lengua: eng
Frec: 200
Docs: 88
Nombre propio: 3 / 200 = 1%
Coocurrencias con glosario: 5
Puntaje: 5.754 = (5 + (1+5.52356195605701) / (1+7.65105169117893)));
Candidato aceptado

Referencias bibliográficas encontradas sobre cada término

(Que existan referencias dedicadas a un término es también indicio de terminologicidad.)
tone
: 11. Helmholtz, H. (1983). On the sensations of tone as a physiological basis for the theory of music. New York: Dover Publication.
: Artemov, V. (1961). Tone and intonation. Fourth International Congress of Phonetics Sciences, Helsinki.
: Avelino, Heriberto. 2003. Categorical perception of phonemic tone in Yalálag Zapotee. International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, Barcelona , España. [ [40]Links ]
: Crystal, D. (1975). The English tone of voice: Essays in intonation, prosody and paralanguage. London: E. Arnold.
: Crystal, David. 1975. The english tone of voice, London, Edward Arnold.
: Edmondson, J. A. & Esling, J. H. (2006). The valves of the throat and their functioning in tone, vocal register, and stress: laryngoscopic case studies. Phonology, 23, 157-191.
: Elordieta, Gorka. (1997). Accent, tone and intonation in Lekeitio Basque. In F. Martínez-Gil, & A. Morales-Front (eds.), Issues in the Phonology and Morphology of the Major Iberian Languages. Wahington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press.
: Gralow, F. L. (1985). Coreguaje: Tone, stress and intonation. En R. Brend (ed). From phonology to discourse: Studies in six Colombian languages. Language data. Amerindian series (vol. 9, pp. 3-11). Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
: Gussenhoven, C. & Kerkhoff, J. (2001, junio). The synthesis of dutch intonation on the basis of ToDI labels. Trabajo presentado en Workshop on tone and intonation in Europe, Vitoria-Gasteiz.
: Gussenhoven, C. (2004), The Phonology of Tone and Intonation, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
: Hernández-Green, N. (2020). Inflectional tone in Hñähñu (Mezquital Otomi). Amérindia, 42, 1-21.
: Hewings, M. (1995). Tone Choice in the English Intonation of Non-Native Speakers. IRAL, 33(3), 251-265.
: Kreuz, R. J., & Roberts, R. M. (1995). Two cues for verbal irony: Hyperbole and the ironic tone of voice. Metaphor and Symbolic Activity, 10, 21-31.
: Lobina, D., Demestre, J. & García-Albea, J. E. (en prensa). Disentangling perceptual and psycholinguistic factors in syntactic processing: Tone monitoring via ERPs. Behavior Research Methods.
: Maidment, J.(1990). 'Focus and tone in English intonation'. In S. Ramsaran (ed.), Studies in the pronunciation of English. London: Routledge.
: Malone, T. (2006). Tone and Syllable Structure in Chimila. International Journal of American Linguistics, 72(1), 1-58. [250]https://doi.org/10.1086/505278
: Maurer, P. (2008). A first step towards the analysis of tone in Santomense. En Susanne Michaelis (Ed.), Roots of Creole Structures (pp. 253-261).
: Pierrehumbert, J., & Beckman, M, (1988). Japanese tone structure. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
: Thiesen, Wesley y David Weber 2012 A Grammar of Bora with Special Attention to Tone. Vol. 148. SIL International Publications in Linguistics. Dallas: SIL International.
: Wong, P. C., y Diehl, R. L. 1999. How Parkinson's disease affects tone language and tells us about tone comprehension. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 106, 21-50.
: Yip, Moira 2002 Tone. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge Univestity Press. [75]https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139164559.
: [70]Bryant, Gregory y Jean Fox Tree. 2005. Is there an ironic tone o voice?, Language and speech, 48 (3): 257-277.
: [83]Kreuz, Rogert James y Ricahard Roberts. [84]1995. Two cues for verbal irony: Hyperbole and the ironic tone of voice, Metaphor and Symbolic Activity, 10: 21-31.